The rapid development of virtual reality technologies in recent years has led to an increase in interest in 360-degree video and, as a consequence, in the production of equipment for shooting. Shooting 360-degree video differs from regular video shooting by the need to use multiple cameras (lenses) to create panoramicvideo. Stitching the video from several video cameras (lenses) in order to form panoramic video comes to the fore in this case. Currently, there are a number of algorithms and software solutions available for implementing video stitching. The purpose of the paper is to analyze and search for optimal algorithms and tools for 360-degree video stitching. The analysis takes into account, first of all, the quality of the stitching algorithms, which involves the absence of visible seams in the resulting image. The performance of the stitching methods also plays an important role, since the speed of processing the video footage is critical and ideally should be done in the real-timemode, which allows broadcasting 360-degree video.
A Detailed Analysis on Feature Extraction Techniques of Panoramic Image Stitc...IJEACS
Image stitching is a technique which is used for attaining a high resolution panoramic image. In this technique, distinct aesthetic images that are imaged from different view and angles are combined together to produce a panoramic image. In the field of computer graphics, photographic and computer vision, Image stitching techniques are considered as current research areas. For obtaining a stitched image it becomes mandatory that one should have the knowledge of geometric relations among multiple image co-ordinate system [1].First, image stitching will be done based on feature key point matches. Final image with seam will be blended with image blending technique. Hence in this paper we are going to address multiple distinct techniques like some invariant features as Scale Invariant Feature Transform and Speeded up Robust Transform and Corner techniques as Harris Corner Detection Technique that are useful in sorting out the issues related with stitching of images.
An Application of Stereo Image Reprojection from Multi-Angle Images fo...Tatsuro Matsubara
This document presents a stereo image reprojection system for immersive virtual reality using images from multiple cameras. The system separates the VR process into rendering images from cameras placed spherically and calculating a view image for display based on head tracking. It develops a method to adjust the interpupillary distance for different head tilts by varying the camera positions. The system is shown to work in real-time on laptops and smartphones using VR headsets to provide an inexpensive way to experience immersive VR. Future work includes optimizing the image size and number of cameras needed.
Enhanced Algorithm for Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Using a Hybrid of Pla...IOSR Journals
This document presents an enhanced algorithm for obstacle detection and avoidance using a hybrid of plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, corner detection, and edge detection techniques. The algorithm aims to improve upon previous methods by eliminating false positives, reducing unreliable corners and broken edges, providing depth perception without planar assumptions, and requiring less processing power. The key components of the algorithm include plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, Canny edge detection, Harris corner detection, and the RANSAC sampling method for system analysis. Test results on sample images show the algorithm can accurately detect obstacles based on texture differences while reducing noise from ground plane textures.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Human action recognition with kinect using a joint motion descriptorSoma Boubou
- We proposed a novel descriptor for motion of skeleton joints.
- Proposed descriptor proved to outperform the state-of-the-art descriptors such as HON4D and the one proposed by Chen et al 2013.
- Our proposed approached proved to be effective for periodic actions (e.g., Waving, Walking, Jogging, Side-Boxing, etc).
- Grouping was effective for actions with unique joints trajectories (e.g., Tennis serving, Side kicking , etc).
- Grouping joints into eight groups is always effective with actions of MSR3D dataset.
Technical presentation of the gesture based NUI I developed for the Aigaio smart conference room in IIT Demokritos
Demo In Greek:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C_p7MHKA4g
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Detailed Analysis on Feature Extraction Techniques of Panoramic Image Stitc...IJEACS
Image stitching is a technique which is used for attaining a high resolution panoramic image. In this technique, distinct aesthetic images that are imaged from different view and angles are combined together to produce a panoramic image. In the field of computer graphics, photographic and computer vision, Image stitching techniques are considered as current research areas. For obtaining a stitched image it becomes mandatory that one should have the knowledge of geometric relations among multiple image co-ordinate system [1].First, image stitching will be done based on feature key point matches. Final image with seam will be blended with image blending technique. Hence in this paper we are going to address multiple distinct techniques like some invariant features as Scale Invariant Feature Transform and Speeded up Robust Transform and Corner techniques as Harris Corner Detection Technique that are useful in sorting out the issues related with stitching of images.
An Application of Stereo Image Reprojection from Multi-Angle Images fo...Tatsuro Matsubara
This document presents a stereo image reprojection system for immersive virtual reality using images from multiple cameras. The system separates the VR process into rendering images from cameras placed spherically and calculating a view image for display based on head tracking. It develops a method to adjust the interpupillary distance for different head tilts by varying the camera positions. The system is shown to work in real-time on laptops and smartphones using VR headsets to provide an inexpensive way to experience immersive VR. Future work includes optimizing the image size and number of cameras needed.
Enhanced Algorithm for Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Using a Hybrid of Pla...IOSR Journals
This document presents an enhanced algorithm for obstacle detection and avoidance using a hybrid of plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, corner detection, and edge detection techniques. The algorithm aims to improve upon previous methods by eliminating false positives, reducing unreliable corners and broken edges, providing depth perception without planar assumptions, and requiring less processing power. The key components of the algorithm include plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, Canny edge detection, Harris corner detection, and the RANSAC sampling method for system analysis. Test results on sample images show the algorithm can accurately detect obstacles based on texture differences while reducing noise from ground plane textures.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Human action recognition with kinect using a joint motion descriptorSoma Boubou
- We proposed a novel descriptor for motion of skeleton joints.
- Proposed descriptor proved to outperform the state-of-the-art descriptors such as HON4D and the one proposed by Chen et al 2013.
- Our proposed approached proved to be effective for periodic actions (e.g., Waving, Walking, Jogging, Side-Boxing, etc).
- Grouping was effective for actions with unique joints trajectories (e.g., Tennis serving, Side kicking , etc).
- Grouping joints into eight groups is always effective with actions of MSR3D dataset.
