Methods Draft Scoring GuideDue Date End of Unit 7Percentage o.docx

Methods Draft Scoring Guide
Due Date: End of Unit 7
Percentage of Course Grade: 10%.
CRITERIA
NON-PERFORMANCE
BASIC
PROFICIENT
DISTINGUISHED
Describe the methodology of a proposed research study and
determine qualitative or quantitative method in relation to the
research question.
16%
Does not identify the methodology of a proposed research study.
Identifies the research question but does not identify whether it
is qualitative or quantitative method, or misidentifies method.
Describes the methodology of a proposed research study and
determines qualitative or quantitative method in relation to the
research question.
Describes the methodology of a proposed research study and
determines qualitative or quantitative method in relation to the
research question. Points to an appropriate method for analysis.
Describe the purpose of a research study and connect purpose to
the research question.
12%
Does not identify the purpose of a research study or connect
purpose to the research question.
Identifies but does not describe the purpose of a research study
or does not connect purpose to the research question.
Describes the purpose of a research study and connects purpose
to the research question.
Describes the purpose of a research study; connects purpose to
the research question and choice of methodology with support
from the literature.
Describe a target population that represents a sampling of the

general population in a way that respects diversity, including
race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, physical ability, and
gender.
12%
Does not describe a target population that represents a sampling
of the general population in a way that respects diversity,
including race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, physical
ability, and gender.
Identifies, but does not describe a target population that
represents a sampling of the general population in a way that
respects diversity, including race, ethnicity, sexual orientation,
age, physical ability, and gender.
Describes a target population that represents a sampling of the
general population in a way that respects diversity, including
race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, physical ability, and
gender.
Describes a target population that represents a sampling of the
general population in a way that respects diversity. Clearly
defines inclusion and exclusion criteria and demonstrates an
appreciation of individual differences and diversity in the
practice of psychology.
Describe a recruitment strategy that balances diversity with the
need for data simplification.
12%
Does not identify a recruitment strategy.
Identifies, but does not describe a recruitment strategy that
balances diversity with the need for data simplification.
Describes a recruitment strategy that balances diversity with the
need for data simplification.
Describes a recruitment strategy that balances diversity with the
need for data simplification; articulates how to approach
community members for data collection.
Discuss the potential contribution of the proposed research
study, considering pertinent stakeholders and supporting
argument of expected results with current literature.
12%

Does not identify the potential contribution of a proposed
research study.
Identifies, but does not describe the potential contribution of a
proposed research study.
Discusses the potential contribution of a proposed research
study, considering pertinent stakeholders and supporting
argument of expected results with current literature.
Analyzes the potential contribution of a proposed research
study. Draws on current evidence to support argument
describing the purpose, which is to answer the research question
and solve the research problem. Discusses how anticipated
research findings contribute to existing literature and the
potential remaining gaps in the literature. Considers pertinent
stakeholders.
Describe the application of theoretical and research knowledge
to the evaluation of proposed research study outcomes.
12%
Does not identify the application of theoretical or research
knowledge to the evaluation of proposed research study
outcomes.
Identifies but does not describe the application of theoretical
and research knowledge to the evaluation of proposed research
study outcomes.
Describes the application of theoretical and research knowledge
Describes the application of theoretical and research knowledge
Distinguishes theory of method and theory of content. Discusses
anticipated research findings and potential conclusions.
Connects conclusions to a research problem.
Describe the implementation of a proposed research study and
address elements of the methodology, such as target population,
recruitment strategies, ethical considerations, data-collection
procedures, and steps planned for data analysis.
12%
Does not address the implementation of the proposed research

study.
Partially describes the implementation of a proposed research
study and addresses few elements of the methodology.
Describes the implementation of a proposed research study and
address elements of the methodology, such as target population,
recruitment strategies, ethical considerations, data-collection
procedures, and steps planned for data analysis.
Describes the implementation of the proposed research study,
using the research question to address elements of the
methodology, such as target population, recruitment strategies,
ethical considerations, data-collection procedures, and steps
planned for data analysis. Discusses feasibility, challenges, and
limitations associated with implementation of the project.
Adhere to APA style and formatting guidelines while
demonstrating concise, well-organized writing.
12%
Does not adhere to APA style and formatting guidelines and
does not demonstrate concise or well-organized writing.
Partially adheres to APA style and formatting guidelines and
demonstrates concise, well-organized writing inconsistently.
Adheres to APA style and formatting guidelines while
demonstrating concise, well-organized writing.
Adheres to APA style and formatting guidelines while
demonstrating concise, well-organized writing in a way that
enhances the message and supporting points; writing reflects the
quality and expertise expected for academic work.
Running head: REPORT ON CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
1
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
7

Report on Chronic Kidney Disease
Norys Gil
South University
Report on Chronic Kidney Disease
Illness is something that is caused by our knowledge. Each day
we see the number of patients looking for excellent services
increasing. The reason for increased health issues in society can
be attributed to the foods we eat. They also are attributed to the
lifestyle that we chose to live (Chawla, Eggers, Star &
Kimmel, 2014). At this point, it is essential to determine how
one can prevent some of these health issues.
The essay is, therefore, a report on chronic kidney disease
detailing its causes, symptoms, facilities that offer the best
medical services, and the amount patients can be charged when
visiting a doctor.
The first thing to consider in this case is the fact that chronic
kidney disorder affects the normal functioning of the kidney.
The issue of chronic kidney disorder is affecting many people
as it is on the rise. It is, therefore, necessary for patients to
keep in mind that they, at all times, need better treatment in the
best health care facilities.
Most researchers and health practitioners have indicated that
chronic kidney disorder is associated with hypertension and

diabetes conditions. The condition, in this case, affects patients
in that they will be required to spend a lot of money on
treatment (Collins et al. 2015). The condition is also linked with
poor health since people have little knowledge of how to deal
with it. To add to this, clinicians also need to come out clearly
on how patients suffering from this disorder need to deal with it
or prevent it. Patients need to understand that chronic kidney
disease has got numerous signs and symptoms. Some of the
symptoms include hypertension, fibrillation, and diabetes.
Patients also need to understand that the disease can be
hazardous and lead to severe implications. Some of the
complications include dementia, stroke, myocardial, depression,
hypothyroidism, and infarction.
Many reports have shown that the disease is becoming a
headache for many. The world health organization reported that
the disease had become a significant concern worldwide. The
numbers are increasing not only in the United States but also
across the world. One of the critical suggestions suggested by
the World health organization is for the government and health
bodies to come up with a proper remedy that will help address
this issue. The number of patients suffering has increased to 26
million (Hall et al. 2014). It is also vital for individual patients
to note that chronic kidney disease can lead to severe
implications such as continuous kidney failure, nephropathy,
and lupus. The government has played its part by investing
billions to tackle these issues, but it is difficult since the
number of patients is increasing each day.
It is no doubt that renal diseases are the most critical diseases
that affect the people in this era. The condition has contributed
to premature deaths.
The other key thing to note is that the disease requires one to
have sufficient funds for treatments (Franczyk et al. 2016). The
health department is also at the forefront of ensuring that they
come up with a better remedy of preventing the disease from
affecting many people.
The key thing that would help address this issue of chronic

