MQ-6 Semiconductor Sensor for Combustible Gas detection is a Sensitive Gas sensor. The sensitive
material of this MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which works with lower conductivity in clean air. When the
target combustible gas exist, the sensors conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising. As
the conductivity increases the current in the circuit of the sensor increases which results in lower sensor
resistance. This change is used to correspond, the output signal of gas concentration. MQ-6 gas sensor has
high sensitivity to Methane, Propane and Butane and could be used to detect both Methane and Propane.
The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas especially Methane, it is with low cost and
suitable for different application.
This document describes a GSM-based gas leakage detection system that was designed and tested. The system uses an MQ-2 gas sensor to detect combustible gases like LPG, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, a GSM module to send alert messages to users' phones, and a buzzer and LEDs for audible and visual alarms. When gas is detected above a threshold, the system sends an alert message, sounds the buzzer, and turns on a red LED. If the user replies "ALERT," neighbors will also be notified. The system was tested successfully using butane gas and could detect leaks and send alerts as intended to improve safety during gas emergencies when people may not be home
This document presents a system for detecting gas leaks using IoT technology and alerting people. The system uses sensors to detect LPG gas leaks from cylinders. If a leak is detected, it will send SMS alerts and also automatically turn off the gas supply and knob to reduce risks. It consists of sensors connected to a microcontroller and ESP8266 WiFi module to transmit sensor data and alerts over the internet. The system aims to improve safety by providing faster detection and notification of gas leaks compared to manual methods. It will detect leaks, continuously monitor gas levels, display them on a mobile app, and send SMS alerts to authorities if a leak is reported.
Embedded Technology for vehicle cabin safety Monitoring and Alerting SystemIJCSEA Journal
Motor vehicles are the prime source of transportation where vehicles with A/C play a major part. This paper designs an embedded system for a vehicle cabin, which senses the gases like carbon-monoxide and oxygen and displayed at each and every second. If the level of the CO increases than the normal level (30ppm) or the level of the oxygen decreases than the normal level (19%) then an alarm is generated automatically and also ventilation is provided immediately. A warning message is sent to the authorized user via GSM. The advantage of this system is proper detection and faster response time leading to faster diffusion of the situation, compared with the manual methods.
This document describes an SMS-based LPG gas leakage detection system using IoT. The system uses gas sensors to detect LPG leaks and sends SMS alerts to registered users. A microcontroller processes sensor data and communicates with an IoT module to provide real-time connectivity and monitoring. In the event of a leak, users are notified via SMS and can remotely monitor and control the system through SMS commands for safety.
Gas Level Detection and Automatic Booking Using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a system that detects gas leakage from LPG cylinders and automatically books a new cylinder when the gas level is low. The system uses an IoT-based approach with NodeMCU as the controller connected to sensors like MQ2 and a load cell. The MQ2 sensor detects any gas leaks while the load cell measures the cylinder weight to determine gas level. When the level drops below a threshold, a mobile alert is sent to the user and a new cylinder is booked. The system aims to prevent issues from delayed or missed cylinder bookings while also providing safety against gas leaks and fires through real-time alerts.
IRJET- Household IOT based Air Pollution Controlling and Monitoring System us...IRJET Journal
This document describes a household air pollution controlling and monitoring system using Arduino. The system uses sensors to identify greenhouse gases and measure radiation from pollutants. An Arduino board with a SIM800L GPRS GSM module sends sensor readings to a server via MEAN stack. If gas levels exceed thresholds, the system triggers an oxidizing agent and sends an alert. The recorded data is analyzed to check gas levels every 5 minutes and balance atmospheric conditions. The system combines IoT and time series analysis to monitor pollution and control it before it becomes hazardous.
A FUSION OF IoT BASED GAS LEAKAGE DETECTIONIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based gas leakage detection system. It uses an MQ-2 sensor to detect gas levels and a NodeMCU microcontroller as the control unit. If gas is detected above certain thresholds, it triggers alerts like a buzzer, message to user, opening ventilation with a servo motor, and finally power shut off with relays. The system aims to automatically detect gas leaks and take preventive measures to avoid accidents in homes and industries. It provides a concise design and working of the system using low-cost and easily available components like Arduino, sensors and actuators connected through IoT.
This document describes an IoT-based approach to monitor air pollution using sensors and an ESP32 microcontroller. The system can operate as both a standalone device and as a device installed on a vehicle (bot) to monitor emissions. Gas sensors detect pollutants like carbon monoxide and transmit readings to a cloud server via WiFi. An Android app displays pollution levels in real-time. The system is tested indoors and outdoors over multiple days. When installed on a bot, it moves normally under a pollution threshold but stops above the threshold, with a buffer period to allow corrective action. The system aims to increase air quality monitoring and public awareness of pollution sources.