Technical presentation of the gesture based NUI I developed for the Aigaio smart conference room in IIT Demokritos
Demo In Greek:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C_p7MHKA4g
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DETERMINING METAL SURFACE WAVINESS PARAMETERS AND HEIGHT LIQUID SURFACE WAVE ...IAEME Publication
The work is concentrated on an experimental approach to determine surface waviness of metal and height of liquid surface wave. It is based on illuminated those surfaces with a highly coherent light such as laser, and observed movement of center of speckle pattern which were gained from the movement surfaces by using tracking program. The movements of the speckle pattern work on carries important information about those surfaces. Two triangulation methods employed to evaluate metal waviness and liquid surface wave. The first method apply on a solid material (metal) and taking a video directly from the reflected surface, the second method apply on the liquid material (oil ) and taking a video after reflected from screen. The methods used here have a great potential for precise and non-contact optical measurements for surface wave measurements.
Omni-directional Vision and 3D Animation Based Teleoperation of Hydraulically Actuated Hexapod Robot COMET-IV
H. Ohroku and K. Nonami
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
A STUDY OF VARIATION OF NORMAL OF POLY-GONS CREATED BY POINT CLOUD DATA FOR A...Tomohiro Fukuda
This slide is presented in CAADRIA2011 (The 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia).
Abstracts: Acquiring current 3D space data of cities, buildings, and rooms rapidly and in detail has become indispensable. When the point cloud data of an object or space scanned by a 3D laser scanner is converted into polygons, it is an accumulation of small polygons. When object or space is a closed flat plane, it is necessary to merge small polygons to reduce the volume of data, and to convert them into one polygon. When an object or space is a closed flat plane, each normal vector of small polygons theoretically has the same angle. However, in practise, these angles are not the same. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the variation of the angle of a small polygon group that should become one polygon based on actual data. As a result of experimentation, no small polygons are converted by the point cloud data scanned with the 3D laser scanner even if the group of small polygons is a closed flat plane lying in the same plane. When the standard deviation of the extracted number of polygons is assumed to be less than 100, the variation of the angle of the normal vector is roughly 7 degrees.
This document summarizes a research paper on detecting and tracking human motion based on background subtraction. The proposed method initializes the background using the median of multiple frames. It then extracts moving objects by subtracting the current frame from the background and applying a dynamic threshold. Noise is removed using filters and morphology operations. Shadows are accounted for using projection analysis to accurately detect human bodies. Tracking involves computing the centroid of detected objects in each frame to analyze position and velocity over time. Experimental results showed the method runs quickly and accurately for real-time detection of human motion.
GOAR: GIS Oriented Mobile Augmented Reality for Urban Landscape AssessmentTomohiro Fukuda
This slide is presented in CMC2012 (2012 4th International Conference on
Communications, Mobility, and Computing).
Abstract. This research presents the development of a mobile AR system which realizes geometric consistency
using GIS, a gyroscope and a video camera which are mounted in a smartphone for urban landscape assessment. A low cost AR system with high flexibility is developed.
Geometric consistency between a video image and 3DCG are verified. In conclusion, the proposed system was evaluated as feasible and effective.
Availability of Mobile Augmented Reality System for Urban Landscape SimulationTomohiro Fukuda
This slide is presented in CDVE2012 (The 9th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering).
Abstract. This research presents the availability of a landscape simulation method for a mobile AR (Augmented Reality), comparing it with photo montage and VR (Virtual Reality) which are the main existing methods. After a pilot experiment with 28 subjects in Kobe city, a questionnaire about three landscape simulation methods was implemented. In the results of the questionnaire, the mobile AR method was well evaluated for reproducibility of a landscape, operability, and cost. An evaluation rated as better than equivalent was obtained in comparison with the existing methods. The suitability of mobile augmented reality for landscape simulation was found to be high.
IRJET - Applications of Image and Video Deduplication: A SurveyIRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of image and video deduplication techniques. It begins by providing background on the growth of multimedia data and need for deduplication to reduce redundant data. It then describes key aspects of image and video deduplication, including extracting fingerprints from images and frames to identify duplicates. The document reviews several studies on image and video deduplication applications, such as identifying near-duplicate images on social media, detecting spoofed face images, verifying image copy detection, and eliminating near-duplicates from visual sensor networks. Overall, the document surveys various real-world implementations of image and video deduplication.
Video Stabilization using Python and open CVIRJET Journal
The document describes a video stabilization method using point feature matching. It involves detecting point features in video frames using Shi-Tomasi corner detection, tracking the features between frames using optical flow, estimating camera motion via feature matching, smoothing the camera path, and stabilizing frames. The method is implemented using Python and OpenCV. It is shown to effectively reduce unwanted camera motion and produce smoother videos. The system architecture involves preprocessing, feature detection/tracking, motion estimation, trajectory smoothing, stabilization, and output. Results on sample videos demonstrate reduced shakiness before and after stabilization.
Adaptive Disparity Estimation for Auto Convergence of Region of Interest in a...ijcga
The document summarizes an adaptive disparity estimation algorithm for automatically adjusting the region of interest (ROI) in 3D video. The algorithm uses a first-order Taylor series expansion of disparity and adaptive disparity search range prediction. It selects a window from the ROI in each frame and tracks it. Then, it estimates the disparity of the current frame using disparities from previous frames. It also adaptively determines the disparity search range using a moving average filter. The algorithm was tested on four videos and performed subjective evaluations, showing it provides 3D effect with visual comfort.
1. The document proposes an image registration method to register images from different views of a 3D scene in the presence of occlusion. It uses a combination of global and local homographies determined through a coarse-to-fine strategy to achieve registration from low to high resolution.
2. Fusion techniques are used to solve problems of blurry images. Object recognition techniques show the appropriate location, path and area to address issues in previous projects. Motion, static, video and CCTV images can be captured to track objects.
3. The proposed method is applicable for tracking operations by investigation departments to monitor activities like smuggling using drones and aircraft to capture long distance multi-view images. It aims to address problems like occlusion
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Storage Optimization of Video Surveillance from CCTV CameraIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to optimize storage space occupied by CCTV video footage. It divides video sequences into frames and compares adjacent frames using MSE (mean squared error) to identify redundant frames. Redundant frames with an MSE below a threshold are deleted. This reduces the number of frames stored while maintaining video quality. The proposed method is tested on a sample 20 minute, 110MB video and reduces its size by 30.91% to 76MB and duration to 7 minutes by removing redundant frames. This storage optimization technique is useful for managing the large amounts of data generated daily by CCTV cameras.
