Mexican Food ReallyHard-shell tacos BurritoGlobaliz.docx

Mexican Food? Really?
Hard-shell tacos Burrito
Globalization Exercise:
Geography of Food
What is your favorite food/dish?
*Ceviche (Peru)
*Since this is the sample provided, no student is allowed to use
this dish to compose their
exercise.
Deconstructing a Dish: “Claimed”
country of origin and Ingredients
• In this exercise you will compose an essay based on
your favorite dish.
• The title of your essay will be: “The Geography of
_________.”
• Your essay must first describe the “claimed” area of
origin of the dish.
– Many countries claim to be the place where a dish

originates; recipes are not the same.
• Ceviche (lime-marinated raw fish/shelffish);
• Arroz con pollo (chicken and rice).
After selecting your dish…
• Enumerate all the ingredients that are included
in your recipe.
– Your recipe must have at-least 10 ingredients.
– Include the basic elements that make up your recipe
and not any processed food.
• Some examples:
– Oil (i.e., olive, corn, etc.);
– Sausages (i.e., beef, pork, turkey?);
– Tomato paste;
– Just include the name of the basic ingredient and in
parenthesis its
form.
» For example: “tomato (paste)”; “corn (oil)”; “pork (sausage)”;
etc.
Area of Domestication
• Next, you will find the area where each of these elements
were domesticated.

• Use map “Centers of Plant and Animal Domestication”
(next slide) as the main source of reference.
• Note that most plants and animals that are used in many
recipes have been domesticated in faraway regions where
these recipes were developed.
– For example, although arroz con pollo is a local favorite in
many Latin American countries, chicken was domesticated in
South and Southeast Asia and introduced to the Americas
after the arrival of the European conquistadors (key
definition: relocation diffusion).
Centers of Plant and Animal
Domestication
Source: Getis, A., Getis, J. and J. Fellmann. 2008.
Introduction to geography. New York:
McGraw Hill.
Native/Indigenous Ingredients
• If it is an ingredient that is harvested locally,
like a mineral (i.e., salt), or a native plant or
animal species (i.e., fish, shellfish, etc.), these
will be referred to as “native” or “indigenous.”
• If your dish originates in a country that is part
of a region of domestication, then all
ingredients domesticated here must be noted
as either native or using the name of the

region of domestication included, but not both.
– This also applies to the first paragraph of this slide.
Ingredients not Listed in the Map?
• If some of the ingredients that are included in your
recipe are not listed in this map, you can google it.
• “Area of domestication of ________?”
• However, I would highly recommend you to use the
following website develop by Purdue University:
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/
• Here you can use their search engine to find the
specific crops (plants only) that you are looking for: (go
to) CropSearch.
The Geography of Ceviche
• “Claimed” country of origin: Peru
• Ingredients: Region of origin: ?
1. Fish/Shellfish
2. Salt
3. Chili pepper
4. Garlic
5. Cilantro
6. Lime
7. Black pepper
8. Onion
9. Corn
10. Sweet potato

Centers of Plant and Animal
Domestication
McGraw Hill.
Table (25%)
• “Claimed” country of origin: Peru
• Ingredients: Region of origin:
1. Fish/Shellfish Native/Indigenous
2. Salt Native/Indigenous
3. Chili pepper Meso-America
4. Garlic Mediterranean
5. Cilantro Mediterranean
6. Lime South and Southwest Asia
7. Black pepper South and Southwest Asia
8.Onion Southwest Asia
9. Corn Meso-America
10. Sweet potato Meso-America
Basic Stats
• Ingredients (10) = 100%

• Native/Indigenous (2) = 20%
• Meso-America (3) = 30%
• Mediterranean (2) = 20%
• South and Southeast Asia (2) = 20%
• Southwest Asia (1) = 10%
Making your Map (25%)
Map Elements
• A) Title: “The Geography of Ceviche” (top center).
• B) Legend: in a box at the lower left (or right) corner.
– This must include all symbols used in the map (flow
lines/arrows using different colors for each region if you
wish).
• C) If the map you are using does not have the names of
the regions were your ingredients originate, include
them in the map using labels.
• Your map must also include the shape of the regions of
plant and animal domestication.
• D) Orientation arrow pointing to the North (upper
right hand side).