This document describes a GSM-based gas leakage detection system that was designed and tested. The system uses an MQ-2 gas sensor to detect combustible gases like LPG, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, a GSM module to send alert messages to users' phones, and a buzzer and LEDs for audible and visual alarms. When gas is detected above a threshold, the system sends an alert message, sounds the buzzer, and turns on a red LED. If the user replies "ALERT," neighbors will also be notified. The system was tested successfully using butane gas and could detect leaks and send alerts as intended to improve safety during gas emergencies when people may not be home
This document presents a system for detecting gas leaks using IoT technology and alerting people. The system uses sensors to detect LPG gas leaks from cylinders. If a leak is detected, it will send SMS alerts and also automatically turn off the gas supply and knob to reduce risks. It consists of sensors connected to a microcontroller and ESP8266 WiFi module to transmit sensor data and alerts over the internet. The system aims to improve safety by providing faster detection and notification of gas leaks compared to manual methods. It will detect leaks, continuously monitor gas levels, display them on a mobile app, and send SMS alerts to authorities if a leak is reported.
Embedded Technology for vehicle cabin safety Monitoring and Alerting SystemIJCSEA Journal
Motor vehicles are the prime source of transportation where vehicles with A/C play a major part. This paper designs an embedded system for a vehicle cabin, which senses the gases like carbon-monoxide and oxygen and displayed at each and every second. If the level of the CO increases than the normal level (30ppm) or the level of the oxygen decreases than the normal level (19%) then an alarm is generated automatically and also ventilation is provided immediately. A warning message is sent to the authorized user via GSM. The advantage of this system is proper detection and faster response time leading to faster diffusion of the situation, compared with the manual methods.
This document describes an SMS-based LPG gas leakage detection system using IoT. The system uses gas sensors to detect LPG leaks and sends SMS alerts to registered users. A microcontroller processes sensor data and communicates with an IoT module to provide real-time connectivity and monitoring. In the event of a leak, users are notified via SMS and can remotely monitor and control the system through SMS commands for safety.
Gas Level Detection and Automatic Booking Using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a system that detects gas leakage from LPG cylinders and automatically books a new cylinder when the gas level is low. The system uses an IoT-based approach with NodeMCU as the controller connected to sensors like MQ2 and a load cell. The MQ2 sensor detects any gas leaks while the load cell measures the cylinder weight to determine gas level. When the level drops below a threshold, a mobile alert is sent to the user and a new cylinder is booked. The system aims to prevent issues from delayed or missed cylinder bookings while also providing safety against gas leaks and fires through real-time alerts.
IRJET- Household IOT based Air Pollution Controlling and Monitoring System us...IRJET Journal
This document describes a household air pollution controlling and monitoring system using Arduino. The system uses sensors to identify greenhouse gases and measure radiation from pollutants. An Arduino board with a SIM800L GPRS GSM module sends sensor readings to a server via MEAN stack. If gas levels exceed thresholds, the system triggers an oxidizing agent and sends an alert. The recorded data is analyzed to check gas levels every 5 minutes and balance atmospheric conditions. The system combines IoT and time series analysis to monitor pollution and control it before it becomes hazardous.
A FUSION OF IoT BASED GAS LEAKAGE DETECTIONIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based gas leakage detection system. It uses an MQ-2 sensor to detect gas levels and a NodeMCU microcontroller as the control unit. If gas is detected above certain thresholds, it triggers alerts like a buzzer, message to user, opening ventilation with a servo motor, and finally power shut off with relays. The system aims to automatically detect gas leaks and take preventive measures to avoid accidents in homes and industries. It provides a concise design and working of the system using low-cost and easily available components like Arduino, sensors and actuators connected through IoT.
This document describes an IoT-based approach to monitor air pollution using sensors and an ESP32 microcontroller. The system can operate as both a standalone device and as a device installed on a vehicle (bot) to monitor emissions. Gas sensors detect pollutants like carbon monoxide and transmit readings to a cloud server via WiFi. An Android app displays pollution levels in real-time. The system is tested indoors and outdoors over multiple days. When installed on a bot, it moves normally under a pollution threshold but stops above the threshold, with a buffer period to allow corrective action. The system aims to increase air quality monitoring and public awareness of pollution sources.
Design and Implementation of Smart Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring Sys...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the design and implementation of a Smart Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring System (SEAPMS) based on IoT. The SEAPMS uses sensors to detect concentrations of gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, dust, smoke, temperature and humidity. The sensor data is sent to a Particle Photon microcontroller, which then sends the data to the UBIDOTS IoT platform and cloud for analysis and visualization. The system also includes a fire extinguishing component that will activate when smoke concentration exceeds a threshold limit.
IRJET- A Study on: Wireless Sensing Network (WSN) Gas Leakage Detection S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on a wireless sensing network (WSN) gas leakage detection system using IoT. The system uses a gas sensor interfaced with a NodeMCU microcontroller to detect gas leaks. When gas is detected, the NodeMCU sends data to the cloud and activates a buzzer. The system aims to detect leaks early to prevent fires and explosions. It allows monitoring gas levels remotely without human interaction using WSN and IoT technologies.
IOT BASED SMART LPG GAS DETECTOR ROBOT CONTROL BY ANDROIDIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based smart LPG gas detector robot control system using an Android app. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to an LPG gas sensor, buzzer, LCD display, and GSM module. When the sensor detects a gas leak, it sends a signal to the Arduino which activates the buzzer and displays a warning on the LCD. The GSM module then sends an SMS alert to authorized individuals. The system is designed to detect leaks in industrial and residential gas pipelines in order to prevent explosions and save lives and property. It aims to reduce accidents from flammable gas leaks using real-time monitoring and alerts.