Performance analysis on color image mosaicing techniques on FPGAIJECEIAES
Today, the surveillance systems and other monitoring systems are considering the capturing of image sequences in a single frame. The captured images can be combined to get the mosaiced image or combined image sequence. But the captured image may have quality issues like brightness issue, alignment issue (correlation issue), resolution issue, manual image registration issue etc. The existing technique like cross correlation can offer better image mosaicing but faces brightness issue in mosaicing. Thus, this paper introduces two different methods for mosaicing i.e., (a) Sliding Window Module (SWM) based Color Image Mosaicing (CIM) and (b) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based CIM on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The SWM based CIM adopted for corner detection of two images and perform the automatic image registration while DCT based CIM aligns both the local as well as global alignment of images by using phase correlation approach. Finally, these two methods performances are analyzed by comparing with parameters like PSNR, MSE, device utilization and execution time. From the analysis it is concluded that the DCT based CIM can offers significant results than SWM based CIM.
Removal of Transformation Errors by Quarterion In Multi View Image RegistrationIDES Editor
This method is based upon the image registration
process and the application is when the text which is to be
identified is behind the mesh which works as a hurdle. We
know that the mesh as hurdle can be made less irritating by
either moving the camera or the source itself. The method
uses Radon Transform for extracting the mesh lines and
capturing the position of the mesh lines. The final process of
filling the deformed image is through the registration. The
method is adaptive to movement in any direction. The
transformation errors are removed by the Quarterions. It was
tested on a number of images [200] approximately and gave
excellent results.
Video Shot Boundary Detection Using The Scale Invariant Feature Transform and...IJECEIAES
Segmentation of the video sequence by detecting shot changes is essential for video analysis, indexing and retrieval. In this context, a shot boundary detection algorithm is proposed in this paper based on the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT). The first step of our method consists on a top down search scheme to detect the locations of transitions by comparing the ratio of matched features extracted via SIFT for every RGB channel of video frames. The overview step provides the locations of boundaries. Secondly, a moving average calculation is performed to determine the type of transition. The proposed method can be used for detecting gradual transitions and abrupt changes without requiring any training of the video content in advance. Experiments have been conducted on a multi type video database and show that this algorithm achieves well performances.
This document presents a method for extracting key frames from videos using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) statistics. It begins with background on video frames, scene changes, and DWT wavelet frequency components. It then describes the proposed key frame extraction algorithm, which involves: 1) applying DWT to consecutive video frames, 2) calculating differences between detail coefficients, 3) computing mean and standard deviation of differences, 4) setting thresholds based on mean and standard deviation, and 5) identifying frames where two difference values exceed thresholds as key frames. The method is applied to sample videos and parameters are tuned to effectively detect key frames for video summarization.
This document presents a method for extracting key frames from videos using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) statistics. It begins with background on video frames, scene changes, and DWT wavelet frequency components. The proposed method extracts key frames in 4 steps: 1) applying DWT to consecutive frames and calculating differences between detail coefficients, 2) computing mean and standard deviation of differences, 3) estimating thresholds using mean and standard deviation, 4) comparing differences to thresholds to identify key frames where differences exceed thresholds. Experimental results on test videos demonstrate the method can detect key frames to represent scene changes for video summarization.
Secure IoT Systems Monitor Framework using Probabilistic Image EncryptionIJAEMSJORNAL
In recent years, the modeling of human behaviors and patterns of activity for recognition or detection of special events has attracted considerable research interest. Various methods abounding to build intelligent vision systems aimed at understanding the scene and making correct semantic inferences from the observed dynamics of moving targets. Many systems include detection, storage of video information, and human-computer interfaces. Here we present not only an update that expands previous similar surveys but also a emphasis on contextual abnormal detection of human activity , especially in video surveillance applications. The main purpose of this survey is to identify existing methods extensively, and to characterize the literature in a manner that brings to attention key challenges.
This document summarizes a research paper on high-quality real-time video inpainting using an approach called PixMix. The paper introduces PixMix as an approach that can generate coherent video streams in real-time while handling complex backgrounds and camera movements. This is an improvement over prior approaches that either did not achieve real-time performance or imposed restrictions on camera movement. PixMix uses a combined pixel-and patch-based approach for fast, high-quality image inpainting. It also introduces new tracking and frame-to-frame coherence techniques using homography to achieve real-time video manipulation capabilities. Evaluation results showed PixMix can produce coherent video streams for objects fixed in walls and for hand-held
IRJET- Virtual Changing Room using Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document presents a method for developing a virtual changing room using image processing. Users can take photos of themselves from the front and side with a webcam while wearing casual clothes. The photos are then segmented to extract the user's silhouette. The silhouettes are scaled and translated to match configurations of virtual cameras used during training. A series of regressors are trained to predict body parameters from the silhouettes that determine a 2D body model. This allows users to efficiently access a customized 2D body shape for virtual try-on without calibration, providing a more convenient virtual fitting room experience for online shopping.
Review of Motion Estimation and Video Stabilization Techniques for Hand Held ...sipij
Video stabilization is a video processing technique to enhance the quality of input video by removing the undesired camera motions. There are various approaches used for stabilizing the captured videos. Most of the existing methods are either very complex or does not perform well for slow and smooth motion of hand held mobile videos. Hence it is desired to synthesis a new stabilized video sequence, by removing the undesired motion between the successive frames of the hand held mobile video. Various 2D and 3D motion models used for the motion estimation and stabilization. The paper presents the review of the various motion models, motion estimation methods and the smoothening techniques. Paper also describes the direct pixel based and feature based methods of estimating the inter frame error. Some of the results of the differential motion estimation are also presented. Finally it closes with a open discussion of research problems in the area of motion estimation and stabilization.
1) The document describes a novel design for an inexpensive high-quality panoramic camera. It uses a motor-controlled camera mounted on a 2-axis stand to capture overlapping images with recorded parameters for image stitching.
2) Simple image stitching algorithms along with recorded image parameters can be used to generate high-quality panoramic images in real-time, without requiring complicated computationally-intensive algorithms.
3) The proposed system was tested and able to produce high-quality stitched panoramic images using basic algorithms by controlling camera settings and overlap between images. This approach paves the way for low-cost portable panoramic camera systems.