kidney disease is by creating awareness of the disease. Patients
should know whether they are suffering from the disease as well
as create know different ways on how they can best prevent it.
The other thing is by the government to increase health
facilities with proper equipment to address the issue. The
patients also need to understand the right time to get their
medication as well as getting the right treatment. Health
practitioners need to prescribe the right medication for patients
with kidney diseases. The best medication is serum creatinine,
micro albuminuria, and high lipids. The other thing is for health
practitioners to increase the proportion to type 1 and type
patients suffering from chronic kidney disease to receive micro
albuminuria, lipids, serum creatinine, conduct eye examination,
and get enough ALc. The other thing is for medical practitioners
to increase the amount of medication that people with chronic
kidney disease and diabetes need to get the right treatment, such
as the angiotensin and converting enzymes. The other thing is to
improve the cardiovascular care of patients with kidney
diseases.
It is also important to note that patients need to attend various
checkups regularly. Doctors need to periodically check the
process of the patients at all times to ensure that they are
progressing well with the medication. In this case, health
practitioners will conduct various functions for the patients,
such as monitoring their blood pressure. It will help the doctors
determine the progress of the patients as well as control the
progress of the kidney. The other thing is to ensure that the
blood sugar of patients is well maintained in the body. The
other thing is for the health practitioners to regularly asses’
cardio-pulmonary systems for the patients. The other thing that
can play a significant role is by checking the mental state of the
patient checking the abdomen of the patient to check on the
retention of fluids.
Patients often visit hospitals complaining of different
complications. The issue of chronic kidney disease is something
that needs to be seriously checked. On the other hand, patients

need to ensure that they maintain a better good history to avoid
such complications. The environment that we live in can be the
cause of chronic kidney disease (Wheeler, 2018). Once
someone starts experiencing some signs and symptoms, they
need to see a medical practitioner quickly. They will conduct
some analyses and tests to determine the cause of illness. On
most occasions, whenever anyone starts to feel some health
complications, they do not visit a hospital until it becomes
worse. The cost of getting such services is expensive. Not
everyone can afford it. For instance, the poor in society end up
losing their lives because of the high charges.
The patients also need to regularly visit hospitals to check to
determine whether the disease is progressing well. The
advantage of vulnerable people accessing the services is that
they will be attended and given medication, but unlike those
that are well off. The disadvantage is that they will not get
proper services due to their status (Pykett, 2019). Going for
regular checkups can be costly at times. I, therefore, urge the
patients and responsible bodies to work hand in hand to ensure
that they bring an end to this disease affecting many people.
References
Chawla, L. S., Eggers, P. W., Star, R. A., & Kimmel, P. L.
(2014). Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as
interconnected syndromes. New England Journal of
Medicine, 371(1), 58-66.

Collins, A. J., Foley, R. N., Gilbertson, D. T., & Chen, S. C.
(2015). The United States Renal Data System public health
surveillance of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal
disease. Kidney international supplements, 5(1), 2-7.
Hall, M. E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Juncos, L. A.,
Wang, Z., & Hall, J. E. (2014). Obesity, hypertension, and
chronic kidney disease. International journal of nephrology and
renovascular disease, 7, 75.
Franczyk, B., Gluba-Brzózka, A., Cia|kowska-Rysz, A.,
Banach, M., & Rysz, J. (2016). The Problem of Atrial
Fibrillation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Current
Vascular Pharmacology, 14(3), 260-265.
doi:10.2174/1570161114666160115130836
Gluba-Brzozka, A., Franczyk, B., & Rysz, J. (2019).
Cholesterol Disturbances and the Role of Proper Nutrition in
CKD Patients. Nutrients, 11(11), 2820. doi:10.3390/nu11112820
Pykett, J. (2019). Healthy Nations: Behavioural Approaches in
Public Health Policy. In Behavioural Policies for Health
Promotion and Disease Prevention (pp. 53-72). Palgrave Pivot,
Cham.
Wagner, T., & Howe, C. (2019). Addressing Systemic Health
Literacy Issues and Patient Safety through a Grassroots
Collaborative. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet,
23(1), 62-69.
Wheeler, A. (2018). The Financial Impact of a Healthy Eating
Intervention in a Government Worksite Cafeteria.
Running Head: APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020
2
APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE
2020

Appropriate Interventions for Healthy People 2020
Norys Gil
South University
List of Support Needs for the Participant
1. Assisting the patients to change the lifestyle is one of the
primary support needs. According to the participant response,
quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy weight are some of
the significant challenges. Educating the patient about healthy
dietary and the need for vigorous physical exercise will help the
patient in maintaining the right body weight. Smoking habits
are highly addictive, and quitting becomes challenging and
requires significant effort from both the patient and the
caregiver.
2. Psychological counseling. The patient has a great concern of
wondering if she would leave long to see grandchildren. She
also takes medication such as propranolol and diazepam for
managing the stress. Counseling will help the patient mitigate
the effects of anxiety and possible depression. It will also
change the mindset of imminent death as a result of chronic
kidney complications. Physical exercise is essential for mental
health and manages stress levels.
3. Accurate tests and prescriptions of the medical plan to the
patient are essential in chronic disease management. According
to the participant, she would like to follow the prescribed
medical plan to manage this complication.

4. They are assisting the patient in understanding the various
prescribed medical plan. There is a need to educate the patient
about how to administer medicines such as insulin.
Objectives Implementation of Healthy People 2020
Healthy people in 2020 policies and laws examined the various
opportunities and approaches to achieve their primary goals.
Different governments are using different strategies to promote
the health wellness of society and public health. These
initiatives serve as roadmaps for different countries and their
objectives to health promotion (Pykett, 2019). They provide a
way for the government and the community in general to
understand the current and future health situation for effective
planning and policymaking. For effective interventions for
healthy nations, the government needs to engage public health
stakeholders such as the healthcare providers, practitioners, and
the community. This will helps in the identification of effective
strategies for interventions and making healthy people 2020
ideas actionable.
Good health begins in our homes, workplaces, schools, and
community in general. Social determinants of health directly
impact all individuals. The healthy people 2020 determinants
are divided into various categories, namely economic stability,
education, healthcare, and the neighborhood, built environments
as well as the community context (Pykett, 2019). The first step
of implementing objectives of Health People 2020 is the
identification of the national-wide health improvement
priorities. For an effective healthy people program, different
sectors need to collaborate to identify the unique needs of the
community. One of the significant areas for healthy people 2020
is access to food and healthy eating patterns. To implement this
objective, we must find out how access to food and healthy
eating impacts the general public health.