IRJET- LPG Leakage Detection and Prevention System with GSM AlertIRJET Journal
This document describes an LPG leakage detection and prevention system with GSM alert. The system uses sensors like an MQ6 gas sensor to detect gas leaks and an LM35 temperature sensor to detect rises in temperature. An Arduino microcontroller receives input from these sensors. If a gas leak or rise in temperature is detected, a buzzer is triggered and an alert is sent via GSM to notify users. The system aims to improve safety for both domestic and industrial applications by monitoring appliances like LPG gas cylinders and detecting issues early.
DETECTION AND INTIMATION OF AIR POLLUTIONPERCENTAGE IN SMARTWATCHIRJET Journal
This document describes a smartwatch system that detects air pollution levels. The system uses sensors to measure oxygen levels and detect toxic gases. It displays the air pollution percentage on the smartwatch. If pollution levels rise above a threshold, the smartwatch vibrates and alerts the user. If oxygen levels decrease for 5 minutes, it makes an emergency call. The system aims to monitor air quality and alert users to pollution risks in real-time using a smartwatch.
IRJET - IoT based LPG Gas Leakage DetectionIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based LPG gas leakage detection system that uses sensors to detect gas leaks. It has the following key features:
1. It uses gas sensors to detect LPG leaks and sends the information to a microcontroller.
2. It classifies leaks as low or high level based on sensor readings. For low leaks, it alerts users through messages, sounds, and LCD display. For high leaks, it alerts neighbors and emergency services.
3. The system is low-cost, has low power consumption, and is accurate at detecting gas leaks, allowing it to provide an early warning against fire or explosion hazards from LPG leaks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes a system for automatically ordering LPG gas cylinders and detecting gas leaks. The system uses a microcontroller to monitor gas levels in the cylinder based on the stove knob position over time. When the gas level reaches a threshold, it sends SMS alerts to the user and gas agency. It also has an MQ5 gas sensor to detect leaks and activate an alarm. The system aims to prevent running out of gas and promote safety. It provides a low-cost automatic solution to common problems with manual gas cylinder monitoring and management.
IRJET - IoT based Smart Oil and Gas Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
The document presents a smart oil and gas monitoring system using IoT that incorporates sensors to detect gas leaks, temperature, and pressure. Data from the sensors is transmitted wirelessly via ZigBee to a receiver and displayed on an LCD. The system is intended to remotely monitor oil and gas pipelines to detect issues like leaks and prevent accidents.
IRJET- Automatic Insurance Telematics for Four WheelersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an automatic insurance telematics system for four-wheelers that uses various sensors to monitor a driver's behavior and provide more accurate insurance premiums. The proposed system uses a microcontroller, LCD display, RPM sensor, CO sensor, alcohol sensor, accelerometer, seat belt sensor, and WiFi module. Data from these sensors - including speed, braking force, seatbelt use, and alcohol levels - would be sent wirelessly via the WiFi module. This data could then be used to calculate insurance premiums based on the driver's actual risk profile and driving habits rather than just accident history. The goal is to make vehicle insurance more transparent by directly tying premium costs to measured driving behavior.
The document contains summaries of several papers related to automation and Internet of Things technologies:
1. Several papers propose systems for vehicle tracking and accident detection using GPS, GPRS and GSM to send location and speed data to emergency services.
2. Other papers discuss intelligent street lighting systems using Zigbee wireless sensors to optimize lighting and detect failures, as well as hybrid wired/wireless networks for greenhouse management.
3. Additional papers cover topics like driving behavior detection using accelerometers and Zigbee networks, remote appliance control using Android phones, and a Zigbee-based intelligent helmet system for coal miners.
This document describes a gas leakage detection system that uses a gas sensor to detect propane and butane leaks. When gas is detected, the system sends an SMS alert using a GSM module, sounds an alarm, and uses stepper motors to shut off the main power and gas supply. The system is designed to automatically detect and respond to gas leaks in an affordable and accurate way. It provides both hardware and software designs to achieve this functionality.
IRJET- Gas Leakage Detection and Controlling SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a gas leakage detection and controlling system developed using a MQ-2 gas sensor, Raspberry Pi 3, piezo buzzer, and stepper motor. The sensor detects LPG concentrations and sends the data to the Raspberry Pi. If gas levels exceed a threshold, the system alerts the user by email and sound, and activates the stepper motor to automatically shut off the gas regulator valve. The system is programmed with Python and provides an automatic control action to stop gas flow when leaks are detected.
IRJET- AI to Analyze and Extract Data to Gain Insights About the Spread o...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system that uses sensors and machine learning to analyze air quality and predict pollution levels. The system collects data from sensors that measure gases like carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. This data is processed using machine learning algorithms to analyze current pollution levels and predict future levels over the next 24 hours. The system aims to provide reliable air quality information to help governments and organizations address pollution issues. It offers a low-cost and mobile alternative to existing stationary sensor systems.
Design and Implementation of Smart Air Pollution Monitoring System Based on I...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article that designed and implemented a smart air pollution monitoring system in Mosul, Iraq based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses low-cost sensors to detect concentrations of pollutants like carbon monoxide, methane, dust, and humidity. A Particle Photon microcontroller collects data from the sensors and sends it via MQTT protocol to the UBIDOTS IoT platform for storage, analysis and visualization. The system aims to provide low-cost, real-time air pollution monitoring at different locations in Mosul.