DETERMINING METAL SURFACE WAVINESS PARAMETERS AND HEIGHT LIQUID SURFACE WAVE ...IAEME Publication
The work is concentrated on an experimental approach to determine surface waviness of metal and height of liquid surface wave. It is based on illuminated those surfaces with a highly coherent light such as laser, and observed movement of center of speckle pattern which were gained from the movement surfaces by using tracking program. The movements of the speckle pattern work on carries important information about those surfaces. Two triangulation methods employed to evaluate metal waviness and liquid surface wave. The first method apply on a solid material (metal) and taking a video directly from the reflected surface, the second method apply on the liquid material (oil ) and taking a video after reflected from screen. The methods used here have a great potential for precise and non-contact optical measurements for surface wave measurements.
Omni-directional Vision and 3D Animation Based Teleoperation of Hydraulically Actuated Hexapod Robot COMET-IV
H. Ohroku and K. Nonami
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
A STUDY OF VARIATION OF NORMAL OF POLY-GONS CREATED BY POINT CLOUD DATA FOR A...Tomohiro Fukuda
This slide is presented in CAADRIA2011 (The 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia).
Abstracts: Acquiring current 3D space data of cities, buildings, and rooms rapidly and in detail has become indispensable. When the point cloud data of an object or space scanned by a 3D laser scanner is converted into polygons, it is an accumulation of small polygons. When object or space is a closed flat plane, it is necessary to merge small polygons to reduce the volume of data, and to convert them into one polygon. When an object or space is a closed flat plane, each normal vector of small polygons theoretically has the same angle. However, in practise, these angles are not the same. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the variation of the angle of a small polygon group that should become one polygon based on actual data. As a result of experimentation, no small polygons are converted by the point cloud data scanned with the 3D laser scanner even if the group of small polygons is a closed flat plane lying in the same plane. When the standard deviation of the extracted number of polygons is assumed to be less than 100, the variation of the angle of the normal vector is roughly 7 degrees.
This document summarizes a research paper on detecting and tracking human motion based on background subtraction. The proposed method initializes the background using the median of multiple frames. It then extracts moving objects by subtracting the current frame from the background and applying a dynamic threshold. Noise is removed using filters and morphology operations. Shadows are accounted for using projection analysis to accurately detect human bodies. Tracking involves computing the centroid of detected objects in each frame to analyze position and velocity over time. Experimental results showed the method runs quickly and accurately for real-time detection of human motion.
GOAR: GIS Oriented Mobile Augmented Reality for Urban Landscape AssessmentTomohiro Fukuda
This slide is presented in CMC2012 (2012 4th International Conference on
Communications, Mobility, and Computing).
Abstract. This research presents the development of a mobile AR system which realizes geometric consistency
using GIS, a gyroscope and a video camera which are mounted in a smartphone for urban landscape assessment. A low cost AR system with high flexibility is developed.
Geometric consistency between a video image and 3DCG are verified. In conclusion, the proposed system was evaluated as feasible and effective.
Availability of Mobile Augmented Reality System for Urban Landscape SimulationTomohiro Fukuda
This slide is presented in CDVE2012 (The 9th International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering).
Abstract. This research presents the availability of a landscape simulation method for a mobile AR (Augmented Reality), comparing it with photo montage and VR (Virtual Reality) which are the main existing methods. After a pilot experiment with 28 subjects in Kobe city, a questionnaire about three landscape simulation methods was implemented. In the results of the questionnaire, the mobile AR method was well evaluated for reproducibility of a landscape, operability, and cost. An evaluation rated as better than equivalent was obtained in comparison with the existing methods. The suitability of mobile augmented reality for landscape simulation was found to be high.
IRJET - Applications of Image and Video Deduplication: A SurveyIRJET Journal
This document discusses applications of image and video deduplication techniques. It begins by providing background on the growth of multimedia data and need for deduplication to reduce redundant data. It then describes key aspects of image and video deduplication, including extracting fingerprints from images and frames to identify duplicates. The document reviews several studies on image and video deduplication applications, such as identifying near-duplicate images on social media, detecting spoofed face images, verifying image copy detection, and eliminating near-duplicates from visual sensor networks. Overall, the document surveys various real-world implementations of image and video deduplication.
Video Stabilization using Python and open CVIRJET Journal
The document describes a video stabilization method using point feature matching. It involves detecting point features in video frames using Shi-Tomasi corner detection, tracking the features between frames using optical flow, estimating camera motion via feature matching, smoothing the camera path, and stabilizing frames. The method is implemented using Python and OpenCV. It is shown to effectively reduce unwanted camera motion and produce smoother videos. The system architecture involves preprocessing, feature detection/tracking, motion estimation, trajectory smoothing, stabilization, and output. Results on sample videos demonstrate reduced shakiness before and after stabilization.
Adaptive Disparity Estimation for Auto Convergence of Region of Interest in a...ijcga
The document summarizes an adaptive disparity estimation algorithm for automatically adjusting the region of interest (ROI) in 3D video. The algorithm uses a first-order Taylor series expansion of disparity and adaptive disparity search range prediction. It selects a window from the ROI in each frame and tracks it. Then, it estimates the disparity of the current frame using disparities from previous frames. It also adaptively determines the disparity search range using a moving average filter. The algorithm was tested on four videos and performed subjective evaluations, showing it provides 3D effect with visual comfort.
1. The document proposes an image registration method to register images from different views of a 3D scene in the presence of occlusion. It uses a combination of global and local homographies determined through a coarse-to-fine strategy to achieve registration from low to high resolution.
2. Fusion techniques are used to solve problems of blurry images. Object recognition techniques show the appropriate location, path and area to address issues in previous projects. Motion, static, video and CCTV images can be captured to track objects.
3. The proposed method is applicable for tracking operations by investigation departments to monitor activities like smuggling using drones and aircraft to capture long distance multi-view images. It aims to address problems like occlusion
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Storage Optimization of Video Surveillance from CCTV CameraIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to optimize storage space occupied by CCTV video footage. It divides video sequences into frames and compares adjacent frames using MSE (mean squared error) to identify redundant frames. Redundant frames with an MSE below a threshold are deleted. This reduces the number of frames stored while maintaining video quality. The proposed method is tested on a sample 20 minute, 110MB video and reduces its size by 30.91% to 76MB and duration to 7 minutes by removing redundant frames. This storage optimization technique is useful for managing the large amounts of data generated daily by CCTV cameras.
