This document summarizes a student paper analyzing how perceptions of Shakespeare's character Shylock have changed over time from villain to victim. It discusses how stereotypes of Jews as greedy money-lenders originated from their forced position as moneylenders after the Crusades. Applying theories like ideological state apparatus and internalized racism, it argues Shylock embodies stereotypes but can also be seen as reacting justly to unjust treatment, and understanding has shifted as discrimination is more openly studied.
Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein composed Sultana’s Dream in English and published it in Indian Ladies Magazine in 1905. The text speaks of her attitude toward Muslim patriarchy and her belief that Indian men and women were, as Bharati Ray notes in her Early Feminists of Colonial India, “willing collaborators in their own oppressions”, and that men’s selfishness and women’s mental slavery were/are the two factors causing the degradation of women in India. In her work of fiction she speaks of the middle-class Muslim woman who is doubly oppressed, first for being Muslim and second for being a woman. Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein is primarily concerned with the empowerment of women through education and awareness which are crucial for development.
Paper - 11 Topic :- Magic Realism and Hybrydity in Midnight's Children.valajyotsna
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Vala Jyotsna Tanshukhbhai, a student in their 3rd semester of an M.A program. The paper is on the topic of Magic Realism and Hybridity in Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children. It discusses Rushdie as an author, key details and characters in Midnight's Children, the concepts of hybridity and magic realism, and how these elements are demonstrated in Rushdie's novel.
The poem describes Kubla Khan's decree to build the pleasure dome of Xanadu, an earthly paradise. It had fertile grounds enclosed by walls and towers, with bright gardens and ancient forests. However, an untouched chasm represented the untamed natural world beyond man's control. From this chasm emerged a sacred river that meandered for five miles before sinking into a sunless sea, representing the fleeting nature of creative inspiration.
Frenkenstein as a gothic and scientific fiction.Binkalba Gohil
This document is a student paper discussing Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. It provides background on the author and main character Victor Frankenstein, who creates a living creature through scientific experimentation. The document then examines how Frankenstein can be considered both a Gothic fiction novel, due to its supernatural and mysterious elements, and an early work of science fiction, as it deals with scientific experiments bringing inanimate matter to life. It lists some common elements of Gothic literature found in Frankenstein and provides context on the novel's European settings in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany.
Symbolism | Heart of Darkness | Joseph Conrad
"Heart of Darkness" - Novella
Written by Joseph Conrad.
Published in 1899.
Darkness of the human soul.
Journey of Marlow into to the Congo.
Symbols play a crucial role in conveying themes.
Introduction
About the Author
What is the Symbolism?
Symbolism and Its Role in Conveying Themes
Conclusion
References
The Role Of A Women In The Home And The WorldNiyatiVyas
This document summarizes Rabindranath Tagore's 1916 novel The Home and the World. It discusses the role of women in the society depicted in the novel. Bimala is presented as the ideal housewife, who is obedient and devoted to her husband Nikhil. Through indirect references and descriptions, the novel suggests that women in this society were expected to blindly worship their husbands and remain confined to domestic duties. Their role was limited to the home with little understanding or involvement in the wider world of men.
This document provides background information on Oscar Wilde and his play "The Importance of Being Earnest". It summarizes the plot of the three-act play, which uses humor and satire to critique norms of Victorian society related to class, marriage, and morality. The play features characters who assume false identities and affect the lives of others through lies and deception about names and family backgrounds. It satirizes the fixation upper-class characters have on names, especially the name "Ernest", and how this fixation blurs their judgement regarding true virtue and character.
Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein composed Sultana’s Dream in English and published it in Indian Ladies Magazine in 1905. The text speaks of her attitude toward Muslim patriarchy and her belief that Indian men and women were, as Bharati Ray notes in her Early Feminists of Colonial India, “willing collaborators in their own oppressions”, and that men’s selfishness and women’s mental slavery were/are the two factors causing the degradation of women in India. In her work of fiction she speaks of the middle-class Muslim woman who is doubly oppressed, first for being Muslim and second for being a woman. Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein is primarily concerned with the empowerment of women through education and awareness which are crucial for development.
Paper - 11 Topic :- Magic Realism and Hybrydity in Midnight's Children.valajyotsna
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Vala Jyotsna Tanshukhbhai, a student in their 3rd semester of an M.A program. The paper is on the topic of Magic Realism and Hybridity in Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children. It discusses Rushdie as an author, key details and characters in Midnight's Children, the concepts of hybridity and magic realism, and how these elements are demonstrated in Rushdie's novel.