This document discusses using the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable smart city applications. It proposes three IoT-based systems: 1) A garbage monitoring system that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect when trash bins are full and notifies the proper authorities. 2) A gas leakage detection system that uses gas sensors to detect leaks in homes and notifies residents. 3) An accident detection system that uses vibration sensors and accelerometers to detect vehicle accidents and notifies emergency contacts. The systems are intended to improve city services and public safety using IoT technologies like sensors and wireless connectivity. Block diagrams and outputs are provided for each proposed system.
This document summarizes a research paper that describes a system to detect liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) leaks using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses an MQ135 gas sensor to detect LPG in the air. If a leak is detected, the system displays a warning on an LCD screen, sounds a buzzer, and sends a text message via GSM to notify users. The system is designed to monitor for LPG leaks in homes and vehicles to help prevent accidents and promote safety.
This document discusses a proposed smart city system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The system would use sensors, cameras, and a Raspberry Pi to monitor factors like traffic congestion, air pollution, water levels, and road conditions. It would provide real-time updates to citizens through a mobile app and alerts to authorities. Some key applications discussed include traffic monitoring using vehicle sensors and cameras, air quality monitoring, waste management optimization, and noise monitoring. The goal is to build an integrated system on a single mobile app to help manage the environment and resources in a smart city.
The document provides an overview of various types of IoT applications across different domains including homes, cities, environment, energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture and health. It describes common IoT applications for each domain such as smart lighting, appliances and security for homes, smart parking, lighting and roads for cities, weather monitoring and pollution detection for environment, smart grids and renewable energy monitoring for energy, inventory management and smart payments for retail.
IRJET - Surveillance System for Petroleum IndustryIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed surveillance system for the petroleum industry that uses sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, and toxic gas levels. It would detect gas leaks or high temperatures and automatically cut power while alerting authorities. Sensor readings would be sent to the cloud for remote monitoring. The proposed system aims to address limitations of existing manual monitoring methods by continuously and digitally collecting precise sensor data and enabling remote access. It would use an Arduino microcontroller connected to various sensors on a mobile robot platform to autonomously monitor conditions and send alerts in hazardous situations.
Performance Evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (Vanet) Using Clustering A...pijans
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS) have actually attracted a lot of attention over the last few years as
being used to improve road safety. In this paper, cluster based technique has been introduced in VANET.
As VANET is a new form of MANET, so with this cluster based technique in VANET, several handoff
problems have been removed, which were actually difficult to remove in MANET. For this traffic
infrastructure cluster based routing has been used, with two routing protocols i.e. AODV and AODV+. The
network simulator NS2 has been used for removing unpredictable movements that may arise in the network.
An Optimized Mechanism for Adaptive and Dynamic Policy Based Handover in Clus...pijans
On-going revolution in ever-improving wireless communication enforces the necessity of a self configuring,
rapidly deployable and infrastructure less network. MANET is such an autonomous wireless network that
meets the requirements. At the same time MANET’s random behavior and absence of any central
intelligence to gather unambiguous knowledge about user contexts complexes QoS maintenance and
hampers proper utilization of network resources resulting into unnecessary handovers. In past, few policy
driven handover approaches have been proposed for MANET but none of them explores a comprehensive
policy design. Therefore in this paper we propose an adaptive and optimized policy based handover
mechanism which is based on explicitly designed policies like load balancing, service discovery and next
hop selection .Efficient procedures for these policies are also explored .This work predicts the high time of
handover need on the basis of application specific needs of individual freely roaming mobile nodes,
avoiding unnecessary handovers and provides efficient handover procedure with optimized resource
consumption, reduced latency and interruption time.
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consumption, reduced latency and interruption time.
An Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network for Secured Communica...pijans
Security and reliable communication is challenging task in mobile Ad Hoc network. Through mobility of network device compromised with attack and loss of data. For the prevention of attack and reliable communication, various authors proposed a method of secured routing protocol such as SAODV and SBRP (secured backup routing protocol). The process of these methods work along with route discovery and route maintains, discovery and route maintained needed more power consumption for that process. The power of devices is decrease during such process and network lifetimes expire. In this paper, we modified the secured stateless protocol for secured routing and minimized the utilization of power during path discovering and establishment. For the authentication of group node used group signature technique and sleep mode threshold concept for power minimization. Our proposed technique is simulated in ns-2 and compare to other routing protocol gives a better performance in comparison to energy consumption and throughput of network.
As-Puma : Anycast Semantics In Parking Using Metaheuristic Approachpijans
The number of vehicle used in the world are increasing day by day resulting in the obvious problem of
parking of these vehicle’s in residential and vocational areas. We perceive the problem of vehicles parking
in vocational establishments / malls. Today majority of parking systems are manual parking systems where
in, on the spot, parking of the vehicle is done and a parking slip is generated and handed over to customer.