Healthy eating habits like eating a balanced diet, controlling
calories, limiting the intake of saturated and added sugar can
significantly help in lowering the chances of getting chronic
diseases. Creating awareness through the help of healthcare
professionals such as nurses, physicians, and the media will
have significant positive impacts on the general public health.
Access to healthy food has a direct contribution to the health
wellness of an individual throughout their lifetime. However,
there some challenges to healthy food access in our community.
The average distance from home to the nearest food store or a
supermarket is one of the primary challenges in ensuring access
to healthy foods in our society. Individuals without proper
means of transport will, therefore, face a significant problem in
accessing healthy foods (Wheeler, 2018). Since the affordability
of healthy eating is also another significant challenge, the
government needs to create favorable policies that ensure the
low prices of healthy food for a healthier nation in 2020 and
subsequent years.
The other objective of Healthy People 2020 is proper access to
healthcare services. Access to timely healthcare is one of the
essential elements of a healthy nation and helps individuals to
achieve the best possible healthcare outcome. The majority of
individuals in our society face various barriers to timely access
to healthcare services. This results in excellent healthcare
disparity as well as reduced healthcare outcomes. Some of these
barriers include inadequate health insurance coverage, limited
care resources, and poor transportation, among others (Pykett,
2019). To increase health wellness in 2020 and beyond, the
government, through the health and treasury departments, will
have to ensure equal distribution of resources and insurance
coverage for the citizens. This will reduce the out of pocket
healthcare expenses that make individuals delay or forego
visiting doctors, dentists, and access to other essential medical
plans hence negatively affecting public health. Ensuring
adequate access to primary care will have a positive impact on
public health and increased wellness. Professional caregivers

such as nurses and other medical officers also have a crucial
responsibility of ensuring they provide the patient with accurate
diagnosis and best care to the patients.
Health literacy is a crucial issue in the healthcare department.
For a healthier nation, a collaboration between the government
and healthcare providers will increase the degree of the
individual capacity to obtain and understand necessary health
information that is crucial in deciding personal health and
healthcare (Wagner & Howe, 2019). Literacy will increase the
individual's capacity to take charge of their healthcare matters
and that of their families. The individual with low health
literacy will most of the time, not be able to understand simple
drug prescriptions and other medical instruction form nurses
and doctors. A collaboration of the healthcare providers and the
government will ensure health literacy is made a priority to
increase wellness and provide good public health in society.
Environmental conditions are another significant element that
affects public health and wellness. Water contamination and
extreme heats are some of the typical examples of how the
environment may affect public health. According to the GHO,
more than eleven percent of molarity cases in 2012 were
associated with environmental causes ("GHO | By category |
Deaths attributable to the environment - Data by country,"
2020). We need to identify environmental exposures and how
they impact people in different geographical locations. Poor
quality of the water increases the risk of public health. A good
example is groundwater, which is used for growing crops and
becomes contaminated for human consumption and may spread
waterborne diseases. On the other hand, older adults and
children are more exposed to hot air temperatures and risks
getting heat-related illnesses. There is a need for effective
policies and measures for protecting the public from drinking
contaminated water and being exposed to high air temperatures
for a healthy nation in 2020 and the coming years.
Professional caregivers are one of the most crucial stakeholders
in healthcare interventions. Home nurses provide both

psychological and multidimensional interventions in the health
sector. They develop the best plans for specific situations and
the need of the patients for adequate care. One of the benefits is
flexible intervention according to the needs of different
patients. The other appropriate response of a caregiver is the
provision of emotional support to the patient. They can also
intervene in providing legal and financial support for the
patients who may no longer be able to care for them. The
professional caregiver can also manage the medical care plan,
which may include keeping medical records and administering
medications according to the prescriptions. All these
interventions have a primary goal of ensuring the patient
receives the best healthcare and love from the family and
society.
References
GHO | By category | Deaths attributable to the environment -
Data by country. (2020), from
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.162
Pykett, J. (2019). Healthy Nations: Behavioural Approaches in
Public Health Policy. In Behavioural Policies for Health
Promotion and Disease Prevention (pp. 53-72). Palgrave Pivot,
Cham.
Wagner, T., & Howe, C. (2019). Addressing Systemic Health
Literacy Issues and Patient Safety through a Grassroots
Collaborative. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet,

23(1), 62-69.
Wheeler, A. (2018). The Financial Impact of a Healthy Eating
Intervention in a Government Worksite Cafeteria.
Running head: IMPACTS OF RENAL DISEASES
Impacts of Renal DiseasesNorys GilSouth University
Impacts of Renal diseases
Case study
This research collected information from my neighbor, a 44-
year-old woman. The patient has been complaining about the
worsen kidney complication. Her complications developed five
years ago. The patient would frequently complain about high
blood pressure, nausea, foamy and dark colored urine, loss of
appetite, general body weakness and loin pain. It was important
therefore to check if the patient understood her condition in
terms of associated health risks, care and medication schemes,
and her perception towards the complication (Franczy, et al.,
2016, p. 260).
The patient confirmed that she is overwhelmed by the medical
complications and she would like to understand a proper course
of action to follow in managing the disease. The patient
explains that her condition started when she first experienced
knee pain. Since she was an active smoker and obese, she was
advised to quit the menace and reduce body weight by her
family doctor. In the initial stages of complications, the
mediations such as ibuprofen, that were prescribed by the
physician seemed helpful. However, after one year, she
developed further complications which led her to visit other
doctors. One of the doctors determined that she had a stage 3

chronic kidney three after conducting blood tests. The doctor
did not prescribe medication or any programs for managing the
condition. The following involves the responses from the
patient in a questionnaire.
The questionnaire and responses
Initials Mrs. First Name: …………………… Last Name:
………………………….
Telephone:…… ………………. Email address:
………………………………………..
Thank you for participating in this study. Filling in this
questionnaire will enable you to have insightful ideas as well as
enabling the researcher to understand the community’s
perception and knowledge regarding kidney complications.
1) Are you aware of treatment plans for your health conditions?
The physician prescribed a medication scheme consisting of
diuretic, calcium reduction, stimulation of bone marrow, and
some diet supplements. I was advised to quit smoking and
consume low proteins.
2) Do you experience challenges in managing chronic kidney
disease?
Quitting smoking is challenging as well as keeping a healthy
diet.
3) Do you have any health primary concerns? What are they?
My only health concern is wondering whether or not I will long
enough to see my grandchildren.
4) Are there any measures you can do to improve your current
health status?
I would like to follow all medical plans prescribed by the doctor
such as to quit smoking, reducing body weight and having a
healthy diet.
5) Do you experience financial challenges in meeting your
medical requirements?
I have not experienced any financial challenges in meeting my
medical bills.
6) What do you understand with regards to obesity, smoking,
and a healthy lifestyle?

I have learned from the physician that smoking, obesity and
lack of enough physical activities or exercises are predisposing
to chronic kidney complications.
7) Do you understand the complications and risks associated
with chronic kidney diseases?
Initially, I thought that my deteriorating health status will cause
my death soon enough. Recently, after learning from my
physician, I understand that when toxins accumulate in the body
due to failed kidneys, I could develop, more complications and
diseases such as heart diseases, anemia, bone complications,
and buildup of fluids in the body.
8) Are there signs of hyperglycemia that you are aware of?
Yes, conditions such as blurred vision, frequent urination, and
feet numbness can be an indication of hyperglycemia.
9) Do you know the causes of hyperglycemia?
Low levels of insulin and insulin resistance are the likely causes
of hyperglycemia especially in patients suffering from diabetes
according to my physician.
10) Do you experience challenges when performing tests such
as blood sugar and urine test?
I do not; I am ready to take any necessary tests to receive an
accurate diagnosis for reliable medical plans.
11) Do you understand various prescribed medications?
Can you administer insulin correctly when it is prescribed?
I do not understand various prescribed medications. Equally, I
am unable to draw up and administer insulin when it is
prescribed because I failed to meet any physician when I went
for further tests in the health center for initiating the care plan.
12) Are there helpful and unhelpful medication prescription?
Ibuprofen is essential in managing body pain. The last doctor I
visited explained that there are various treatment schemes for
the disease, however, he failed to prescribe any medications
because he wanted to perform more tests to determine a proper
medical plan.
13) Is there any complication due to the side effects of certain
medications that you recurrently experience?