The poem describes Kubla Khan's decree to build the pleasure dome of Xanadu, an earthly paradise. It had fertile grounds enclosed by walls and towers, with bright gardens and ancient forests. However, an untouched chasm represented the untamed natural world beyond man's control. From this chasm emerged a sacred river that meandered for five miles before sinking into a sunless sea, representing the fleeting nature of creative inspiration.
Frenkenstein as a gothic and scientific fiction.Binkalba Gohil
This document is a student paper discussing Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. It provides background on the author and main character Victor Frankenstein, who creates a living creature through scientific experimentation. The document then examines how Frankenstein can be considered both a Gothic fiction novel, due to its supernatural and mysterious elements, and an early work of science fiction, as it deals with scientific experiments bringing inanimate matter to life. It lists some common elements of Gothic literature found in Frankenstein and provides context on the novel's European settings in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany.
Symbolism | Heart of Darkness | Joseph Conrad
"Heart of Darkness" - Novella
Written by Joseph Conrad.
Published in 1899.
Darkness of the human soul.
Journey of Marlow into to the Congo.
Symbols play a crucial role in conveying themes.
Introduction
About the Author
What is the Symbolism?
Symbolism and Its Role in Conveying Themes
Conclusion
References
The Role Of A Women In The Home And The WorldNiyatiVyas
This document summarizes Rabindranath Tagore's 1916 novel The Home and the World. It discusses the role of women in the society depicted in the novel. Bimala is presented as the ideal housewife, who is obedient and devoted to her husband Nikhil. Through indirect references and descriptions, the novel suggests that women in this society were expected to blindly worship their husbands and remain confined to domestic duties. Their role was limited to the home with little understanding or involvement in the wider world of men.
This document provides background information on Oscar Wilde and his play "The Importance of Being Earnest". It summarizes the plot of the three-act play, which uses humor and satire to critique norms of Victorian society related to class, marriage, and morality. The play features characters who assume false identities and affect the lives of others through lies and deception about names and family backgrounds. It satirizes the fixation upper-class characters have on names, especially the name "Ernest", and how this fixation blurs their judgement regarding true virtue and character.
Jonathan Swift's 1729 essay "A Modest Proposal" satirically suggests that overpopulation and poverty in Ireland could be addressed by selling poor children as food. He argues that children aged one year old would provide a cheap and nutritious source of sustenance that would benefit both the parents and wider society. Though presented with an air of reason and moderation, Swift's outlandish proposal is meant to ridicule the uncaring attitudes of those responsible for Ireland's plight.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: A New Historical Perspective (draft)Mehdi Hassanian esfahani
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a student paper analyzing James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man from a New Historicist perspective. The student will examine the protagonist Stephen Dedalus's character development and rebellion against society, religion, and family in the context of Ireland in the 1890s. The introduction discusses New Historicist literary theory and its focus on understanding works in their historical and cultural contexts. It also outlines how the student will analyze Stephen's rebellion in parallel with Ireland's history and culture at the time as presented in the novel.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness. It discusses the style, narrative technique, symbolism, themes of imperialism and racism, and key characters such as Marlow, Kurtz, and the Manager. The document also covers Conrad's biography and the historical context of Belgium's colonial exploitation of the Congo, which influenced the story. Post-colonial, feminist, psychoanalytic, and other critical lenses are also mentioned for analyzing the novella.
The document provides an analysis of William Blake's poem "Earth's Answer". It summarizes that the poem is narrated by the Earth, which represents women, and portrays men as oppressors who have imprisoned the Earth. Each stanza follows an ABBA rhyme scheme. The repetition of question marks in one stanza engages the reader. Personification of the Earth makes her take on human characteristics like hair and aging. Key themes are the suffering of both nature and humanity due to negative emotions like jealousy and selfishness. Terms like "prison'd" and "chain'd" reflect the Earth's view of being confined by God's control and darkness representing evil.
Dante Alighieri was a 14th century Italian poet, soldier and politician. He fell in love with Beatrice Portinari at a young age and wrote much poetry about her beauty, though she died at age 24. Dante was exiled from Florence during a power struggle between factions, and wrote his epic poem The Divine Comedy while in exile. The poem describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio) and Heaven (Paradiso), guided by the Roman poet Virgil. It provides vivid and imaginative descriptions of the hierarchical structures and punishments of Hell.
