This document discusses qualitative research methods, specifically grounded theory and qualitative data analysis. It begins by defining analysis and qualitative data. It then discusses what qualitative data analysis entails, including examining "why", "what", or "how" questions. The main stages of qualitative analysis are also outlined: transcription, organizing data, familiarization, coding, and identifying themes. Two common approaches are discussed - grounded theory and framework analysis - and their key stages are compared. Grounded theory is elaborated on in more depth, including how the constant comparative method is used in coding and comparing incidents to develop concepts and theories grounded in the data. Both the pros and cons of the grounded theory approach are presented.

1. METODEPENELITIANKUALITATIF
GROUNDED
THEORY
GROUP 10
By
Armiya Nur Lailatul Izzah

2. WHAT IS
ANALYSIS?
examination of
to
Analysis is
anything
understand
a detailed
complex
its nature
in order
or to determine
its essential features : a thorough study
WHAT IS
QUALITATIVE
DATA?
Q ualitative data describes qualities or
using
characteristics. It is collected
questionnaires, interviews, or observation, and
frequently appears in narrative form.
Qualitative data is descriptive, expressed in
terms of feelings rather than numerical values.
Qualitative data analysis cannot be counted or
measured because it describes the data. It
refers to the words or labels used to describe
certain characteristics or traits.

3. What is qualitativa data
analysis ?
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of processes and procedures
whereby we move from the qualitative data that have been collected into some
form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of the people and
situations we are investigating.
Qualitative research is particularly good at answering the
‘why’,‘what’or ‘how’questions,such as:
Why are some students with disability not confident?
What are the students' perceptions of using ICT tools in Speaking
class?
How does the local language influence English pronunciation?
etc.

4. 1.TRANSCRIPTION 2.ORGANISING YOUR DATA
STAGES IN
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
3.FAMILIARISATION
4.CODING 5.THEMES

5. GROUNDED THEORY
Thinking about and conceptualising
data. It is an approach to research
as a whole and as such can use a
range of different methods.
(mostly in social study)
FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS
Framework Analysis aims to
meet specific information needs and provide
outcomes or recommendations,
often within a short timescale.
(Mostly in health study)
APPROACHES IN QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS

6. GROUNDED THEORY FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS
open coding (initial familiarisation with
the data)
delineation of emergent concepts
conceptual coding (using emergent
concepts)
refinement of conceptual coding schemes
clustering of concepts to form analytical
categories
searching for core categories
core categories lead to identification of
core theory
testing of emerging theory by reference
to other research
Familiarization
Identifying a thematic framework
Indexing
Charting
Mapping and Interpretation
KEY STaGES

7. GROUNDED THEORY
consists of 'plausible relationships'(Strauss & Corbin, 1998) among
sets of concepts, which are directly developed from data analysis.
Theory provides a set of testable propositions that help us to
understand our social world more clearly, rather than an
absolute‘truths’.
the aim:theoretical development
focus:'analytic induction'
The appeal of grounded theory analysis is the structured and
detailed procedures for the generation of theory from data.
at the heart of grounded theory is the idea of the constant
comparative method

8. CONSTANT COMPARATIVE METHOD
a critical part of Glaser and Strauss'
(1967) treatise on Grounded Theory.
sort and organize excerpts of raw data
into groups according to attributes, and
organize those groups in a structured way
to formulate a new theory or develop it
develop concepts from the data by
coding and analyzing at the same time"
(Taylor & Bogdan, 1998)
Glaser (1965) suggests 4 stages for constant
comparison:
1)Comparing incidents applicable to
each category
2) Integrated categories and their properties
3) Delimiting the theory
4) Writing the theory

9. COMPARING N CODING

10. HOW DO YOUMAKE COMPARISONS?
CONTRADICTION
EXPANSION
SUPPORT

11. PROS
Avoids making assumptions and instead adopts a more
neutral view of human action in a social context.
(Simmons, DE (2006).
Provides a methodology to develop an understanding of
social phenomena that is not pre-formed or pre-
theoretically developed with existing theories and
paradigms." (Engward, H, 2013)
Particularly well suited for investigating social processes,
where the previous research is lacking in breadth and/or
depth, or where a new point of view on familiar topics
appears promising. (Milliken, P. 2010)
Can identify the situated nature of knowledge, as well as
the contingent nature of practice.
Produces a 'thick description that acknowledges areas of
conflict and contradiction
Better at determining what actually happens.
Adapts readily to studies of diverse phenomena
Can respond and change as conditions that affect behavior
change
CONS
Fails to recognize the embeddedness of
the researcher and thus obscures the
researcher's considerable agency in data
construction and interpretation. (Bryant
and Charmaz, 2007)
Tend to produce large amounts of data,
often difficult to manage
Researchers need to be skillful
There are no standard rules to follow for
the identification of categories

12. THANK YOU!
ANYQUESTION?