I am yet to undergo care plans and thus I have not experienced
any difficulties and side effects from medication.
14) Is there an additional medication that you are currently
taking and have not been mentioned?
I have been taking propranolol and diazepam for managing
stress levels and antihistamines for itches.
15) What is your general feeling about chronic kidney diseases?
Has the complication changed your lifestyle?
Managing the disease is my primary concern because I feel it
can claim my life if it is not adequately managed. Changing
eating habits, quitting smoking and starting physical exercise
have significantly changed my lifestyle.
Discussion and Analysis
The responses collected by the questionnaire from the patient
indicate that she is having challenges to cope up with her health
condition. Her condition I likely to deteriorate despite that she
has undertaken several tests. This is due to various reasons such
as lack of reliable and effective care plans, failing to quit
smoking and consumption of food rich in fats. The care plans
should, therefore, constitute isotonic fluids for controlling body
fluid levels, controlling of hyperkalemia by the use of insulin,
and salbutamol (Gluba-Brzozka, Franczyk, & Rysz, 2019).
Healthy diets and healthy lifestyle practices, for example,
quitting smoking and having at least one-hour sessions of
exercise per day in three days of the week can increase the
chances of survival and lifespan of patients who are already
experiencing kidney complications and renal diseases. The
patient under study has also indicated that she has not received
proper medication or care plans to manage her condition (Rysz,
et al., 2017).
Management of renal diseases and associated complications
The patient under study could suffer from both hypertension and
diabetes. These two conditions are risk factors for renal
diseases. Therefore, care programs should consider other
measures such as reduction of body weight and controlling of
blood sugar levels. It is therefore important to roll out changes

immediately to prevent the condition from progressing to
complex stages such as kidney failure. Frequent dialysis and
kidney transplant are also potential remedies for renal diseases.
Change of lifestyle in terms of healthy eating habits, regular
exercise and avoiding smoking are essential schemes for
managing the condition at its early stages. Proper medications
prescribed by a physician are essential for managing conditions
such as stress and blood sugar levels (Gluba-Brzózka, et al.,
2018).
References
Franczyk, B., Gluba-Brzózka, A., Cia|kowska-Rysz, A.,
Banach, M., & Rysz, J. (2016). The Problem of Atrial
Fibrillation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Current
Vascular Pharmacology, 14(3), 260-265.
doi:10.2174/1570161114666160115130836
Gluba-Brzozka, A., Franczyk, B., & Rysz, J. (2019).
Cholesterol Disturbances and the Role of Proper Nutrition in
CKD Patients. Nutrients, 11(11), 2820. doi:10.3390/nu11112820
Gluba-Brzózka, A., Franczyk, B., Ciałkowska-Rysz, A.,
Olszewski, R., & Rysz, J. (2018). Impact of Vitamin D on the
Cardiovascular System in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
(CKD) and Dialysis Patients. Nutrients, 10(6), 709.
doi:10.3390/nu10060709
Rysz, J., Franczyk, B., Ciałkowska-Rysz, A., & Gluba-
Brzózka, A. (2017). The Effect of Diet on the Survival of
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 9(5), 495.

doi:10.3390/nu9050495
Running head: MEDICAL CARE PLANNING FOR PATIENTS
WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Medical care planning for patients with Chronic Kidney
DiseaseNorys GilSouth University
Medical care planning for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Chronic Kidney is a disorder that disturbs the correct working
of the kidney, which is increasingly becoming a challenge to the
health care sector. Just like any other chronic disease, CKD
comes with the responsibility of ensuring that a patient gets
maximum medical treatment facilities and attention as much as
possible. “The definition and classification of chronic kidney
disease (CKD) have evolved, but current international
guidelines define this condition as decreased kidney function as
shown by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60
mL/min per 1·73 m2 or markers of kidney damage, or both, of
at least three months duration, regardless of the underlying
cause”, Morton & Masson, 2017.
Morbidity and comorbidity of chronic Kidney disease
Weak/low results are closely associated with CKD; this is
because of the burdens that are so high when it comes to
comorbidity. Many pieces of research have indicated that CKD
relates to diabetes and hypertension conditions. Intense
conditions of chronic kidney disease also lead to heart
complications. There is little information on the mental
difficulties that come with CKD.

“Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be associated with adverse
clinical outcomes, poor quality of life, and high health-care
costs; clinicians need to understand that these observations
result from a high burden of comorbidity among CKD patients”,
(Manns &Hemmelgarn 2010). Key morbidities of CKD,
therefore, include pulmonary complications, diabetes,
hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. CKD, to a very high
degree, leads to characteristics such as myocardial infarction,
dementia, hypothyroidism, depression, and stroke. All
comorbidities remain classified as concordant others that
closely relate with CKD but ranked as discordant include;
asthma, constipation, lymphoma dementia, etc.
Impacts of chronic kidney disease
Various medical reports by the health care agencies and
organizations, including the World Health Organization show
that CKD is a growing complication that has become a big
concern of the public health care sector not just in the United
States but around the globe. An estimation of over 26 million
people is affected by CKD in the country. Annual reports have
shown that this number is likely to increase if serious
investments are in the health care sector. Hypertension and
diabetes are proven, leading causes of kidney complications. To
an individual, CKD can lead to other primary complications
such as nephropathy, lupus, and continuity of kidney failure.
The country invests billions of money annually, something that
is becoming hard to sustain because of the annual increase in
population and the number of those affected by CKD.
As of 2006, over $23 billion was spent on CKD and other
related chronic complications, and this is a clear indication that
with CKD comes a substantial financial burden not only to the
affected person and his/her but the society at large. Although
CKD complications cannot be changed, its progression rate may
be measured. For this rate to be measured successfully, a lot of
emphases must be put on developing outstanding strategies that
will make it easy when it comes to the identification of people
who have high chances of being affected by CKD for early

screening to be done.
Key goals and objectives for chronic kidney diseases
According to Healthy People 2020, CKD, together with ESRD
(End-Stage Renal Disease are among the most critical
challenges facing the public health care sector. It is also a vital
source of the low quality of life and suffering to the affected
people, the family, and society in general. A lot of premature
death cases are rising from CKD and high prices within the
economy both within the public and the private sector. The most
crucial aim that Healthy people seeks to achieve is reducing the
rise of recent cases as far as CKD is concerned, and this is the
inclusion of all the other difficulties that come hand in hand
with CKD, lowering death rates, disability cases related to
CKD, and the enormous economic expanses.
The objectives include, “reducing the proportion of the U.S
population with CKD, increasing the percentage of people with
CKD that know they have impaired renal function, increasing
the actual percentage of hospital patients that have incurred
kidney injuries that have a follow-up evaluation of renal in
within six months of post-discharge, Increase the proportion of
persons with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who receive
recommended medical evaluation, Increase the proportion of
persons with chronic kidney disease who receive medical
evaluation with serum creatinine, lipids, and micro albuminuria,
Increase the proportion of persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
and chronic kidney disease who receive medical evaluation with
serum creatinine, micro albuminuria, A1c, lipids, and eye
examinations, Increase the proportion of persons with diabetes
and chronic kidney disease who receive recommended medical
treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBS) and Improve
cardiovascular care in persons with chronic kidney disease”,
(Healthy People 2020).
Care plan for C.K.D patients
1. Monitoring the most important factors which are essential in
maintaining consistent blood pressure. This monitoring is an