This document summarizes different approaches to analyzing myths. It discusses the perspectives of functionalism, Freudian interpretation, structuralism, and the relationship between myths and rituals. Functionalists like Malinowski view myths as legitimizing cultural norms, while structuralists like Levi-Strauss see myths expressing universal patterns. Freud interpreted myths as the dreams of an entire culture. The document also explains that Durkheim and Harrison saw myths and rituals as intrinsically connected, with myths providing explanations for strange ritual behaviors.
Benito Pérez Galdós fue un novelista, dramaturgo y cronista español nacido en 1843 en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Escribió una serie de 46 novelas históricas llamadas "Episodios Nacionales" que reflejaban la vida en España durante el siglo XIX, así como otras obras importantes como "Doña Perfecta", "Marianela" y "Fortunata y Jacinta". Fue elegido miembro de la Real Academia Española en 1889 y también se involucró en política hacia el final de su vida, aunque problemas de ceguera le obligaron
Places, persons, Parties, positions and Events: Absalom and Achitophel: John ...Dilip Barad
This presentation is about allegorical reference to places, persons, parties, positions and events in the poem 'Absalom and Achitophel' with 1670s of England.
The Canterbury Tales is an incomplete collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Cathedral. Written in the late 1300s by Geoffrey Chaucer, it established English as a literary language and provides insight into medieval English society through vivid portrayals of pilgrims from different social classes. The pilgrims agree to tell stories to make their journey more enjoyable, with the best storyteller receiving a prize, establishing the frame for Chaucer to present a variety of tales.
El documento resume los elementos clave de la novela picaresca española. Explica que surgió después de la literatura del Renacimiento y se caracteriza por tener como protagonista a un "pícaro" o antihéroe de las clases bajas. El pícaro narra en primera persona sus aventuras de forma autobiográfica. Las novelas picarescas también se caracterizan por usar un lenguaje popular, tener una estructura abierta y dar una función moralizante al final de la historia.
- Joseph Conrad was born in 1857 in Poland under Russian rule to Polish aristocrats. His father was exiled for revolutionary activities and Conrad became an orphan in his youth.
- As a teenager, Conrad began sailing on merchant ships to gain experience at sea. He traveled extensively in the Caribbean and engaged in some gunrunning.
- Conrad eventually became a British citizen in 1886 and wrote his novels in English, though he spoke several other languages. His best known works, like Heart of Darkness, examined themes of human nature and morality.
- Conrad lived much of his later life in England, where he raised a family and continued writing until his death in 1924. His psychologically complex novels had a significant influence on modern
The document discusses the key characteristics of modern literature. Modernism represented a strong break from tradition and established views. Modern literature emphasized individual perspectives over absolute truths, and celebrated inner strength. It was an international, interdisciplinary movement. The modern age saw rational thinking and the rise of mass communication. Literature exhibited stream of consciousness and changing perceptions of language. Experimentation was valued. The two world wars had a major influence and created disillusionment. Psychology also impacted literature through concepts like stream of consciousness. There was growing interest in the working class and social issues.
Thematic Study of Absalom and Achitophel - John DrydenDilip Barad
The following themes are discussed in this presentation:
1. Politics, Allegory, and Satire
2. God, Religion, and the Divine Right of Kings
3. Power and Ambition
4. The Erosion of the Value and Power of Poetry
Vachchhalata Joshi is presenting on the topic "Karna as a voice of Subaltern" for her paper at Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavanagar University. She discusses the life of Karna as portrayed in the Kannada novel "Karna" written by T.P. Kailasam. The novel depicts Karna's origins as the abandoned son of Kunti, his upbringing by Adhiratha and Radha, and his marginalization and discrimination despite his skills and abilities, showing how he represented a subaltern voice. Vachchhalata analyzes how Karna faced oppression and was kept outside the legitimate power structures due to his low birth
This document provides analysis of William Blake's poems "The Chimney Sweeper" from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
The first poem depicts a young chimney sweeper recalling his life and a dream of his friend Tom Dacre. It uses imagery of lambs and coffins to represent innocence and danger. The tone is positive and hopeful.
The second poem reveals a darker, more mature tone as the poet questions his fate. Imagery of blackness and the clothes of death contrasts with the whiteness of snow. He blames the church and king for covering up the suffering of chimney sweepers.