This is cumbersome technique wherein various parking attendants in the parking areas manually keeps on
informing the Parking inspector on how many free parking slots available so that only that many number of
parking slips/tickets are generated as the number of free parking slots. We address the problem of parking
in Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) by proposing metaheuristic driven approach of Ant Colony optimization
(ACO) technique with anycast semantics models . Here we propose the parking architecture to solve the
problem of parking especially in commercial areas with their design diagrams . In this architecture we
apply the delivery model to deliver the packet correctly to the intended receiver. Using this we can book
various parking’s through remote areas so that the customer can get the information about availability of
various parking’s inside an area and the parking fare for each category of the automobile. Using this
architecture the customer can get the prior knowledge about various vacant parking slots inside a parking
area and he can book the corresponding parking from his location.
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
Black Hole Attack Prevention Using Random Dispersive Routing for Mobile Adhoc...pijans
Mobile Adhoc Networks is a wireless network and it has become an important technology in current years
in which security has become an important problem. Black hole Attack is one of the promising and severe
security attacks in mobile ad hoc networks which block the communication of secret data during packet
delivery. Black hole attack directly attacks the node’s data traffic on the path and with intent drops, alters
or delays the data traffic passing through that node. In other type of black hole attack which misleadingly
replies for the route request which comes from the node which initiates the route discovery process that it
has as much as necessary routes to the destination even it does not have path to the destination. This paper
deals with prevention of black hole attacks using Shamir’s secret sharing and Random Multipath Routing
Algorithm
Performance Analysis of Mtpr Routing Protocol in Power Deficient Nodepijans
Power conservation in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a major challenge even today for researchers.
To conserve it various power aware routing protocols have been proposed. These protocols do not take into
consideration the residual power left in nodes. To find the impact of the same a simulator was designed in
MATLAB-7.01. The routing protocol used in our simulation is Minimum Total Power Routing (MTPR) and
different performance metrics such as path optimality, throughput and hop count were recorded in
presence and absence of power scarce node. The result shows significant impact of power scarce node on
MANET performance.
Path Duration Analysis in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networkpijans
In Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) the mobility of the nodes is the main concern. This mobility of
nodes makes the route unstable and unreliable for the information exchange and communication between
two nodes in the network. To enhance the performance and throughput of the VANETs, routes between
nodes must be reliable and stable. In this paper, we study the significance of path duration and link
duration in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). Because of this mobility, connectivity graphs changes
very frequently and it affects the performance of VANETs. Therefore, path duration can be used to predict
the behaviour of the mobile nodes in the network. Estimation of the path duration in VANETs can be a key
factor to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Estimation of path duration is a challenging task
to perform as it depends on many parameters including node density, transmission range, numbers of hops,
and velocity of nodes. This paper will provide a comprehensive study for estimating the path duration in
VANETs.
Study of Various Schemes for Link Recovery in Wireless Mesh Networkpijans
As there is a growing need for the cost effective and highly dynamic large-bandwidth networks over large
coverage area , the Wireless Mesh Network provide first step towards effective communication. A Wireless
Mesh Network is one of the most advanced wireless network used for communication. During their
operating period , the wireless mesh network may suffer from frequent link failure which results in poor
performance of network. Link failure detection plays crucial role in performance of WMN. The proposed
paper presents the review of various techniques used for detection of link failure and the techniques used
for recovery of wireless mesh network.
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networkpijans
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
This document is Intended for the purpose of Enabling the power of social media to Empower Ridesharing.
this entails the creation of an ad-ridesharing Initiative with a view to tackling real-world problems such as
traffic congestion and the ever-increasing fuel prices. The main objectives include creating applications,
both web and mobile based, to seamlessly integrate the app’s functionality into and everyday user’s
routine.
Performance Analysis of Improved Autonomous Power Control Mac Protocol (IAPCM...pijans
Power Control in Mobile Ad Hoc networks is a critical issue, since nodes are powered by batteries.The
main idea of power control schemes is to use different power levels for RTS/CTS and DATA/ACK. These
schemes may degrade network throughput and reduce energy efficiency of the network. In this paper we
have evaluated the performance of Improved Autonomous Power Control MAC Protocol (IAPCMP),that
allows nodes to dynamically adjust power levels for transmission of DATA/ACK according to the distance
between the transmitter and its neighbors.In IAPCMP power level for transmission of RTS/CTS is also
adjustable. This also used maximum power level for transmitting DATA/ACK periodically to make
neighboring nodes aware about ongoing transmission. The performance of IAPCMP is evaluated through
the metrics namely, packet delivery ratio and rate of energy efficiency.The simulation results show
significant improvement in protocol.
A Survey of Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networkspijans
In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview on Ad hoc networking by directional antennas. Use of
Directional antennas can largely reduce the interference, increase the spatial reuse and due to their longer
range we can have routes with fewer hop for two distant nodes. However the main problem of using
directional antennas in Ad hoc networks is due to the dynamic nature of the network. Neighbour discovery,
maintenance the track of moving neighbours, exploitation of the benefit of long range and directional MAC
protocols are the most challenging issues. We present three Directional MAC protocols and two
combinational protocols and system which give solutions to MAC and Neighbour discovery and compare
the throughput of them with 802.11 with omnidirectional antennas.