excellent way through which the kidneys get protected from
more damages.
2. Monitoring and managing the blood sugar level is vital in
reducing the stress that the kidneys may face
3. Assessing the cardio-pulmonary systems, “Fluid retention
from improper glomerular filtration may collect in the
myocardium resulting in pressure on the heart and the lungs.
Listen for friction rub and pulmonary crackles or congestion”,
NSRNG 2019.
4. Monitoring laboratory and diagnostic evaluations.
“Purification Degree (GFR) <60 indicates kidney disease, <15
indicates kidney failure, CT / Ultrasound Kidney biopsy (if
necessary), Chest x-ray - if indicated GFR- is a blood test that
can show the degree of kidney function available. It is a
calculation of creatinine levels, race, age, and gender. CT /
Ultrasound- this imaging may be helpful to view the kidneys to
determine if there are tumours or other unusual characteristics
of the organs”. Hill, N. R., Fatoba, S. T., Oke, J. L., Hirst, J.
A., O’Callaghan, C. A., Lasserson, D. S., & Hobbs, F. R. 2016
5. Evaluating the mental state of the patients.
6. Monitoring I & O is carried out by monitoring the
functioning of the kidney, calculating the level of fluid
retention, the patient's weight daily at the proper planned time.
7. Inserting an indwelling catheter appropriately, this is a better
way of monitoring the fluids balance plus urine features.
8. Palpating the patient’s abdomen, this is a better way of
assessing the level of fluid retention.
9. Another meaningful way is Focusing on nutrition guidelines.
“The kidneys are compromised and unable to remove the waste
produced by processing proteins (BUN). Choose foods low in
saturated and Tran’s fat to prevent and lower fat deposits in the
blood vessels. Choose lower potassium foods to avoid
hyperkalemia caused by excess potassium retention”. Hall, M.
E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Juncos, L. A., Wang, Z., &
Hall, J. E. 2014.

References
Webster, A. C., Nagler, E. V., Morton, R. L., & Masson, P.
(2017). Chronic kidney disease. The Lancet, 389(10075), 1238-
1252.
Chawla, L. S., Eggers, P. W., Star, R. A., & Kimmel, P. L.
(2014). Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as
interconnected syndromes. New England Journal of
Medicine, 371(1), 58-66.
Collins, A. J., Foley, R. N., Gilbertson, D. T., & Chen, S. C.
(2015). The United States Renal Data System public health
surveillance of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal
disease. Kidney international supplements, 5(1), 2-7.
Hall, M. E., do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Juncos, L. A.,
Wang, Z., & Hall, J. E. (2014). Obesity, hypertension, and
chronic kidney disease. International journal of nephrology and
renovascular disease, 7, 75.
Hill, N. R., Fatoba, S. T., Oke, J. L., Hirst, J. A., O’Callaghan,
C. A., Lasserson, D. S., & Hobbs, F. R. (2016). The global
prevalence of chronic kidney disease–a systematic review and
meta-analysis. PloS one, 11(7), e0158765.Appendix
Questionnaire
NAME: …………………………………………… RESIDENCE:
……………………………
GENDER: …………. OCCUPATION: ……………………….
QUALIFICATION: ………
SPECIALTY: ……………………. DESCRIPTION:
…………………………………………
ORGANIZATION:
…………………………………………………………………………
…….
EMPLOYEMENT CONTACT:
…………………………………………………………………

TELEPHONE NUMBER: ………………………………
SERIAL NUMBER
QUERY
AGREE
DISAGREE
CANT TELL
Antibiotic prescribing
Almost each antibiotic chronic kidney disease is not safe
Reports on human cultural concern should be agreed upon
before recommending the use of the.
According to your view, in chronic kidney disease health sector
needs to focus on using the index from therapies.
The amount of medical dosage should be low for patients with
CKD.
The use of antibiotics on patients with CKD should be

patterned.
Anuria essential consideration while prescribing antibiotics in
CKD.
Antibiotic prescribing
When dealing with CKD, sulfonamides are important for UTI
Aminoglycoside is the best drug that can be cast-off for patients
with CKD.
Online Writing Center
Principles and Procedures for
Writing a Literature Review

Capella University | 225 South 6th Street, 9th Floor
Minneapolis, MN 55402 | 1-888-CAPELLA (227-3552)
Page 2 of 12 5/31/2007 1:24 PM
Capella Proprietary and Confidential
Literature Review
Table of Contents
Principles and Procedures for Writing a Literature
Review…………………………………..3
Introduction: The Purpose of a Literature
Review………………………………………………3
Defining the Literature
Review………………………………………………………..………
…...5
Placement of a Literature Review in the Academic
Conversation…………………………….5
Crafting the Literature
Review………………………………………………………………
……..7
Goals of the Literature

Review………………………………………………………………
…….7
Tools for Showing Synthesis in the Body Paragraph of the
Literature Review………………7
Definitions..…………………………………………………………
……………………………7
Examples………………………………………………………………
………………………...8
Acknowledging the
Critics…………………………………………………………………
…...9
Applying the Tools to the Literature
Review…………………………………………………...10
The Writing Process for the Literature
Review………………………………………………..11
References……………………………………………………………
………………………………12
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Literature Review

Principles and Procedures for Writing a Literature Review
Introduction – The Purpose of a Literature Review
Entering an academic conversation involves many steps. Two
of the most fundamental of
these steps involves reading material in the field and forming a
perspective on what you read.
Academics demonstrate their perspective on the reading of the
field by composing a literature
review. A literature review traces the genealogy of a topic in
the field; it notes the history of
the topic and the notable perspectives of others in the field who
have addressed the topic. The
purpose of a literature review is to “demonstrate that the writer
has insightfully and critically
surveyed relevant literature on his or her topic in order to
convince an intended audience that
this topic is worth addressing" (Clark, 2007, p.105). The
literature review is not intended to
report the literature, but instead to synthesize it.
The literature review appears at many stages of your graduate
education. Early in a graduate
education, you will often be required to write a short literature
review for a paper in a course to
demonstrate analysis, synthesis, and evaluationi of the assigned
readings for the course.

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Literature Review
The expectations for the literature review increase steadily
throughout a doctoral program,

finally culminating in a chapter-length literature review, which
functions as the second chapter
of the dissertation.

How do you prepare to write informed reviews of the literature
in your field?
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Literature Review
First, you must spend considerable time reading the academic
literature of the field. Over time,
you explore many topics through reading these academic
sources, which include books, journal
articles, and published studies and any other credible materials
that work to add to the
knowledge of your field. This ‘reading time’ constitutes the
majority of your time in graduate
school. The more you read, the more you begin to form an
individual identity as a scholar
through the choices you make as you read.
At the beginning of your graduate career, you read the materials
that your course assignments
guide you to in the library. However, over time, you start to

recognize the names of authors
with whom you’ve agreed in the past. You also start to
recognize the names of authors with
whom you’ve disagreed in the past. You become familiar with
journal names and publisher
names, and you can start to research a topic based on more than
the key words listed in the
assignment. Through continued reading in your field, you gain
the experience to make
informed choices about which authors to align yourself within
the formation of your own
academic identity.
Increased knowledge through reading comes through experience
with multiple research
projects, and that increasing knowledge also serves to shape
your individual perspective on
your own field of study. Over time, you focus your attention on
a specific research area, and,
ultimately, on a specialty area in which you will conduct
research to complete a dissertation.
Making these kinds of decisions about where you’ll conduct
further research and writing marks
your entry into the field as an individual scholar drawn to some
topics and not persuaded by
others.
Defining the Literature Review
Placement of a Literature Review in Academic Conversation
A graduate education anticipates learners making choices and
forming an individual identity as
a scholar. Assignments requiring literature reviews are some of
the touchstones in a graduate