Line Symbols
• Isoline maps
– Lines of constant value
• Flow-line maps
– Portray linear movement between places
Migration patterns
in the US in the 1950s.
Basic Stats
• Ingredients (8) = 100%
Legend
• Native/Indigenous (2) = 20%
• Meso-America (3) = 30%
• Mediterranean (2) = 20%
• South and SE Asia (2) = 20%
• Southwest Asia (1) = 10%
*Note that the width of the flow lines represents the
contribution of each region of
domestication (i.e., The flow line that represents Meso-America
is 3 times larger that the one

form SW Asia). In the legend of your map include each of these
symbols once only.
Don’t forget to include these shapes
for the areas of domestication
McGraw Hill.
Peru
Native Ingredients (2): 20%
1 Ingredient: 10%
2 Ingredients: 20%
3 Ingredients: 30%
N
Mediterranean
Southwest Asia
South and Southeast
Asia
Andean
Uplands
Meso-

America
Essay (45%) and Bibliography (5%)
• In this section you must de-construct and re-
construct all the elements (ingredients) that are
included in your dish, highlighting the area of origin
of the ingredients, and the claimed area of origin of
the dish.
• This is an integral part of your work and must be as
detailed as possible. Remember that this is a
geography exercise and spatial distribution should
be highlighted in your analysis.
• Your essay must include comments of the number
of ingredients that can be considered native
(originated in the domestication region where the
“claimed” country of origin if this is the case) and
exotic (non-native/introduced species).
Essay (45%) and Bibliography (5%)
• In this section you will be evaluated in terms of the
detail and thoroughness of the information you provide.
This means that your analysis should be as descriptive
and detailed as possible.
– For example, you can start by making a basic statistical
analysis commenting the contribution of each region of
domestication using percentages.

• This essay should be at-least 800 words in length.
• You must also demonstrate knowledge of the topic,
using key definitions, and include at least one additional
reference (textbook or a reputable website) that relates
to your favorite dish.
– This can include a source that describes the recipe you are
using. You must include this reference in a separate page
(Bibliography/Reference), making a full citation of this source.
Bibliography (5%)
• You must include at-least one pertinent reference
in your essay portion making a notation (citation).
– i.e., Quotation: “This dish defines what it means to be a
true Cuban citizen” (Castro 2013: 55).
– i.e., In your own words: According to some authors, this
dish defines citizenship in Cuban culture (Castro 2013).
• You must also include a full reference of this source
in a separate page (Bibliography/References).
– i.e., Castro, F. 2013. Ropa vieja: The true story. La
Habana, Cuba: Fidelius Press.
Essay (45%)
• Any geographically-based essay must answer three broad
questions: Where? Why? (and how?), and, So what? (or,

why is this important?).
• For example, where is the center of domestication of these
plants and animals?
• Why (and how) were these ingredients introduced to the
region where your recipe was developed?
• In answering to the “So what?” or, in other words, “why is
this important?” question, you must use the information
you have included in the first two sections (Where? and
Why?). This is an overview of the principle elements of
your recipe and must include a conclusion’s paragraph of
your analysis.
• Do not include the preparation
(recipe) of your dish in your essay.
• This is irrelevant to the purpose of
this exercise.
• If you do so, you will lose points.
Key Definition:
Mobility: Relocation Diffusion
new location carrying new ideas or practices with them.
A prime example is the migration of Christianity with
European settlers who came to America, or the introduction

of plants and animals.
Key Definitions:
The Columbian Exchange
• The arrival of Europeans to the Americas brought two worlds
previously isolated into contact.
• This led to environmental changes that transformed the
peoples, economies, and landscapes of both continents.
• The “Columbian Exchange” resulted from the introduction of
“exotic biological material” from both sides of the Atlantic
(the Old and New worlds).
• The exchange of plants is the most widespread and long-
lasting impact of the “exchange”, affecting peoples and
landscapes around the world (i.e., potatoes, manioc/cassava,
corn, tomatoes, chilies, chocolate, tobacco).
Transported European Landscape
• Spaniards introduced
horses, pigs, cattle, sheep,
wheat, barely, olives, and
grapes transforming the
Latin American and
Caribbean landscapes.
– Sugarcane!
• The two systems merged
and altered each other in

different ways, changing
the economic culture of
both groups.
Technical Aspects
• Your paper must conform to the following
formatting:
• 12-point font (Arial, Times New Roman,
Garamond, or Book Antiqua),
• One-inch margins all around,
• Double-spaced, and,
• Number the pages.
• Any exercise that does not follow this
format will receive a 10% discount in the
final grade for this assignment.
The Checklist (Rubric)
• In the course website you will find four items
related to this Globalization Exercise:
– The Instructions (word document).
– This presentation (PPT).
– The Checklist (Rubric).

