Several methods are used to detect viruses, including detecting the immune response to viruses, identifying viruses using microscopy techniques, isolating viruses using cell culture or eggs, and detecting viral nucleic acids. Commonly used methods to detect the immune response include virus neutralization, ELISA, and complement fixation assays which detect antibodies binding to viral antigens. Light microscopy can identify viruses labeled with fluorescent or peroxidase indicators, while electron microscopy at higher magnifications allows viewing individual viral particles. Isolating viruses in cell cultures or eggs allows identification by characteristic changes to cells, though molecular detection of viral genomes is now more popular and sensitive.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS.pdfWani Insha
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections is useful for the following purposes:
To start antiviral drugs for those viral infections for which specific drugs are available such as herpes, CMV, HIV, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Screening of blood donors for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C-helps in prevention of transfusion transmitted infections
Surveillance purpose: To assess the disease burden in the community by estimating the prevalence and incidence of viral infections
For outbreak or epidemic investigation, e.g. influenza epidemics, dengue outbreaks-to initiate appropriate control measures
To start post-exposure prophylaxis of antiretroviral drugs to the health care workers following needle stick injury.
To initiate certain measures: For example,
If rubella is diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended
If newborn is diagnosed to have hepatitis B infection, then immunoglobulins (HBIG) should be started within 12 hours of birth.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS.pdfWani Insha
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections is useful for the following purposes:
To start antiviral drugs for those viral infections for which specific drugs are available such as herpes, CMV, HIV, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Screening of blood donors for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C-helps in prevention of transfusion transmitted infections
Surveillance purpose: To assess the disease burden in the community by estimating the prevalence and incidence of viral infections
For outbreak or epidemic investigation, e.g. influenza epidemics, dengue outbreaks-to initiate appropriate control measures
To start post-exposure prophylaxis of antiretroviral drugs to the health care workers following needle stick injury.
To initiate certain measures: For example,
If rubella is diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy, termination of pregnancy is recommended
If newborn is diagnosed to have hepatitis B infection, then immunoglobulins (HBIG) should be started within 12 hours of birth.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
Methods of Viruses detection.
1. Methods of Viruses detection
Several different methods are used to study viruses and viral diseases, as the field
is constantly changing with the discovery of new methodologies and technologies.
Procedures most commonly used include:
Detection of a meaningful immune response to the virus (antibody or cell-
mediated) by immunologic assay(s)
Identification of the agent by staining of specimens or sections of tissue (light
and electron microscopy)
Isolation and identification of the agent (cell culture or fertile eggs)
Detection of viral nucleic acid (probes or amplification)
1. Detection of Immune Response
It is difficult to identify a virus in relation to the disease observed, or when
conducting a retrospective study of a population to determine exposure to a virus.
In these cases, indirect methods of measure are needed, such as measuring
antibody response to the virus of interest.
Commonly used methods include:
• Virus neutralization (VN)
• Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
• Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA)
• Complement fixation (CF)
• Agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
• Agar-gel precipitin (AGP)
2. • Latex agglutination (LA).
The principles of these assays are fundamentally the same, they depend upon
antibody-antigen interactions and consist of a known virus or viral protein, a
patient sample (usually serum), and an indicator. If antibodies are present in the
patient’s serum, they will bind to the virus. If no antibodies are present, no binding
will occur. The indicator is observed to determine whether the sample is positive or
negative for antibodies
2. Light and Electron Microscopy
Light Microscopy
Viruses, unlike bacteria, are too small to be seen using a standard light microscope.
Therefore, antibodies labeled with an indicator, most frequently peroxidase or
fluorescence, designed to identify the virus of interest are used. This will enables
the visualization of the virus cluster (with the light microscope, in the case of
peroxidase, or an ultraviolet (UV) light microscope in the case of fluorescence.
Electron Microscopy
Another way to identify a virus is with the use of the electron microscope. Since
viruses are much smaller than bacteria, a regular light microscope does not provide
sufficient magnification to see them. The magnification of an electron microscope
(50,000x magnified) provides the ability to see the viral particles.
Virus Isolation
The first step in identification of a viral infection often involves the ability to
isolate the virus. The two most commonly used methods are cell culture and fertile
chicken eggs.
3. Isolation methods are less specific and whatever can grow will show characteristic
changes in the cells from the control (normal) cells. Virus isolation is often a very
slow and labor intensive process, thus alternative tests are constantly being
developed.
Molecular methods
The most popular tests at this time are molecular methods, such as polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) and real-time polymerase chain reaction. With the increased
availability of molecular tests, fewer diagnostic laboratories attempt virus
isolations.
Molecular methods do not rely on the presence of a live virus like virus isolation
procedures. These methods detect a piece of the viral genome, making them more
sensitive for the detection of viruses.