education that allow you to identify your individual voice and
stance on important topics
within a field. A graduate education culminates in the writing of
a dissertation, your official
entry into the academic conversation through the completion of
a book-length project that
advances the knowledge of the field. In a shorter, paper-length
form, your literature review
typically consists of several paragraphs placed early in the text
to explain the history of the
problem or issue and to explore what the field has said on the
topic. The literature review
establishes a context, a history, and a reason for why you are
writing. You will also be asked
to write paper-length literature reviews in which the review is a
much more developed
examination of the literature on a particular topic in the field.
These literature reviews, short
and long, culminate in a chapter-length literature review that
serves to underpin your
dissertation research.
At Capella, the disciplines of Business, Education, Human
Services, and Psychology structure
the dissertation in the following way:
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Literature Review
1. Introduction and problem statement
2. Literature review
3. Research and methodology
4. Data analysis and results
5. Conclusions and recommendations
Notice the placement of the literature review. In the context of
a dissertation, the literature
review comes immediately after the introduction. In the
introduction, you give a picture of
what the dissertation will do and what the dissertation will
address, much as the first paragraph
of an academic paper offers an introduction and a thesis
statement that will guide the body of
the paper. As with all literature reviews, Chapter 2, the
literature review, establishes a context,
a history, and a reason for the project.
This early placement of the literature review is important for
several reasons.
• The literature review offers a critical look at existing research
that’s significant to the
writer’s topic.
• The literature review demonstrates the writer’s knowledge of
the field.
• The literature review justifies the writer’s proposed study.
• The literature review sets the context for the research.
• The literature review defines which issues and authors are
important to the writer and
which are not.

Thus, the literature review defines you as a writer and a scholar
in the field. Readers can learn
what you value and what you don’t by reading your review. In
the literature review, you
choose to include some sources while choosing not to include
others. These choices offer a lot
of information about who you are as a scholar for an audience
familiar with the research in
your field. For example, imagine that you are writing about
educational theories. John Dewey
serves as your foundational source for your literature review.
You read two scholars who
come after Dewey: Paolo Freire and Malcolm Knowles. You
speak favorably about what
Knowles adds to Dewey’s ideas, but you note several
shortcomings in Freire’s assumptions.
From those statements, readers in your field understand that you
are aligned with the Knowles
school of thought and not with the Freirian school of thought.
Readers can also place what you
value within the context of their own perspectives and within
the larger issues of the field.
In academic writing, the primary audience, readers in the field,
works to situate new voices
within the already-existing conversation. This audience will
evaluate which sources you use in
the context of their own perspectives—their own established
identity in the academic
conversation. Just as you have your individual perspective on
the topic for which you are
composing a literature review, so will your audience. That’s
why the literature review is so
important. In short, your literature review defines where you
stand in the academic

conversation of your field within the context of those who came
before you and for those who
will come after you.
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Literature Review
Crafting the Literature Review
Goals of the Literature Review
For a literature review to be accepted as a credible
representation of your understanding of
your field, it must accomplish several goals.
• The literature review must be organized around and related
directly to research
questions that you are developing.
• The literature review must synthesize results into a summary
of what’s known and not
known.
• The literature review must identify areas of controversy in the
literature.

• The literature review must formulate questions that need
further research.
In the following instructional module, you’ll work with three
tools to help you craft a literature
review that accomplishes all of these goals. Whether you are
writing a short literature review
within a paper or Chapter 2 of your dissertation, these tools will
assist you in synthesizing your
readings to compose reviews that give your readers a clear
understanding of the issues and
scholars that you are reviewing and will outline your stance on
the position.
Tools for Showing Synthesis in the Body Paragraphs of the
Literature Review – Definition,
Examples, and Acknowledging the Critics
Three basic tools will help you share your synthesis of the
literature you read with your
audience: definitions, examples, and acknowledging your
critics.
Definitions
Definitions bolster your argument by making sure that you and
the reader are starting on the
same page and with the same definitions. Definitions can be a
derived from multiple sources,
from dictionaries to reference books to seminal works in a field.
For example, if your topic is the color blue, you might rely on a
reputable art dictionary to
define what blue means in terms of the color spectrum. You

might also rely on a book of
literary criticism to enhance that definition by looking at how
the color blue has historically
been used to symbolize courage in great western literature,
including Shakespeare. Combining
these two definitions gives you a definition of your own for the
color blue in the context of
your specific topic--of your unique argument.
When using key words and concepts in the field for your
literature review, remember that over
time, terms and concepts gather many meanings. Simply
relying on a dictionary definition
might not be enough to define a term for your audience, a group
of academics in your field.
For example, unconscious is a term that has many meanings in
the field of psychology. That
term means different things to, say, Sigmund Freud than it does
to those who come after him,
like, for example, Jacques LaCan. Therefore, in a literature
review about psychoanalytic
theories with an academic audience, it will be important to talk
about which scholar you
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Literature Review
follow, which definition of that term you agree with, and how
you will apply that definition to

your own theory.
You can also use definitions to define a concept or topic by
what it is not.
For example, if you follow LaCan’s definition of the
unconscious, you might want to include
Freud’s definition to show where it differs from LaCan’s. You
will also want to offer specific
reasons to justify why those differences prompted you to side
with LaCan’s definition.
Remember: definitions can be used to define both what
something is and what it is not.
Examples
Examples bolster your argument by adding an extra level of
explanation for the reader.
Examples often serve to make a concept concrete for the reader.
Imagine that you are trying to
explain a method for teaching. After the key terms in the
method are defined, take the next
step: offering examples of the method at work.
Notice the pattern of examples in the section you just read
above on definitions:
Definitions can be a derived from multiple sources, from
dictionaries to reference
books to seminal works in a field.
For example, if your topic is the color blue, you might rely on a
reputable art
dictionary to define what blue means in terms of the color
spectrum.

Simply relying on a dictionary definition might not be enough
to define a term for your
audience, a group of academics in your field.
For example, unconscious is a term that has many meanings in
the field of psychology.
That term means different things to, say, Sigmund Freud that it
does to those who come
after him, like, for example, Jacques LaCan.
You can also use definitions to define a concept or topic by
what it is not.
For example, if you follow LaCan’s definition of the
unconscious, you might want to
include Freud’s definition to show where it differs from
LaCan’s and why those
differences don’t offer a definition that works within the
context of your argument.
In these examples, a statement is made, and that statement is
then applied—‘teased out’—by
the use of examples. Examples, either hypothetical or from the
literature, bring your synthesis
to life by offering real-life connections to your theories and
interpretations. As a Capella
scholar-practitioner, connecting theory to practice underpins
your educational journey, and
examples are an excellent and primary method for making that
theory-to-practice connection.
Remember: examples can be used to enhance definitions and to
give the reader another
perspective on your evaluative statements made during the
literature review.