Performance analysis on color image mosaicing techniques on FPGAIJECEIAES
Today, the surveillance systems and other monitoring systems are considering the capturing of image sequences in a single frame. The captured images can be combined to get the mosaiced image or combined image sequence. But the captured image may have quality issues like brightness issue, alignment issue (correlation issue), resolution issue, manual image registration issue etc. The existing technique like cross correlation can offer better image mosaicing but faces brightness issue in mosaicing. Thus, this paper introduces two different methods for mosaicing i.e., (a) Sliding Window Module (SWM) based Color Image Mosaicing (CIM) and (b) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based CIM on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The SWM based CIM adopted for corner detection of two images and perform the automatic image registration while DCT based CIM aligns both the local as well as global alignment of images by using phase correlation approach. Finally, these two methods performances are analyzed by comparing with parameters like PSNR, MSE, device utilization and execution time. From the analysis it is concluded that the DCT based CIM can offers significant results than SWM based CIM.
Removal of Transformation Errors by Quarterion In Multi View Image RegistrationIDES Editor
This method is based upon the image registration
process and the application is when the text which is to be
identified is behind the mesh which works as a hurdle. We
know that the mesh as hurdle can be made less irritating by
either moving the camera or the source itself. The method
uses Radon Transform for extracting the mesh lines and
capturing the position of the mesh lines. The final process of
filling the deformed image is through the registration. The
method is adaptive to movement in any direction. The
transformation errors are removed by the Quarterions. It was
tested on a number of images [200] approximately and gave
excellent results.
Video Shot Boundary Detection Using The Scale Invariant Feature Transform and...IJECEIAES
Segmentation of the video sequence by detecting shot changes is essential for video analysis, indexing and retrieval. In this context, a shot boundary detection algorithm is proposed in this paper based on the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT). The first step of our method consists on a top down search scheme to detect the locations of transitions by comparing the ratio of matched features extracted via SIFT for every RGB channel of video frames. The overview step provides the locations of boundaries. Secondly, a moving average calculation is performed to determine the type of transition. The proposed method can be used for detecting gradual transitions and abrupt changes without requiring any training of the video content in advance. Experiments have been conducted on a multi type video database and show that this algorithm achieves well performances.
This document presents a method for extracting key frames from videos using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) statistics. It begins with background on video frames, scene changes, and DWT wavelet frequency components. It then describes the proposed key frame extraction algorithm, which involves: 1) applying DWT to consecutive video frames, 2) calculating differences between detail coefficients, 3) computing mean and standard deviation of differences, 4) setting thresholds based on mean and standard deviation, and 5) identifying frames where two difference values exceed thresholds as key frames. The method is applied to sample videos and parameters are tuned to effectively detect key frames for video summarization.
This document presents a method for extracting key frames from videos using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) statistics. It begins with background on video frames, scene changes, and DWT wavelet frequency components. The proposed method extracts key frames in 4 steps: 1) applying DWT to consecutive frames and calculating differences between detail coefficients, 2) computing mean and standard deviation of differences, 3) estimating thresholds using mean and standard deviation, 4) comparing differences to thresholds to identify key frames where differences exceed thresholds. Experimental results on test videos demonstrate the method can detect key frames to represent scene changes for video summarization.
Secure IoT Systems Monitor Framework using Probabilistic Image EncryptionIJAEMSJORNAL
In recent years, the modeling of human behaviors and patterns of activity for recognition or detection of special events has attracted considerable research interest. Various methods abounding to build intelligent vision systems aimed at understanding the scene and making correct semantic inferences from the observed dynamics of moving targets. Many systems include detection, storage of video information, and human-computer interfaces. Here we present not only an update that expands previous similar surveys but also a emphasis on contextual abnormal detection of human activity , especially in video surveillance applications. The main purpose of this survey is to identify existing methods extensively, and to characterize the literature in a manner that brings to attention key challenges.
This document summarizes a research paper on high-quality real-time video inpainting using an approach called PixMix. The paper introduces PixMix as an approach that can generate coherent video streams in real-time while handling complex backgrounds and camera movements. This is an improvement over prior approaches that either did not achieve real-time performance or imposed restrictions on camera movement. PixMix uses a combined pixel-and patch-based approach for fast, high-quality image inpainting. It also introduces new tracking and frame-to-frame coherence techniques using homography to achieve real-time video manipulation capabilities. Evaluation results showed PixMix can produce coherent video streams for objects fixed in walls and for hand-held
IRJET- Virtual Changing Room using Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document presents a method for developing a virtual changing room using image processing. Users can take photos of themselves from the front and side with a webcam while wearing casual clothes. The photos are then segmented to extract the user's silhouette. The silhouettes are scaled and translated to match configurations of virtual cameras used during training. A series of regressors are trained to predict body parameters from the silhouettes that determine a 2D body model. This allows users to efficiently access a customized 2D body shape for virtual try-on without calibration, providing a more convenient virtual fitting room experience for online shopping.
Review of Motion Estimation and Video Stabilization Techniques for Hand Held ...sipij
Video stabilization is a video processing technique to enhance the quality of input video by removing the undesired camera motions. There are various approaches used for stabilizing the captured videos. Most of the existing methods are either very complex or does not perform well for slow and smooth motion of hand held mobile videos. Hence it is desired to synthesis a new stabilized video sequence, by removing the undesired motion between the successive frames of the hand held mobile video. Various 2D and 3D motion models used for the motion estimation and stabilization. The paper presents the review of the various motion models, motion estimation methods and the smoothening techniques. Paper also describes the direct pixel based and feature based methods of estimating the inter frame error. Some of the results of the differential motion estimation are also presented. Finally it closes with a open discussion of research problems in the area of motion estimation and stabilization.
1) The document describes a novel design for an inexpensive high-quality panoramic camera. It uses a motor-controlled camera mounted on a 2-axis stand to capture overlapping images with recorded parameters for image stitching.