While the first poem is seen as accepting injustice, the second
Comparison : waiting for Godot and Look Back in AngerLatta Baraiya
This document provides a comparison of Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot and John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger. It discusses the historical context of both plays as products of post-war literature. It analyzes the use of realism versus surrealism, language use, characters, and themes between the two works. Some key themes explored in both plays include meaninglessness, class distinction, and disillusionment. The document cites academic sources in its analysis and comparison of these two influential plays from the mid-20th century.
The document summarizes the key events and monarchs of the English Restoration period from 1660-1714. During this time, Charles II was restored to the monarchy after exile in France. His brother James II succeeded him but was overthrown in the bloodless Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary then took the throne, followed by Queen Anne, who united Scotland and England during her reign. The Restoration period saw the founding of the Royal Society, and influential philosophers like Locke, Newton, and Hobbes emerged.
El documento habla sobre el lanzamiento del primer portal de noticias en Paraguay diseñado específicamente para teléfonos móviles llamado iABC. iABC permitirá a los lectores ver noticias, fotos y videos directamente desde sus teléfonos y compartir contenido. El lanzamiento oficial será ese día en la Expo 2009 en Mariano Roque Alonso.
Este documento resume las tendencias del marketing turístico, incluyendo el proceso tradicional de compra, el papel creciente de los turistas que comunican sus experiencias en línea, y cómo las marcas pueden potenciar la comunicación y enfocarse en mejorar la experiencia a través de la intimidad, el misterio y la sensualidad.
Jonathan Swift's 1729 essay "A Modest Proposal" satirically suggests that overpopulation and poverty in Ireland could be addressed by selling poor children as food. He argues that children aged one year old would provide a cheap and nutritious source of sustenance that would benefit both the parents and wider society. Though presented with an air of reason and moderation, Swift's outlandish proposal is meant to ridicule the uncaring attitudes of those responsible for Ireland's plight.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: A New Historical Perspective (draft)Mehdi Hassanian esfahani
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a student paper analyzing James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man from a New Historicist perspective. The student will examine the protagonist Stephen Dedalus's character development and rebellion against society, religion, and family in the context of Ireland in the 1890s. The introduction discusses New Historicist literary theory and its focus on understanding works in their historical and cultural contexts. It also outlines how the student will analyze Stephen's rebellion in parallel with Ireland's history and culture at the time as presented in the novel.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness. It discusses the style, narrative technique, symbolism, themes of imperialism and racism, and key characters such as Marlow, Kurtz, and the Manager. The document also covers Conrad's biography and the historical context of Belgium's colonial exploitation of the Congo, which influenced the story. Post-colonial, feminist, psychoanalytic, and other critical lenses are also mentioned for analyzing the novella.
The document provides an analysis of William Blake's poem "Earth's Answer". It summarizes that the poem is narrated by the Earth, which represents women, and portrays men as oppressors who have imprisoned the Earth. Each stanza follows an ABBA rhyme scheme. The repetition of question marks in one stanza engages the reader. Personification of the Earth makes her take on human characteristics like hair and aging. Key themes are the suffering of both nature and humanity due to negative emotions like jealousy and selfishness. Terms like "prison'd" and "chain'd" reflect the Earth's view of being confined by God's control and darkness representing evil.
Dante Alighieri was a 14th century Italian poet, soldier and politician. He fell in love with Beatrice Portinari at a young age and wrote much poetry about her beauty, though she died at age 24. Dante was exiled from Florence during a power struggle between factions, and wrote his epic poem The Divine Comedy while in exile. The poem describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio) and Heaven (Paradiso), guided by the Roman poet Virgil. It provides vivid and imaginative descriptions of the hierarchical structures and punishments of Hell.
This document summarizes different approaches to analyzing myths. It discusses the perspectives of functionalism, Freudian interpretation, structuralism, and the relationship between myths and rituals. Functionalists like Malinowski view myths as legitimizing cultural norms, while structuralists like Levi-Strauss see myths expressing universal patterns. Freud interpreted myths as the dreams of an entire culture. The document also explains that Durkheim and Harrison saw myths and rituals as intrinsically connected, with myths providing explanations for strange ritual behaviors.