– The Turnitin.com icon where you will upload your
work.
• The checklist (rubric) provides detail information
about the requirements of each section and their
weights.
– Before submitting your work, go through this list to
make sure your work is complete.
Final Details
• You must upload your work to the Turnitin.com icon
located inside the Assignment Dropbox.
• Late work will be accepted but will receive a 10-
point discount for each week this is late.
• No late work will be accepted after two weeks from
the deadline.
Plagiarism
• For the exercises or any other written assignment,
your answer must be your own, original thoughts.
• If you plagiarize your thoughts from a website,
journal, or any other source, not only you will be
sad because you cannot write the small number of
words of your own, but because you will earn a
failing grade in this class.

It is not allowed to work in groups
• Even if the information is presented on a
graph, figure, map, etc., Turnitin.com can
determine if there is any plagiarism issues.
• I’ve seen these done before –plagiarizing a
similar assignment.
• Don’t do it! It can cost achieving your
academic goals (and dreams).
Any questions?
Send me a message
using the course
website ASAP.
1
3. Scale and Projections
Scale and projections are two fundamental features of maps that
usually do not get the attention
they deserve. Scale refers to how map units relate to real-world

units. Projections deal with the
methods and challenges around turning a three-dimensional (and
sort of lumpy) earth into a two-
dimensional map.
This section will introduce you to…
measuring on the ground
characteristics
By the end of this chapter, you should be able read map scales
and identify common projections
along with their basic features and uses.
3.1 Scale
The world is vast. The earth’s surface has an area of over 500
million km2 and any picture of the
earth that you can easily carry can only show general outlines of
continents and countries. When
we visually represent a region of the world on a map, we must
reduce its size to fit within the
boundaries of the map. Map scale measures how much the
features of the world are reduced to fit
on a map; or more precisely, map scale shows the proportion of

a given distance on a map to the
corresponding distance on the ground in the real world.1
Map scale is represented by a representative fraction, graphic
scale, or verbal description.
Representative fraction.
The most commonly used
measure of map scale is the
representative fraction (RF),
where map scale is shown as
a ratio. With the numerator
always set to 1, the
denominator represents how
much greater the distance is
in the world. Figure 3a
shows a topographic map
with an RF of 1:24,000,
which means that one unit on
the map represents 24,000

units on the ground. The
representative fraction is
accurate regardless of which
units are used; the RF can be
measured as 1 centimeter to 24,000 centimeters, one inch to
24,000 inches, or any other unit.
Figure 3a. Representative fraction and scale bars from a United
States
Geological Survey (USGS) topographic map
2
Graphic scale. Scale bars are graphical representations of
distance on a map. Figure 3a has scale
bars for 1 mile, 7000 feet, and 1 kilometer. One important
advantage of graphic scales is that
they remain true when maps are shrunk or magnified.
Verbal description. Some maps, especially older ones, use a
verbal description of scale. For

example, it is common to see “one inch represents one
kilometer” or something similar written
on a map to give map users an idea of the scale of the map.
Map makers use scale to describe maps as being small-scale or
large-scale. This description of
map scale as large or small can seem counter-intuitive at first.
A 3-meter by 5-meter map of the
United States has a small map scale while a UMN campus map
of the same size is large-scale.
Scale descriptions using the RF provide one way of considering
scale, since 1:1000 is larger than
1:1,000,000. Put differently, if we were to change the scale of
the map with an RF of 1:100,000
so that a section of road was reduced from one unit to, say, 0.1
units in length, we would have
created a smaller-scale map whose representative fraction is
1:1,000,000.
When we talk about large- and small-scale maps and geographic
data, then, we are talking about
the relative sizes and levels of detail of the features represented
in the data. In general, the larger
the map scale, the more detail that is shown (Figure 3b).2

Figure 3b. These two satellite images depict the pyramids in
Giza, Egypt. The image on the left is zoomed
out or appears to be taken from far above the earth. This is a
small-scale map. The map on the right is a
larger-scale map. This distinction between larger-scale and
smaller-scale is not intuitive, so here is an
easy tool to remember it: if the buildings are larger, then the
scale is larger.
3
3.2 Extent vs. Resolution
The extent of a map describes the area visible on the map, while
resolution describes the smallest
unit that is mapped. You can think of extent as describing the
region to which the map is
zoomed. The extent of the map in Figure 3c is national as it
encompasses the contiguous United
States, while the resolution is the state, because states are the