Wireless Evolution: IEEE 802.11N, 802.11AC, and 802.11AX Performance Comparisonpijans
The widespread adoption of IEEE 802.11 WLANs is attributed to their inherent mobility, flexibility, and
cost-effectiveness. Within the IEEE 802 working group, a dedicated task group is diligently advancing
WLAN technologies, particularly tailored for dense network scenarios. Amidst these advancements, the
802.11ac protocols have emerged as a preferred choice, delivering superior data transfer rates compared
to the preceding 802.11n standard. Significantly, the sixth-generation wireless protocol, IEEE 802.11ax,
has been introduced, showcasing enhanced performance capabilities that outpace its fifth-generation
predecessor, 802.11ac.In this pioneering investigation, we engage in an in-depth simulation-based scrutiny
of prominentWLAN protocols—namely, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, and the cutting-edge IEEE
802.11ax. Our exhaustive analyses traverse a spectrum of critical metrics, encompassing throughput,
coverage, spectral efficiency, Tx/Rx gain, and Tx/Rx power.In a single-user and SISO scenario, both
802.11ac and 802.11ax outperform 802.11n. Significantly, 802.11ax surpasses the previous 802.11n/ac
standards, highlighting substantial advancements in wireless performance.
Performance Improvement of Multiple Connections in AODV with the Concern of N...pijans
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS) consists of a collection of mobile nodes without having a central
coordination. In MANET, node mobility and dynamic topology play an important role in the performance.
MANET provide a solution for network connection at anywhere and at any time. The major features of
MANET are quick set up, self organization and self maintenance. Routing is a major challenge in MANET
due to it’s dynamic topology and high mobility. Several routing algorithms have been developed for
routing. This paper studies the AODV protocol and how AODV is performed under multiple connections in
the network. Several issues have been identified. The bandwidth is recognized as the prominent factor
reducing the performance of the network. This paper gives an improvement of normal AODV for
simultaneous multiple connections under the consideration of bandwidth of node.
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...pijans
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...pijans
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and 60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization, bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Electric Vehicles (EVs) Supercharger: A...pijans
This article presents a probabilistic modeling method utilizing smart meter data and an innovative agentbased simulator for electric vehicles (EVs). The aim is to assess the effects of different cost-driven EV
charging strategies on the power distribution network (PDN). We investigate the effects of a 40% EV
adoption on three parts of Frederiksberg's low voltage distribution network (LVDN), a densely urbanized
municipality in Denmark. Our findings indicate that cable and transformer overloading especially pose a
challenge. However, the impact of EVs varies significantly between each LVDN area and charging
scenario. Across scenarios and LVDNs, the share of cables facing congestion ranges between 5% and
60%. It is also revealed that time-of-use (ToU)-based and single-day cost-minimized charging could be
beneficial for LVDNs with moderate EV adoption rates. In contrast, multiple-day optimization will likely
lead to severe congestion, as such strategies concentrate demand on a single day that would otherwise be
distributed over several days, thus raising concerns about how to prevent it. The broader implications of
our research suggest that, despite initial worries primarily centered on congestion due to unregulated
charging during peak hours, a transition to cost-based smart charging, propelled by an increasing
awareness of time-dependent electricity prices, may lead to a significant rise in charging synchronization,
bringing about undesirable consequences for the power distribution network (PDN).
Multilayer Perceptron Guided Key Generation through Mutation with Recursive R...pijans
In this paper, a multilayer perceptron guided key generation for encryption/decryption (MLPKG) has been
proposed through recursive replacement using mutated character code generation for wireless
communication of data/information. Multilayer perceptron transmitting systems at both ends accept an
identical input vector, generate an output bit and the network are trained based on the output bit which is
used to form a protected variable length secret-key. For each session, different hidden layer of multilayer
neural network is selected randomly and weights or hidden units of this selected hidden layer help to form
a secret session key. The plain text is encrypted using mutated character code table. Intermediate cipher
text is yet again encrypted through recursive replacement technique to from next intermediate encrypted
text which is again encrypted to form the final cipher text through chaining , cascaded xoring of multilayer
perceptron generated session key. If size of the final block of intermediate cipher text is less than the size of
the key then this block is kept unaltered. Receiver will use identical multilayer perceptron generated
session key for performing deciphering process for getting the recursive replacement encrypted cipher text
and then mutated character code table is used for decoding. Parametric tests have been done and results
are compared in terms of Chi-Square test, response time in transmission with some existing classical
techniques, which shows comparable results for the proposed technique.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcppijans
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
MICROCONTROLLER BASED AVR HAZARDOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM USING IOT
1. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2023
DOI:10.5121/ijans.2023.13201 1
MICROCONTROLLER BASED AVR HAZARDOUS GAS
DETECTION SYSTEM USING IOT
Ram Prasad
Department of Mathematics, VTU University, Bangalore, India
ABSTRACT
MQ-6 Semiconductor Sensor for Combustible Gas detection is a Sensitive Gas sensor. The sensitive
material of this MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which works with lower conductivity in clean air. When the
target combustible gas exist, the sensors conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising. As
the conductivity increases the current in the circuit of the sensor increases which results in lower sensor
resistance. This change is used to correspond, the output signal of gas concentration. MQ-6 gas sensor has
high sensitivity to Methane, Propane and Butane and could be used to detect both Methane and Propane.