Benito Pérez Galdós fue un novelista, dramaturgo y cronista español nacido en 1843 en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Escribió una serie de 46 novelas históricas llamadas "Episodios Nacionales" que reflejaban la vida en España durante el siglo XIX, así como otras obras importantes como "Doña Perfecta", "Marianela" y "Fortunata y Jacinta". Fue elegido miembro de la Real Academia Española en 1889 y también se involucró en política hacia el final de su vida, aunque problemas de ceguera le obligaron
Places, persons, Parties, positions and Events: Absalom and Achitophel: John ...Dilip Barad
This presentation is about allegorical reference to places, persons, parties, positions and events in the poem 'Absalom and Achitophel' with 1670s of England.
The Canterbury Tales is an incomplete collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Cathedral. Written in the late 1300s by Geoffrey Chaucer, it established English as a literary language and provides insight into medieval English society through vivid portrayals of pilgrims from different social classes. The pilgrims agree to tell stories to make their journey more enjoyable, with the best storyteller receiving a prize, establishing the frame for Chaucer to present a variety of tales.
El documento resume los elementos clave de la novela picaresca española. Explica que surgió después de la literatura del Renacimiento y se caracteriza por tener como protagonista a un "pícaro" o antihéroe de las clases bajas. El pícaro narra en primera persona sus aventuras de forma autobiográfica. Las novelas picarescas también se caracterizan por usar un lenguaje popular, tener una estructura abierta y dar una función moralizante al final de la historia.
- Joseph Conrad was born in 1857 in Poland under Russian rule to Polish aristocrats. His father was exiled for revolutionary activities and Conrad became an orphan in his youth.
- As a teenager, Conrad began sailing on merchant ships to gain experience at sea. He traveled extensively in the Caribbean and engaged in some gunrunning.
- Conrad eventually became a British citizen in 1886 and wrote his novels in English, though he spoke several other languages. His best known works, like Heart of Darkness, examined themes of human nature and morality.
- Conrad lived much of his later life in England, where he raised a family and continued writing until his death in 1924. His psychologically complex novels had a significant influence on modern
The document discusses the key characteristics of modern literature. Modernism represented a strong break from tradition and established views. Modern literature emphasized individual perspectives over absolute truths, and celebrated inner strength. It was an international, interdisciplinary movement. The modern age saw rational thinking and the rise of mass communication. Literature exhibited stream of consciousness and changing perceptions of language. Experimentation was valued. The two world wars had a major influence and created disillusionment. Psychology also impacted literature through concepts like stream of consciousness. There was growing interest in the working class and social issues.
Thematic Study of Absalom and Achitophel - John DrydenDilip Barad
The following themes are discussed in this presentation:
1. Politics, Allegory, and Satire
2. God, Religion, and the Divine Right of Kings
3. Power and Ambition
4. The Erosion of the Value and Power of Poetry
Vachchhalata Joshi is presenting on the topic "Karna as a voice of Subaltern" for her paper at Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavanagar University. She discusses the life of Karna as portrayed in the Kannada novel "Karna" written by T.P. Kailasam. The novel depicts Karna's origins as the abandoned son of Kunti, his upbringing by Adhiratha and Radha, and his marginalization and discrimination despite his skills and abilities, showing how he represented a subaltern voice. Vachchhalata analyzes how Karna faced oppression and was kept outside the legitimate power structures due to his low birth
This document provides analysis of William Blake's poems "The Chimney Sweeper" from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
The first poem depicts a young chimney sweeper recalling his life and a dream of his friend Tom Dacre. It uses imagery of lambs and coffins to represent innocence and danger. The tone is positive and hopeful.
The second poem reveals a darker, more mature tone as the poet questions his fate. Imagery of blackness and the clothes of death contrasts with the whiteness of snow. He blames the church and king for covering up the suffering of chimney sweepers.
While the first poem is seen as accepting injustice, the second
Comparison : waiting for Godot and Look Back in AngerLatta Baraiya
This document provides a comparison of Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot and John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger. It discusses the historical context of both plays as products of post-war literature. It analyzes the use of realism versus surrealism, language use, characters, and themes between the two works. Some key themes explored in both plays include meaninglessness, class distinction, and disillusionment. The document cites academic sources in its analysis and comparison of these two influential plays from the mid-20th century.
The document summarizes the key events and monarchs of the English Restoration period from 1660-1714. During this time, Charles II was restored to the monarchy after exile in France. His brother James II succeeded him but was overthrown in the bloodless Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary then took the throne, followed by Queen Anne, who united Scotland and England during her reign. The Restoration period saw the founding of the Royal Society, and influential philosophers like Locke, Newton, and Hobbes emerged.