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Literature Review
Acknowledging the Critics
While many in your audience will agree with your position on
the topic of your literature
review, many will not. An important function of the literature
review is to acknowledge what
critics of your argument say. To create an informed perspective
about the literature of a
field, you must read many perspectives about key issues and
discussions within your field. In
an academic conversation, a writer who has looked at all sides
of the argument comes across as
an informed and balanced speaker. Just as working to define
something by what it is not is an
effective tool, so is presenting a position on a subject and
including the perspectives and
arguments that differ from that position.
For example, let’s say that you make the statement that many in
your field have conjectured
that the sky is blue. You define blue in terms of meteorology,
and you give examples of what
you mean by the color blue. During your research, you discover
many speakers who say that

the sky is not blue. Some of these speakers are not credible, so
you discard those dissenting
positions. But some of those speakers are credible. They are
published in peer-reviewed
journals, and they have many followers at universities across
the country. Leaving those
credible sources out of your literature review creates a slanted
perspective on the body of
literature in the field, while acknowledging those critics shows
that you have considered all
perspectives, but for at least one reason, you have decided to
reject those critics in favor of
your chosen perspective.
Acknowledging the critics also offers you the chance to create
new ways of thinking about
your topic within your field. For example, imagine that you
address the way in which two
different scholars, Scholar A and Scholar B, use a shape to
discuss a concept in the field. You
note that Scholar A and those after him have conjectured that
the term ‘square’ is effective for
describing a concept that encompasses four terms.
You also acknowledge that Scholar B has conjectured that the
term ‘square,’ which implies
that all four sides are equal in length, is too limiting, and, thus,
must be changed to the term
‘quadrangle.’

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Literature Review
While you acknowledge the validity of Scholar B’s purpose in
expanding the term, you also
note that in the context of the concept being discussed, all
angles in Scholar B’s conception are
actually 90 degree angles. In fact, then, in spite the difference
in terms, both scholars are really
talking about a similar concept. In essence, from your
perspective, Scholar B supports Scholar
A’s assertion, but with a different definition of square, which,
perhaps, you re-label as
“rectangle.”
In this example, noting the other side of the argument has led
you to a new understanding of
the concept addressed by both Scholars A and B. While
acknowledging the critic shows depth
of exposure to the literature of the field, in this case, that
acknowledgement has also led to a
new interpretation not yet noted by your field, filling a gap in
the field while boosting your
credibility as a new voice entering the field.
The review of the literature you create with definitions,
examples, and your acknowledgement

of critics is your synthesis of the literature of your field. You
will not just be summarizing the
literature, but instead, finding connections through tools like
the ones described here. When
you finish organizing and drafting it, this synthesis becomes a
persuasive argument which
creates the context in which your readers will understand your
research.
Applying the Tools to the Literature Review
Now that you’ve explored the tools, you are ready to apply them
to a literature review in your
field.
Once you’ve selected your literature review, work to locate the
definitions, examples, and
acknowledgement of the critics used by the author. As you read
your sample literature review,
make notes in the margins, and locate where the writer has used
the tools you’ve learned in this
module. You may also want to highlight each example in a
different color. For example, you
may mark definitions in blue, examples in green, and
acknowledging the critics in red.
Once you’ve completed this process, ask yourself the following
questions.
Which definitions worked well? Why?
Which definitions could have worked better? How?
Which definitions convinced you because they came from
credible sources? Why?

of 12 5/31/2007 1:24 PM
Literature Review
Which definitions did not convince you due to lack of
credibility of the source? Why?
Which examples worked well? Why?
Which examples could have worked better? How?
Which examples convinced you because they came from
credible sources? Why?
Which examples did not convince you due to lack of credibility
of the source? Why?
Which acknowledgments of critics worked well? Why?
Which acknowledgments of critics could have worked better?
How?
Which acknowledgement of critics convinced you because they
came from credible sources?
Why?
Which acknowledgments of critics did not convince you due to
lack of credibility of the
source? Why?
For all three tools, as you identify them and question their
effectiveness, work to find methods
that you might want to use in your own literature reviews.
Do you see methods of incorporating these tools that you’d like
to model in your own review?
Note what you like and what you don’t like in these examples.
You can often learn as much

about your own writing process by charting what you don’t like
as you can learn by charting
what you like. Remember: the literature reviews posted above
were deemed successful
Chapter 2 literature reviews for Capella dissertations, so
applying the tools to these reviews
gives you practice with the dissertation standards for Capella.
The Writing Process for the Literature Review
Like any academic writing process, crafting an effective
literature review is not a linear
process. As the writing map below indicates, the literature
review writing process is recursive
and iterative.
Read
Refine idea
Read more
Draft
Revise
Proofread
Propose
Take
Get an
idea
Edit

Do focused
research
Page 12 of 12 5/31/2007 1:24 PM
Literature Review
Reminders
Upon your completion of each draft in this recursive process,
remember to compare the
following important outcomes of the literature review to ensure
that your review satisfies the
expectations of your audience.
• Reviews background of the problem area
• Identifies merits of previous studies (who, what, when, where,
why, how)
For the dissertation project:
• Helps to select research methods
• Provides required theoretical framework
• Establishes context and rationale for the study
• Establishes that study does not unintentionally duplicate work
already published
• Shows how your study contributes to the knowledge base of
the field

References
Clark, I. L. (2007). Writing the successful thesis and
dissertation: Entering the conversation.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 1
ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 13Full Title of
Your PaperLearner’s Full Name (no credentials)Capella
UniversityAbstract
It is necessary to complete the abstract after the entire project
has been developed. The abstract contains an abbreviated
overview of the entire project. This overview will reference the
following elements of the project:
The Research Question_________________________________
The Research Problem
_____________________________________
The Significance of the Study
_______________________________
Theory or theories that apply to the concepts associated with the
RQ ________________
Narrative describing the quantitative approach planned,
implications for stakeholders, significance to the scientific
community, and a description of expected results. The abstract
is one concise paragraph.
Keywords: [Add keywords here.]
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Problem 1
Statement of the Problem 1
Purpose of the Study 1
Significance of the Study 1
Research Questions 1
Definition of Terms 1
Research Design 1
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Theoretical Orientation for the Study 1
Review of the Literature 1
Synthesis of the Research Findings 1
Critique of Previous Research Methods 1
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 1
Research Question and Hypotheses 1
Research Design 1
Target Population and Sample 1
Procedures 1
Ethical Considerations 1
CHAPTER 4. EXPECTED FINDINGS/RESULTS 1
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 1
Implications 1
Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses 1
Suggestions for Future Research 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
[Note, the Final draft of Introduction is typically written after
the entire project has been completed and just prior to the
abstract. It is important to understand that the project is
iterative. You will work on, change, and refine all elements of
the project. In your initial submission, begin to flesh out the
sections listed below: Abstracted Outline of Chapter 1.]
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study

Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Research Design
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Note, this is typically the entry point for beginning the project.
It is important to understand that the project is iterative. You
will work on, change, and refine all elements of the project.
You will begin by understanding and synthesizing what is
known so far in the Literature Review, (Chapter 2). Theoretical
Orientation for the Study
The Literature Review provides detailed information about
theory that applies to the research topic, theory that applies to
the research method, population(s) studied, and key concepts
under review. Seminal and current sources are analyzed and
evaluated thematically. The research problem is identified.
Review of the Literature
It is essential that the literature review be organized with
reference to themes identified in articles that you have read. It
is not acceptable to organize the literature review article by
article or one article at a time.Synthesis of the Research
FindingsCritique of Previous Research MethodsSummary
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
The introductory paragraph addresses the research problem or
proposes to fill the gap in the literature. It includes the purpose
of the proposed research and presents formally the research
question. The purpose is to answer the research question. State
your research question in the form of a question in the
introductory paragraph for Chapter 3. As you prepare this
section of this chapter, review the characteristics of quantitative
research questions:

1. Quantitative research questions point to empirical methods
that will test the hypothesis or hypotheses associated with the
question.
2. Quantitative research questions have independent and
dependent variables.
3. Quantitative research questions measure relationships or
correlations and/or manipulate natural phenomena through
experimentation.
4. Quantitative data are presented in numerical categories or
quantities.
5. Quantitative research questions do not interpret socially
constructed themes, narratives, or observations.
Research Question and Hypotheses
Conclude the introductory paragraph to Chapter 3 by writing out
the Research Question and hypotheses. Identify the independent
and dependent variables associated with your Research
Question.
Research Design
Target Population and Sample
As you describe the target population you will include:
Information about the number of participants (include a Power
Analysis).
Information about inclusion and exclusion criteria; that is you
will describe how you decide who can participate in the study
and provide data and who cannot.
Information about the planned recruitment strategy.
Information about the sampling design and randomization
strategies.
Procedures
As you describe the procedures you will include:
Information about how the participants will be identified and
contacted.
Information about materials used for data collection.
Information about the instruments used to collect data.
Information about the location where data collection takes
place.