The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas especially Methane, it is with low cost and
suitable for different application.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Network, MQ-6 gas sensor, SnO2, internet of thing,
1. INTRODUCTION
A number of reviews on the subject of gas leakage detection techniques were done in the past
either as part of research papers/technical reports on a certain leak detection method and other gas
related subjects. In the year of 2008, LIU zhen-ya, WANG Zhen-dong and CHEN Rong, [1]
“Intelligent Residential Security Alarm and Remote Control System Based On Single Chip
Computer”, the paper focuses on, Intelligent residential burglar alarm, emergency alarm, fire
alarm, toxic gas leakage remote automatic sound alarm and remote control system, which is
based on 89c51 single chip computer or 8051 microcontroller. The system that they design was
used to send a message to emergency number provided and as well as call the police hotline
number for emergency help.
In the year of 2006, Ioan Lita, Ion Bogdan Cioc and Daniel Alexandru Visan, [2] “A New
Approach of Automatic Localization System Using GPS and GSM/GPRS Transmission”, this
paper focuses on, a low cost automotive localization system using GPS and GSM-SMS services,
which provides the position of the vehicle on the driver’s or owner’s mobile phone as a short
message (SMS) on his request. The system can be integrated with the car alarm system which
alerts the owner, on his mobile phone, about the events that occurs with his car when it is parked.
Or sends SMS to the relatives to provide fast emergency if any accident is happened.
In the year 2000, K. Galatsis, W. Woldarsla, Y.X. Li and K. Kalantar-zadeh, [3] “A Vehicle air
quality monitor using gas sensors for improved safety”, this paper focuses on A vehicle cabin air
quality monitor using carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (02) gas sensors has been designed,
developed and on-road tested. As of today the use of Air Conditioner (A/C) in the cars is more
often this is dangerous to outer environment causing Global Warming like problems but as well
as it affects the inner environment of a car. It causes problems like decrease in the oxygen level
2. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2023
2
around 15% and increase in the level of harmful gases like Carbon mono oxide. The continuous
monitoring of these gases increase vehicle safety and an alert can be made to let the passengers
know that the concentration of the gases has reached their threshold value and it will be
dangerous to further use the exhaust or AC in car. Later, in the 2002 they published another
paper, [4] “Investigation of gas sensors for vehicle cabin air quality monitoring”. In this they
proposed the use of MOS (Metal oxide Semiconductor) Gas Sensor. Commercially available gas
sensors are compared with fabricated Moo3 based sensors possessed comparable gas sensing
properties.
Figure 1. Bluetooth technology to control and monitor parameters driven by a robot
In year 2018; Zhao, W., Kamezaki, M., Yoshida, K., Konno, M., Onuki, A., & Sugano, S. [5]
Worked on “An automatic tracked robot chain system for gas pipeline inspection and
maintenance based on wireless relay communication”. Mamatha, Sasritha, and Reddy, CS in the
year 2017, deeveloped an expert system and heuristics algorithm for cloud resource scheduling
and introduced an android based automatic gas detection and indication robot[6, 7]. They
proposed prototype depicts a mini mobile robot which is capable to detect gas leakage in
hazardous places [8-12]. Whenever there is an event of gas leakage in a particular place the robot
immediately read and sends the data to android mobile through wireless communication like
Bluetooth. In this they develop an android application for android based smart phones which can
receive data from robot directly through Bluetooth. The application warns with an indication
whenever there is an occurrence of gas leakage and it can also be controlled by the robot
movements via Bluetooth by using text commands as well as voice commands [13, 14].
In the paper [16], they introduced a robot and mobile application. Which made it is certain that an
autonomous, mobile gas detection and leak localization robot is possible today and can
significantly enhance safety. Shyamaladevi, [17] and her team; in their research article told about
the project ARM7 based automated high performance system for LPG refill booking and leakage
detection and methodology to make their project. In this, if there is a case of leakage, the
resistance of the sensor decreases which increase its conductivity. The related output pulse is fed
to microcontroller and which switches on the buzzer and exhaust fan to provide quick alert to
house members [18, 19]. Microcontroller will send a message like “EMERGENCY ALERT:
LPG gas leakage found in your home” to the required cell numbers via GSM module and the
same will be displayed on LCD. The gas leakage detection system was proposed, designed and
successfully implemented in this paper for home safety and industrial applications [20, 21].
Along with gas leakage detection, this system gives a fully automated approach towards the gas
booking.
3. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2023
3
Figure 2. User Interactive Gas Leakage and Fire Alarm System
This project was implemented using the ARM 7 processor and simulated using the Keil software.
The cost involved in developing the system is significantly low and is much less than the cost of
gas detectors commercially available in the market. In year 2016, [22] “Dangerous gas detection
using an integrated circuit and MQ-9” given by Falohun A.S., Oke A.O. and Abolaji B.M. This
paper was focused on combustible gas detection. In this basically, they built an embedded design
which includes typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small
or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature,
humidity, light level etc [23-25]. Principle of operation proposed was the gas detector alarm
system is designed with the intention to ensure that the event of gas is intelligently detected,
promptly notified and interactively managed. It is built around a timer to accept input from the
gas sensor, MQ-9, and activate a buzzer and set of led that alerts in the presence of gas. The
sensor used is the MQ- 9 that specializes in gas detection equipment for carbon monoxide (CO)
and Methane (CH4), LPG family and any other relevant industry or car assemblage.