2) Simple image stitching algorithms along with recorded image parameters can be used to generate high-quality panoramic images in real-time, without requiring complicated computationally-intensive algorithms.
3) The proposed system was tested and able to produce high-quality stitched panoramic images using basic algorithms by controlling camera settings and overlap between images. This approach paves the way for low-cost portable panoramic camera systems.
IRJET- Moving Object Detection with Shadow Compression using Foreground Segme...IRJET Journal
The document describes a study that investigates using foreground segmentation to extract moving objects from videos by detecting differences between frames, with the goal of tracking silhouettes of moving objects to create an interactive video display. The researchers propose using a statistical approach to segment foreground objects and apply filtering techniques to reduce noise from the extracted shadows. The results indicate the extraction process accurately tracks motion and outlines of foreground objects between frames.
Tracking Chessboard Corners Using Projective Transformation for Augmented Rea...CSCJournals
Augmented reality has been a topic of intense research for several years for many applications. It consists of inserting a virtual object into a real scene. The virtual object must be accurately positioned in a desired place. Some measurements (calibration) are thus required and a set of correspondences between points on the calibration target and the camera images must be found. In this paper, we present a tracking technique based on both detection of Chessboard corners and a least squares method; the objective is to estimate the perspective transformation matrix for the current view of the camera. This technique does not require any information or computation of the camera parameters; it can used in real time without any initialization and the user can change the camera focal without any fear of losing alignment between real and virtual object.
Survey Paper for Different Video Stabilization TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares three video stabilization techniques: Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF), and block-based methods. SIFT extracts distinctive keypoints from videos that are invariant to scale and rotation, but it is computationally slow. SURF is faster than SIFT and also extracts robust features. Block-based methods partition video frames into macroblocks and estimate motion between frames by block matching, using metrics like mean absolute difference. It has lower complexity than SIFT and SURF but provides good stability for video stabilization. The document analyzes the performance of these techniques and their application in video stabilization.
SENSITIVITY OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM BASED ON MOTION DETECTIONsipij
The implementation of a stand-alone system developed in JAVA language for motion detection has been discussed. The open-source OpenCV library has been adopted for video surveillance image processing thus implementing Background Subtraction algorithm also known as foreground detection algorithm. Generally the region of interest of a body or object to detect is related to a precise objects (people, cars, etc.) emphasized on a background. This technique is widely used for tracking a moving objects. In particular, the BackgroundSubtractorMOG2 algorithm of OpenCV has been applied. This algorithm is based on Gaussian distributions and offers better adaptability to different scenes due to changes in lighting and the detection of shadows as well. The implemented webcam system relies on saving frames and creating GIF and JPGs files with previously saved frames. In particular the Background Subtraction function, find Contours, has been adopted to detect the contours. The numerical quantity of these contours has been compared with the tracking points of sensitivity obtained by setting an user-modifiable slider able to save the frames as GIFs composed by different merged JPEGs. After a full design of the image processing prototype different motion test have been performed. The results showed the importance to consider few sensitivity points in order to obtain more frequent image storages also concerning minor movements.Sensitivity points can be modified through a slider function and are inversely proportional to the number of saved images. For small object in motion will be detected a low percentage of sensitivity points.Experimental results proves that the setting condition are mainly function of the typology of moving object rather than the light conditions. The proposed prototype system is suitable for video surveillance smart
camera in industrial systems.
Similar to METHODS AND ALGORITHMS FOR STITCHING 360-DEGREE VIDEO (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. Aleksandr Evgenjevich Petrov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Sytnik and Ivan Yur'evich Rubcov
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 78 editor@iaeme.com
view, that is, 360 degrees horizontally and 180 degrees vertically. The spherical panorama is
called Full 360.
Full-360 video usually allows greater immersion for the user when viewing the video
using a special device, for example, virtual reality glasses.
The approach to creating 360-degree video involves using multiple cameras or lenses that
make up the system, which covers the desired angle of view. The relative geometry of
cameras (lenses) is fixed and known throughout the entire shooting.
An example of using 7 GoPro Hero 3+ cameras is given in [3]. Five cameras are used to
capture the front and rear of the scene, as well as the sides, 2 cameras are used for the top and
bottom. Next, the set of images from all cameras is taken; they are aligned relative to each
other and then “stitched” into one image. The resulting image is projected onto the plane
using equirectangular projection [4]. The sequence of such images in equirectangular
projection forms the 360-degree video.
An example of an image in this projection is given in [3]. This paper includes the formal
definition of 360-degree video through plenoptic functions.
If the Full-360 video is viewed in a “regular” video player, it will be displayed as a
sequence of the stitched images in equirectangular projection. Therefore, specialized players
are used to correctly display such video, for example, GoPro VR Player [5], etc. Rendering of
such image involves the inverse transformation to spherical coordinates in order to get the
original scene. Moreover, these players allow changing the angle of view to see different
parts of the whole scene at a given point in time. It is possible to change the angle of view by
the movements of a computer mouse or by turning the virtual reality helmet, equipped with a
smartphone or a gyro sensor, if it is supported by the player.
The purpose of image stitching is to obtain a panoramic seamless image [6] using a
sequence of overlapping images. Overlapping images means that there is a common area of
the scene in them. The common areas in the images may not be identical, since they could
have been taken either at a different point in time with one camera or with different cameras,
but their settings were different.
The top of Figure 1 [7] shows a sequence of overlapping images, and the bottom shows a
stitched panorama.
Figure 1. Input images to form a panorama (top) and a stitched panorama (bottom)
Although image stitching has received widespread attention in the field of computer
vision, much less attention has been paid to the related area – panoramic video stitching.
Even fewer papers consider the 360-degree spherical video.
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The purpose of stitching panoramic video is to create a panoramic seamless video
using several overlapping video streams that capture different parts of the scene at the same
time. The cameras are installed so that they capture all angles of view, but their relative
geometry remains unchanged throughout the shooting. Overlapping videos taken with
different cameras, which are together called multiview video [8], are input to the stitching
program. The output is a panoramic video obtained as a result of stitching frames from the
original video.