El documento habla sobre el lanzamiento del primer portal de noticias en Paraguay diseñado específicamente para teléfonos móviles llamado iABC. iABC permitirá a los lectores ver noticias, fotos y videos directamente desde sus teléfonos y compartir contenido. El lanzamiento oficial será ese día en la Expo 2009 en Mariano Roque Alonso.
Este documento resume las tendencias del marketing turístico, incluyendo el proceso tradicional de compra, el papel creciente de los turistas que comunican sus experiencias en línea, y cómo las marcas pueden potenciar la comunicación y enfocarse en mejorar la experiencia a través de la intimidad, el misterio y la sensualidad.
1) La idea de competencias transversales intenta responder a la pregunta de para qué sirve lo que se aprende en la escuela, ya que las competencias de las disciplinas escolares parecen tener poca utilidad fuera de la escuela.
2) Se cree que aunque las competencias disciplinares no son útiles para la vida, contribuyen a desarrollar competencias más generales que los estudiantes pueden aplicar en su vida personal, profesional y social.
3) Identificar competencias transversales es importante para preparar a los estudiantes para la movilidad laboral actual,
Ecuador registró un superávit de USD 45.6 millones en su balanza comercial de enero a mayo de 2010, lo que representa una recuperación del 105.98% con respecto al déficit de USD 762.51 millones en el mismo período de 2009. La balanza comercial petrolera tuvo un saldo favorable de USD 2,523.45 millones, 97.94% más que en 2009, debido al aumento en los precios del petróleo. Sin embargo, la balanza comercial no petrolera aumentó su déficit a USD 2,477.84 millones, un 21.62%
Este proyecto busca que los niños de 3 años conozcan a los miembros de su familia y los roles que desempeñan a través de la elaboración de un álbum familiar. Se llevará a cabo del 2 al 30 de mayo con actividades como reconocer a la familia, elaborar el álbum con fotos y materiales, y aprender sobre la importancia de la familia. El proyecto apunta a mejorar la práctica de valores familiares.
Este documento discute cómo los principios de los recursos libres pueden extenderse a otros tipos de información digital además de software, como documentación, artículos científicos, leyes, normas y enciclopedias. Explica que iniciativas como la Wikipedia han tenido éxito al permitir la edición y modificación colaborativa de contenido de forma abierta.
Este documento describe varios suplementos alimenticios utilizados comúnmente por los deportistas, incluida la creatina, las proteínas, los carbohidratos y los antioxidantes. Explica cómo estos suplementos pueden mejorar el rendimiento deportivo al aumentar la fuerza muscular, la composición corporal y la capacidad de ejercicio, pero que una nutrición y entrenamiento adecuados son más importantes. También enfatiza la importancia de la educación alimentaria para los deportistas.
en esta presentacion vamos a poder encontar, un breve acercamiento a las figuras del montaje literario en la radio, sus graficas, y el link de una pagina muy interesante, espero que sea de su agrado.
adios.
El documento describe una actividad de clasificación de imágenes en la que se muestra una imagen y se le atribuyen diferentes colores a textos introducidos, resultando en la apariencia final de la actividad.
Recaudación de Agua y Predial, cierre del año 2010secof
Este documento presenta gráficos que muestran la recaudación de impuestos en el estado de Guerrero, México entre 1999-2010. La recaudación del impuesto predial, el servicio de agua y la zona federal marítimo-terrestre aumentaron durante este período. Un proyecto de modernización catastral costó 132 millones de pesos pero generó mayores participaciones de 401.6 millones de pesos para los municipios a través del Fondo de Fomento Municipal y mayores ingresos directos de 246.9 millones para las arcas municipales por
Asuntos Generales de la XXV Reunión de la C.P.F.F.secof
Lic. María del Carmen López Olivares
Coordinadora General del SECOF
Presentación de la XXV Reunión de la Comisión Permanente de Funcionarios Fiscales. 23 de septiembre de 2010.
Arquitecto Agil: Experiencias y Lecciones AprendidasJersson Dongo
El documento presenta las experiencias y lecciones aprendidas de Jersson Dongo como arquitecto ágil. Explica brevemente las responsabilidades de un arquitecto, los principios del Manifiesto Ágil y cómo ha aplicado metodologías ágiles como Scrum en proyectos. También discute mitos comunes sobre la arquitectura ágil y enfatiza la importancia de la comunicación, trabajo en equipo, generar valor funcional de manera iterativa e incremental.