finest level of spatial detail that we
can see.
Figure 3c. Map showing a national extent and a state resolution.
4
We often choose mapping resolutions intentionally to make the
map easier to understand. For
example, if we tried to display a map with a national extent at
the resolution of census blocks, the
level of detail would be so fine and the boundaries would be so
small that it would be difficult to
understand anything about the map. Balancing extent and
resolution is often one of the most
important and difficult decisions a cartographer must make.
Figure 3d offers two more examples
of the difference between extent and resolution.
Figure 3d. Maps showing an extent of the Pacific Northwest,
the left with a spatial resolution of county

and
the right with a spatial resolution of census tracts
5
3.3 Projections
This section will introduce you to projections, the term
for turning a three-dimensional globe into a two-
dimensional map. We will discuss the process of how
objects on a 3-dimensional surface (the earth) come to
be represented on a flat piece of paper or computer
screen. Our emphasis will be on the properties that
different projections distort or maintain – area, shape,
and distance.
Projection is the process of making a two-dimensional
map from a three-dimensional globe. We can think of the earth
as a sphere. In reality, it is more
of an ellipsoid with a few bulges, but it is fine to think of it as a

sphere. To get a sense of how
difficult this process can be, imagine peeling the skin from an
orange and trying to lay the skin
flat (Figure 3e).
As you peel and flatten the skin, you will encounter several
problems:
– stretching the skin in one or more directions
– causing the skin to separate
ing – forcing the skin to bunch up and condense
Cartographers face the same
three issues when they try to
transform the three-dimensional
globe into a two dimensional
map (Figure 3f). If you had a
globe made of paper, you could
carefully try to ‘peel’ it into a
flat piece of paper, but you
would have a big mess on your

hands. Instead, cartographers
use projections to create useable
two-dimensional maps.
Figure 3e. Flattened orange peel
3
Figure 3f. Shearing, tearing, and compression on a globe.
6
3.4 Mechanics of Projection
The term “map projection” refers to both the process and
product of transforming spatial
coordinates on a three-dimensional sphere to a two-dimensional
plane.
In terms of actual mechanics, most projections use mathematical
functions that take as inputs
locations on the sphere and translate them into locations on a
two-dimensional surface.
It is helpful to think about projections in physical terms (Figure

3g). If you had a clear globe the
size of a beach ball and placed a light inside this globe, it would
cast shadows onto a surrounding
surface. If this surface were a piece of paper that you wrapped
around the globe, you could
carefully trace these shadows onto the paper, then flatten out
this piece of paper and have your
projection!
Figure 3g. Thinking of projections in physical terms – a clear
globe, a light bulb, and tracing paper.
4
7
Most projections transform part of the globe to one of three
“developable” surfaces, so called
because they are flat or can be made flat: plane, cone, and
cylinder. The resultant projections are
called planar, conical, and cylindrical (as seen in Figure 3f). We
use developable surfaces
because they eliminate tearing, although they will produce
shearing and compression. Of these

three problems, tearing is seen as the worst because you would
be making maps with all sorts of
holes in them! As we see below, however, there are times when
you can create maps with tearing
and they are quite useful.
The place where the developable surface touches the globe is
known as the tangent point or
tangent line (Figure 3h). Maps will most accurately represent
objects on the globe at these
tangent points or lines, with distortion increasing as you move
farther away due to shearing and
compression. It is for this reason that cylinders are often used
for areas near the equator, cones
used to map the mid-latitudes, and planes used for polar
regions.
For beginning mapmakers, understanding the exact mechanics
of projections doesn’t matter as
much as knowing which map properties are maintained or lost
with the choice of projection – the
topic of the next section.

Figure 3h. Red marks the tangent line/point. The flat surface
touches the globe and it is the point on
the projected map which has the least distortion.
5
8
3.5 Types of Projections
Projections must distort features on the surface of the globe
during the process of making them
flat because projection involves shearing, tearing, and
compression. Since no projection can
preserve all properties, it is up to the map maker to know which
properties are most important for
their purpose and to choose an appropriate projection. The
properties we will focus on are:
shape, area, and distance.
Conformal