It should be noted that stitching a panoramic video is not just stitching individual
frames taken from different cameras videos using well-known techniques for stitching
images. This process has the same stages as image stitching, such as: frame alignment, color
correction, blending, etc. However, there are unique challenges: video synchronization, video
stabilization, etc., which should be taken into account by any commercial system for video
stitching.
Synchronization refers to the synchronization of shooting with individual cameras.
Stabilization is aimed at removing the effect of “motion jitter” in the frame. These stages are
performed during the preprocessing of the video prior to stitching.
This paper considers only the stitching stage, which includes the alignment and
composition of the multiview video. The composition does not have a clear term and in the
papers on image stitching is called image merging, image composition, image blending, etc.
In this paper, the term image composition is used.
2. METHODS
Approaches applicable to stitching individual images are also applicable to stitching video,
since video is a sequence of frames, that is, images.
2.1. Image alignment
Two overlapping images are given. The purpose of image alignment is to find a geometric
transformation of the common areas of the image. One of the simple transformations is the
translation in the plane. That is, one image is shifted relative to the second so that the
common areas “coincide” most fully. Of course, there are other transformations such as:
rotate, similarity transform, affine transform, perspective transform, or just homography.
There is a similar transformation hierarchy for 3D space.
A formal description of these and other transformations is given in [9].
Let us return to alignment. It is clear that in order to “overlay” the common areas of two
different images on each other, more complex transformation than just translation or rotation
may be needed, for example, the combination of translation + rotation, etc.
As shown by [9], there are two main methods for image alignment: 1) direct, pixel-based,
2) image feature-based.
2.2. Pixel-based alignment
This method is based on minimizing the divergence of pixels. In general, the pixel-based
method is to shift or wrap the images relative to each other and see how many pixels
coincide. A brute force approach, even in case of a simple shift, is very time-consuming.
Indeed, one takes one image A and starts looking for it in image B. To do this, it is necessary
to search for all the shifts in B. If A is N × N pixels, and the search area is M × M pixels, then
the total search time will be . Therefore, various optimizations are used to
reduce the search area: for example, the pyramid method [10], which is also called
4. Aleksandr Evgenjevich Petrov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Sytnik and Ivan Yur'evich Rubcov
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hierarchical motion estimation, based on constructing a pyramid of images, where the base of
the pyramid contains the original image, and as it approaches the top, this image is scaled to
lower resolution. Thus, after finding the area of images’ intersection in low resolution, it is
possible to move towards the base of the pyramid, thereby limiting the search area and
achieve the result by gradually increasing the resolution. This category also includes
algorithms based on Fourier transforms, incremental methods based on decomposition into a
Taylor series, image functions, and others [9].
In this category, Lucas and Kanade [11] developed a patch-based translational alignment
method. In the paper [12], Zernike moments are utilized to search for differences in the
rotation and scaling of images.
2.3. Feature-based alignment
This approach is to extract the distinctive features from the images and to match these
features to establish a global correspondence between them and then find a geometric
transformation (homography) between the images. This approach has been gaining popularity
recently [9].
There is no general definition of what an image feature is. It depends on the problem.
Informally, the feature is an image area of interest, which is distinguishable from other areas
of the image, and is constant and stable. The stability means resistance to noise and errors,
and constancy is resistance to affine transformations. A popular feature in computer vision
algorithms is the Harris corner. An example of the detected Harris corners is shown in Figure
2.
Figure 2 Harris corners
A detailed description of the features is beyond the scope of this paper and is given in
[13].
After extracting the features in two images, they should be matched. This process is
called feature matching. Based on this matching, it is possible to find geometric
transformation (homography) between the images. Often, the RANSAC (RANdom SAmple
Consensus) algorithm is used to find the homography. A detailed example of image stitching
using the feature-based method can be found in [14].
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Note that there are interesting features that have useful properties. For example, SIFT
features are invariant to rotate and scale. This means that it is possible to search for scaled
and rotated images in some original image. There are also other signs: SURF, ORB [15].
2.4. Direct-based methods versus Feature-based methods
As noted by Szeliski in [9], each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages. The
direct-based method is more accurate because it has information about all pixels. However, it
is more resource intensive. Optimization with the pyramidal representation of the image may
not provide the desired accuracy, because information is lost in the image at some levels of
the pyramid.
Feature-based methods at the early stage did not give the desired accuracy, since they did
not work well for areas of the image that were either too textured or not textured enough.
Today, feature-based methods solve these problems and show good accuracy. Also, such
methods are invariant to scale and rotate, which allows them to be used for automatic
stitching.
Most of the stitching systems in the market are feature-based.
2.5. Image composition
After setting up the correspondence between the input images, it is necessary to select the
surface on which all images will be projected to obtain the final panorama. Such surfaces can
be: plane, cylinder, sphere, cube, etc. The plane is usually suitable when the panorama field-
of-view does not exceed 90 degrees. Otherwise, the obtained panorama will be distorted. A
cylinder or sphere shall be selected for a larger angle of view.
In the case of a full view panorama, the sphere shall be selected. In this case, the images
are displayed on the sphere and stitched on it. Then blending techniques are applied to
remove the seams and compensate the difference in color in the final panorama. A detailed
description of these techniques is given in [9].
This paper briefly describes the main stages of image stitching. Then a review of existing
approaches to video stitching is given.
2.6. Video
Unlike image stitching, 360-degree panoramic video is not widely represented in the
literature.
Algorithms for creating 360-degree video in a cylindrical panorama are proposed in [16].
The proposed system is capable of producing stitched video in the real-time mode with the
following characteristics: 30fps (frames per second) on Intel i7 3930K CPU 2.3GHz with
8GB DDR3 RAM in the operating system Linux Ubuntu 12.10. In the prototype, the authors
of the paper use 4 cameras, which are located at an angle of 90 degrees relative to each other.
Initially, pre-processing of the input frame is performed, namely, image correction due to
distortions caused by fish-eye lenses. Then the images are aligned in a cylindrical projection
using the feature-based method. The authors use the SIFT algorithm for searching features.