According to the value received if that is above threshold, microcontroller will turn on LED and
Buzzer and message is start viewing on the 16x2 LCD display [26-28]. Once few milliseconds
delay, it conjointly sends the information over the internet for throwing gas out and continue to
send messages as “Gas Leakage Detected” to the concerned mobile number. This information
that is send over the server created on the internet and a Smartphone application can be used to
notify [29]. The data on the server is displayed at a webpage for user.
The advantage of MQ-9 gas sensor is that it has; good sensitivity to CO/Combustible gas, high
sensitivity to methane, propane and CO, long life and low cost and simple drive circuit. The
enveloped MQ-9 has 6 pins, 4 of which are used to fetch signals, and other 2 for providing
heating current. Once powered, the output of the sensor is normally HIGH but goes LOW when
gas is sensed.
2. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL
Embedded Systems is defined in many ways. Few definitions such as, “An embedded system is a
microprocessor based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions”. An
embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in
capability or programmable, that is designed for a specific function or for specific functions
within a larger system. In the project, both the functions transmitting data over internet and
sending text message to User mobile number, are done wirelessly using GSM module. MQ-6 Gas
sensor is used to detect Hazardous Gases which are combustible in nature. The power supply of
the project is regulated as 5V, supplied by a DC battery. The programming languages used for
developing the software to the AVR Microcontroller is Embedded C as well as assembly
language. The PROTEUS is used to stimulate the project on software.
4. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2023
4
Figure 3. The Proposed Model Block Diagram
3. SYSTEM ASPECTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
In this proposed model the authors want to achieve five aspects:
Design of Embedded System: In this authors are using the AVR microcontroller that
control all the module and other components and peripheral devices connected to it. Some
of them work as input units and others as output units.
GSM Module: GSM module is used to send the message of gas leakage to the emergency
number provided in the program. This module is also used to setup an internet connection
and use for IOT Applications. The data fetched from the Gas Sensor is uploaded to a
virtual server which can be displayed on a webpage.
Alerting System: This part includes a buzzer and a LCD Display. Buzzer is used to work
as an alarm and LCD is being used to Display the Alert message and other details required
to show.
Sensor Module: This module is use to sense the gas leakage. In this proposed module
they use a gas sensor MQ 6 to perform the leakage detection operation. This is the main
component of the whole system. This is a Semiconductor type Gas sensor in which the
conductivity increases as the gas concentration increases. To sense the concentration of
gases SnO2 and Au layer is used. The increases conductivity results in decrease in the
Sensor load resistance, this change is measured by the controller. If the concentration goes
beyond threshold it sends signal to controller which starts the tasks assigned by the
programmer.
Software Used: Two types of software that are used in developing this system are Atmel
Studio and Proteus. Atmel Studio is used for programming. Embedded C is generally used
to program microcontrollers. This studio generates a HEX code file which is required to
burn in the microcontroller. On the other hand Proteus is simulation software. It is a
general practice to run the program on Proteus before physically connecting the system to
avoid failures.
4. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
The hazardous gases like LPG and combustible gas were sensed by the MQ-6 gas sensor and are
monitored by the AVR microcontroller and displayed in the LCD. In critical situation, that is
when the LPG exceeds from normal level above 1000ppm and in the same way when the Propane
exceeds the normal level of 10000ppm then an alarm is generated and a SMS is sent to the
authorized user as an alerting system, which helps in faster diffusion of the critical situation. The
prototype of the proposed system is shown in the below given figure.
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Figure 4. Gas detection unit result LCD display
5. FUTURE SCOPE
In the present days automation plays a vital role in the human life. Most of the day to day tasks
are monitored and controlled by embedded controllers. Some of the applications that can be
observed are:
Mobile Application: In this digital era when everyone has Smartphone. So people can easily
connect to a mobile based application with the website to alert more efficiently in the users phone
by giving the proper details. This Application will be directly connected to website for more
instant results.
Different Gases: Environmental air quality is also becoming increasingly important and there
will be many future requirements for low-cost, air quality monitoring sensors such as MEMS-
based metal oxide Semiconductor sensors which are capable of monitoring pollutants such as
ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia.
Infrared sensors: The demands of fail-safe operation and higher reliability have caused many
users to switch to infrared gas sensing. These types of sensor generally incorporate a pulsing
source of infrared radiation that is absorbed by certain gases in proportion to the gas
concentration. The infrared wavelength is chosen to suit a particular gas such as methane or
carbon dioxide.
Lower power and size: The power consumed by pellistor and infrared types of gas sensors has
limited their use in portable instrumentation to some extent due to battery capacities. Over the
last few years rechargeable technology has developed greatly with battery chemistry migrating
from Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) to Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) and now various forms of
Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), which offer the best power to weight ratio. The mobile phone and
consumer electronic markets will continue to drive the development of new battery technologies
with spin-off benefits to the portable gas sensor industry.
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6. CONCLUSIONS
The importance of gas sensing is set to grow with increasing requirements for safety and
environmental protection across many industries. The current range of gas sensing technologies
has served us well but the future holds many new possibilities Power and size reductions and an
improvement in ruggedness will allow a new generation of body worn devices A wide variety of
leak detecting devices are available for gas pipelines. Some techniques have been improved since
their first proposal and some new ones were designed as a result of advances in sensor
manufacturing and computing power.
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