Information about the time required for data collection.
Information about the order of steps taken to obtain data.
Describe how the data will be statistically analyzed (Analysis).
Describes strategies for analyzing and interpreting numerical
data. Analyses of data is the section of the paper discussing
strategies that support the interpretation of numerical
information about the data collected. Typically, statistical
methods are used to interpret components of natural phenomena
that represent natural phenomena. The analysis section of the
methods presents and addresses evidence of validity, reliability,
and generalizability discovered in the process of interpreting
the data.
Note, Chapter 3, Methodology, is typically written after the
literature review. It is important to understand that the project
is iterative. You will work on, change, and refine all elements
of the project.
Ethical Considerations
The APA Code of Ethics that apply to your study and research
design should be addressed.
CHAPTER 4. EXPECTED FINDINGS/RESULTS
For the expected findings/results, use the literature reviewed in
Chapter 2 to anticipate findings that are likely to result from the
collection and interpretation of data. Note: some unexpected
results are possible and should be addressed in this chapter.
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION
Implications
Implications of the potential results are discussed, implications
for a wide range of potential stakeholders is addressed,
significance to the scientific community and the potential to
address the research problem is discussed, limitations of the
study are addressed, and suggestions for future research are
offered.

Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses
Suggestions for Future Research
The suggestions for future research should close the gap on the
methodological limitations.
References
List references using APA format (APA, 2010, p.169).
Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 1
ABBREVIATED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 11Full Title of
Your PaperLearner’s Full Name (no credentials)Capella
UniversityAbstract

It is necessary to complete the abstract after the entire project
has been developed. The abstract contains an abbreviated
overview of the entire project. This overview will reference the
following elements of the project:
The Research Question_________________________________
The Research Problem:
_____________________________________
The Significance of the
Study:_______________________________
Theory or theories that apply to the concepts associated with the
RQ:________________
A narrative describing the qualitative approach planned,
implications for stakeholders, significance to the scientific
community, and a description of expected results. The abstract
is one concise paragraph.
Keywords: [Add keywords here.]
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Need for the Study 1
Significance of the Study 1
Research Question 1
Definition of Terms 1
Research Design 1
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Theoretical Orientation for the Study 1
Review of the Literature 1
Synthesis of the Research Findings 1
Critique of Previous Research Methods 1

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 1
Research Question 1
Target Population 1
Recruitment Strategy 1
Sampling Design (purposive for qualitative) 1
Procedure 1
Analysis 1
Ethical Considerations 1
CHAPTER 4. EXPECTED FINDINGS/RESULTS 1
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 1
Implications 1
Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses 1
Suggestions for Future Research 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONBackground of the Study
[Note: the final draft of the Introduction is typically written
after the entire project has been completed and just prior to the
abstract. It is important to understand that the project is
iterative. You will work on, change, and refine all elements of
the project. In your initial submission, begin to flesh out the
sections listed below: Abstracted Outline of Chapter 1.]Need for
the StudyPurpose of the StudySignificance of the
StudyResearch QuestionDefinition of TermsResearch Design
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This is typically the entry point for beginning the project. It is
important to understand that the project is iterative. You will
work on, change, and refine all elements of the project. You
will begin by understanding and synthesizing what is known so
far in the Literature Review, (Chapter 2). Theoretical
Orientation for the Study
The Literature Review provides detailed information about
theory that applies to the research topic, theory that applies to
the research method, population(s) studied, and key concepts

under review. Seminal and current sources are analyzed and
evaluated thematically. The research problem is identified.
Review of the Literature
It is essential that the literature review be organized with
reference to themes identified in articles that you have read. It
is not acceptable to organize the literature review article by
article or one article at a time.Synthesis of the Research
FindingsCritique of Previous Research MethodsSummary
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
The introductory paragraph addresses the research problem or
proposes to fill the gap in the literature. It includes the purpose
of the proposed research and presents formally the research
question. The purpose is to answer the research question. State
your research question in the form of a question in the
introductory paragraph for Chapter 3. As you prepare this
section of this chapter review the characteristics of qualitative
research questions:
1. Qualitative research questions ask for description and
interpretation of phenomena through the identification of
socially constructed themes and categories.
2. Qualitative questions address concepts associated with
thoughts, feelings, and actions that are not necessarily
accessible with empirical methods of measurement.
3. Qualitative data take the form of stories, narratives, and
observations.
4. Qualitative questions identify the target population and
phenomena under consideration.
5. Qualitative questions do not test empirically measured data.
Research Question
Conclude the introductory paragraph to Chapter 3 by writing out
the research question.
Target Population

As you describe the target population you will include:
Information about the number of participants.
Information about inclusion and exclusion criteria; describe
how you decide who can participate in the study and who
cannot.
Recruitment Strategy
Sampling Design (purposive for qualitative)
Procedure
As you describe the procedures you will include:
Information about materials used for data collection.
Information about the location where data collection takes
place.
Information about the time required for data collection.
Information about the instruments used to collect data.
Instruments used vary widely and may include audio and video
recording equipment, pen and paper, interventions, observation
journals, member-checking documents and so on, depending on
the requirements indicated in the research question.
Information about the order of steps taken to obtain data.
Information about how data will be recorded and transferred
into a transcript or documents, audio or video, ready for
analysis.
When using an interview guide or observation, a check sheet is
also included.
Analysis
Analysis describes strategies for analyzing the narratives
offered by participants. Once the data has been transcribed into
a format for interpretation, typically “words on the page,” then
it can be interpreted. Analysis uses strategies that interpret
meaning components from words, phrases, and narratives into
interpreted conceptual descriptions across transcripts.Ethical
Considerations
The APA Code of Ethics that apply to your study and research
design should be addressed.

CHAPTER 4. EXPECTED FINDINGS/RESULTS
For the expected findings/results section, use the literature
reviewed in Chapter 2 to anticipate findings that are likely to
result from the collection and interpretation of data. Note: some
unexpected results are possible and should be addressed in this
chapter.
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION
Implications
Implications of the potential results are discussed; implications
for a wide range of potential stakeholders are addressed.
Significance to the scientific community and the potential to
address the research problem is discussed. Limitations of the
study are addressed and suggestions for future research are
offered.
Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses
Suggestions for Future Research
The suggestions for future research should close the gap on the
methodological limitations.
References
List references using APA format (APA, 2010, p.169).

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