The next stage is the search for the “seam” area, where the images will be stitched. In
stitching video, there is a problem of moving objects at the seam boundary. If the object
moves from one side of the image to the other through a fixed seam, then this may cause
distortion of the object when stitching. Consequently, the position of the seam should change
dynamically depending on current conditions. The paper proposes a dynamic seam
6. Aleksandr Evgenjevich Petrov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Sytnik and Ivan Yur'evich Rubcov
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adjustment scheme. A comparison of the average brightness in a 3 by 3 pixel window on both
sides of the seam and dynamic programming to find the best seam are used.
2.7. Stitching and normalization of image tone
The stitching is performed along the seam using linear interpolation. It may happen that, due
to different camera settings or ambient light, the same objects on different cameras may have
different color tone. Therefore, it is necessary to normalize the tone. The paper proposes a
method based on SIFT features for normalizing the tone of images before stitching. First, the
matched points between the images are found using SIFT. Then RGB data of these points are
used when solving equations of the form (1).
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1)
where:
(r1,g1,b1) is the color of the matched point pixel of the first image,
(r2,g2,b2) is the color of the matched point pixel of the second image, parameter
is the scaling factor,
is the fine tuning coefficient.
Using the SIFT algorithm, the authors managed to reduce the complexity since there was
no need to calculate histograms for the whole image.
The papers [17] and [18] propose a novel method for stitching images and videos taken
using the Samsung Gear 360 Dual-fisheye lens camera. Field-of-view of this camera lenses is
close to 195 degrees for each lens. Images generated by both lenses have a very limited
common area. The feature-based method with SIFT features is used for image stitching.
When using the traditional algorithm, an incorrect homography matrix can be produced, since
the overlapping region is small [17].
The paper [18] is a continuation of [17]. In both papers, the algorithm consists of several
common steps: (1) contrast compensation, (2) equirectangular projection of the original
images, (3) two-phase alignment, (4) stitching and blending.
Contrast compensation is needed in order to even out the contrast of the entire image. The
equirectangular projection represents a spherical image (and the image from this camera
represents a hemisphere) on the plane. The first part of the two-phase alignment is finding the
alignment matrix. For this, the authors use control points presented in the form of a
chessboard. These points fall on both images. Then the common points are manually selected
to find the affine transformation matrix between the points. The second step is the refined
alignment, which is aimed at minimizing horizontal gaps. Thus, the authors were able to
achieve high-quality stitching.
2.8. Tools and performance
The author of the paper [19] proposes an interesting approach – to reuse the homography
matrix, calculated using previous frames, in the following frames. Also, the matrix shall be
recalculated every X frames to avoid accumulating errors. The feature-based method is used
to construct homography. The program uses two threads. The first thread stitches images
based on the last homography obtained. The second thread calculates the homography as
quickly as it can. In Table 1, the author shows that the method of reusing the homography
significantly speeds up the work.
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Table 1 Comparison of the algorithm with one and two threads and reuse of the homography matrix
Time to calculate 100
frames
Time to calculate 28
homographies
FPS
HPS (Homography per
second)
Single threading 68.95 secs 19.31 secs 1.450 1.450
Multithreading (2
threads)
15.42 secs 14.70 secs 6.485 1.904
The above-described papers use the CPU for all stages of stitching. The use of the GPU
for speeding up some stages of stitching is of interest. Unfortunately, only a few review
articles on this topic were found in open sources.
In the paper [20], the authors use the OpenCL [21] technology for computing on a
graphics card. OpenCL is used directly for stitching images and displaying them on a sphere
to get the final panorama. The authors state that they managed to achieve an increase in speed
(Table 2), in comparison with the CPU-based approach in the same environment.
Table 2 Comparison of image stitching speed on CPU and GPU with OpenCL
Configuration Time (ms) Speedup
CPU-based 386 1x
OpenCL w/ 1 buffer 69 5x
OpenCL w/ 1 buffer + 1 PBO 39 9x
OpenCL w/ 2 buffers + 2 PBOs 30 12x
PBO means Pixel-Buffer-Object here. Table 2 shows that the use of OpenCL allowed
acceleration by more than 12 times compared to the CPU.
Another paper [22] uses CUDA technology [23] by NVidia in order to speed up finding
and matching points between images. The ORB algorithm is used [24].
The results of this paper are presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Comparison of the effectiveness of the algorithms for determining interesting points in
images [22]
This diagram shows that ORB + GPU version at any image resolution works almost 2
times faster than the CPU version.
3. RESULTS
As a result of the analysis of methods and tools for stitching 360-degree video, it is possible
to establish that, currently, the feature-based alignment methods are the most common,
because, unlike pixel-based methods, they provide better performance and are insensitive to
8. Aleksandr Evgenjevich Petrov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich Sytnik and Ivan Yur'evich Rubcov
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images scaling and rotation. As a rule, the SIFT, SURF and ORB algorithms are used to
search for and compare features in different images.
The best stitching performance can be achieved by reusing the homography matrix, as
well as by utilizing GPU resources. While the quality of stitching video, which was taken
using 360 mobile cameras or which includes moving objects, can be improved by dynamic
seam adjustment.
4. DISCUSSION
This paper covers algorithms and tools for stitching 360-degree video. A logical continuation
of the study will be the analysis of existing solutions present in the market. When comparing
such solutions, it will be necessary to take into account the methods and tools used for
stitching, quality, performance, and cost.
There is specialized Gear 360 ActionDirector software used for stitching an amateur
video shot on Samsung Gear 360 Dual-fisheye lens camera. Since these cameras are entry-
level cameras, the high quality should not be expected. Autopano or VideoStich software is
used stitching video shot on semi-professional or professional cameras. Thus, the comparison
of these products and their analogs should form the basis of the subsequent analysis.
It is also useful to consider different approaches to stitching and compare the algorithms
used in image alignment (ORB, SURF, SIFT) in different conditions (natural and urban
landscapes, camera mobility when shooting, moving objects).
5. CONCLUSION
As a result of the study, the main stages and methods of stitching 360-degree video were
determined. In addition, the algorithms used in the alignment are considered, as well as
methods’ performance estimates using different computational tools are given. This paper can
be a starting point for developers of 360-degree video devices and video stitching software.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work was financially supported by the Ministry of science and higher education of the
Russian Federation (Grant Agreement 14.576.21.0102, the unique identifier for applied
scientific research RFMEFI57617X0102).
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