Conformal projections preserve shape and angle, but strongly
distort area in the process. For
example, with the Mercator projection (Figure 3i), the shapes of
coastlines are accurate on all
parts of the map, but countries near the poles appear much
larger relative to countries near the
equator than they actually are. For example, Greenland is only
7-percent the land area of Africa,
but it appears to be just as large! Conformal projections should
be used if the main purpose of the
map involves measuring angles or representing the shapes of
features. They are very useful for
navigation, topography (elevation), and weather maps.
Figure 3i. Mercator projection
9
Equal Area
On equal-area projections, the size of any area on the map is in
true proportion to its size on
the earth. In other words, countries’ shapes may appear to be
squished or stretched compared to

what they look like on a globe, but their land area will be
accurate relative to other land masses.
For example, in the Gall-Peters projection (Figure 3j), the shape
of Greenland is significantly
altered, but the size of its area is correct in comparison to
Africa.
This type of projection is important for quantitative thematic
data, especially in mapping density
(an attribute over an area). For example, it would be useful in
comparing the density of Syrian
refugees in the Middle East or the amount of cropland in
production.
Figure 3j. Gall-Peters projection
10
Equidistant
Equidistant projections, as the name suggests, preserve
distance. This is a bit misleading

because no projection can maintain relative distance between all
places on the map. Equidistant
maps are able, however, to preserve distances along a few
clearly specified lines. For example,
on the Azimuthal Equidistant projection (Figure 3k), all points
are the proportionally correct
distance and direction from the center point.
This type of projection would be useful visualizing airplane
flight paths from one city to several
other cities or in mapping an earthquake epicenter.
Figure 3k. Azimuthal Equidistant projection
11
Distortion and Developable Surfaces
Note that distortion is not necessarily tied to the type of
developable surface but rather to the way
the transformation is done with that surface. It is possible to

preserve any one of the three
properties using any of the developable surfaces, as Figure 3l
shows when using a cone.
Conformal
Equal Area
Equidistant

Figure 3l. Three maps created using a conic surface each of
which preserves a different map property
(Lambert conformal conic, Albers equal area conic, and
Schjerning north polar equidistant conic)6
12
Compromise Projections
Some projections, including the Robinson projection (Figure
3m), strike a balance between the
different map properties. In other words, they do not preserve
shape, area, or distance, but
instead try to avoid extreme distortion of any of these
properties. This type of projection would
be useful for a general purpose world map.

Interrupted Projections
Other projections deal with the challenge of making the 3D
globe flat by tearing the earth in
strategic places. Interrupted projections such as the Interrupted
Homolographic (Figure 3n)
represent the earth in lobes, reducing the amount of shape and
area distortion near the poles.
Figure 3m. Robinson Projection
7
Figure 3n. Interrupted Homolographic. Pseudocylindrical
equal-area (National Geographic Society
1904)
13
Artistic projections

There are also a large number of projections that are interesting
and beautiful, but not intended
for navigation between places or to visualize data. Examples of
these artistic projections include
the heart-shaped Stabius-Werner projection (Figure 3o) and
Waterman’s “Butterfly” projection
(Figure 3p).
Figure 3o. Stabius-Werner Projection
(Pseudoconic equal area)
8
Figure 3p. Waterman’s “Butterfly” projection
9
3.6 Conclusion
In this section, we have looked at some of the most frequently
used projections. There are
hundreds of projections, each which distorts the world in a
slightly different way. Keep in mind
that all maps have a scale and there a few important ways to

indicate this scale. All maps also use
a projection that can be formed from a developable surface and
can preserve one or two
properties at most.
14
Resources:
//giscommons.org/earth-and-map-preprocessing/
http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~jochen/gtech201/lectures/lec6
concepts/map%20coordi
nate%20systems/how%20to%20choose%20a%20projection.htm
es to projections:
o http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/index.html
o
http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjTbl/projT
bl.html
1 Parts of this section are adapted from Campbell and Shin

(2011). Essentials of Geographic Information Systems.
http://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/BookDetail.aspx?bookId=67
2 Penn State Geog 482 “The Nature of Geographic Information”
Ch.2.5
3
http://krygier.owu.edu/krygier_html/geog_222/geog_222_lo/geo
g_222_lo13.html
4
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~dylan/mtpe/geosphere/topics/map/m
ap1.html#proj
5 http://geokov.com/education/map-projection.aspx but ©
USGS
6 © 2013 Carlos A Furuti,
http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjCon/Proj
ConNP/projConNP.html
7 http://kartograph.org/showcase/projections/#robinson
http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjPCon/pro
jPCon.html#Werner1
http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjPoly/proj
Poly2.html#gnoct
http://giscommons.org/earth-and-map-preprocessing/
concepts/map%20coordinate%20systems/how%20to%20choose
%20a%20projection.htm
concepts/map%20coordinate%20systems/how%20to%20choose
%20a%20projection.htm
http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/index.html
http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjTbl/projT
bl.html
http://geokov.com/education/map-projection.aspx

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