Este documento discute la naturaleza de la persona humana. Explica que una persona está compuesta de un elemento creado (cuerpo, alma y espíritu) y un elemento increado, la Divina Presencia Constitutiva. Este elemento increado es la Santísima Trinidad que habita en cada persona y les da su carácter personal. La Divina Presencia Constitutiva es infundida en el momento de la concepción y determina la esencia, existencia y naturaleza de cada persona.
El documento presenta varias historias sobre cómo Dios ve el valor intrínseco de las personas más allá de sus logros o fracasos. En la primera historia, un padre ve las dos buenas jugadas de su hijo en un partido de fútbol americano a pesar de que fue derribado. Otras historias describen cómo Dios ama a las personas a pesar de sus errores y las transforma continuamente. El valor de una persona ante Dios no depende de sus logros sino del hecho de ser hijo de Dios.
Este documento presenta un resumen de tres párrafos sobre temas relacionados con la pintura como: la relación entre la mano del artista y la creación, formas de distanciarse del objeto pintado para evitar la cercanía, y la posibilidad de describir la pintura mediante elementos discretos de color.
La Web 2.0 es una web social que permite la interacción entre personas a través de contenidos compartidos y producidos por los propios usuarios. En el ámbito educativo, posibilita el trabajo en equipo, el desarrollo de valores como la participación y la construcción colaborativa del conocimiento, así como procesos de aprendizaje racional y crítico sobre la información.
La balada describe una madrugada en la que el narrador sigue el canto de una alondra persuasiva a través de diferentes paisajes naturales mientras el cielo aún no amanece. A medida que avanza la mañana, el narrador sigue obedientemente el canto del ave hasta que finalmente el cielo se ilumina a mediodía y la alondra lo abandona, desterrándolo de su canto.
The document discusses the concepts of hierarchy, egalitarianism, and tradition. It argues that egalitarianism has never truly existed in human societies, which have always organized themselves hierarchically. Proponents of egalitarianism contradict themselves by noting that hierarchies inevitably reform. The document rejects democracy and egalitarianism, arguing instead that societies work best when ruled by an elite and organized according to traditional hierarchical principles that acknowledge inherent differences between people.
How To Kill A Mockingbird Essay. To Kill A Mockingbird Essay TelegraphBeth Retzlaff
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Homo americanus vs Homo sovieticus: & EGALITARIANISM
#progress #Egalitarianism #western-societies #West #Western-Society #Tomislav-Sunic #Homo-americanus #Homo-sovieticus #arktos #Esotericism #Esoterism
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https://odysee.com/@periodic-reset-of-civilizations:c/Homo-americanus-vs-Homo-sovieticus----EGALITARIANISM:b
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Античность и эсхатология масонских, иезуитских и сионистских орденов как вектор израильско-палестинского конфликта
Contents
Introduction
I. Why Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists cannot have or believe in a religion
II. Jesuits, Freemasons and Zionists vs. Islam, Christianity and Judaism
III. The Oriental Antiquity of the Freemasons
IV. The Oriental Antiquity of the Jesuit Order
V. The Zionists before Judaism
VI. The Mesopotamian Kassite Origin of the Zionists
VII. The Kassites and the Abomination of Marduk-Yahweh
VIII. The Guti, the Kassites, the Flood, and Zionism
IX. Guti, Kassites, Gog & Magog, Unclean Nations, and Alexander the Great
X. Jews, Fake Jews, Alexander the Great, the Seleucid Dynasty, and Flavius Josephus
XI. Jews, Fake Jews, Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and the Romans
XII. Gog, Khazars, and Ashkenazi Zionism
Содержание
Введение
I. Почему иезуиты, масоны и сионисты не могут иметь религию или верить в нее
II. Иезуиты, масоны и сионисты против ислама, христианства и иудаизма
III. Восточная древность масонов
IV. Восточная древность ордена иезуитов
V. Сионисты до иудаизма
VI. Месопотамское касситское происхождение сионистов
VII. Касситы и мерзость Мардука-Яхве
VIII. Гути, касситы, Потоп и сионизм
IX. Гути, касситы, Гог и Магог, Нечистые народы и Александр Македонский
X. Евреи, фальшивые евреи, Александр Македонский, династия Селевкидов и Иосиф Флавий.
XI. Евреи, фальшивые евреи, фарисеи, саддукеи, ессеи и римляне
XII. Гог, хазары и ашкеназский сионизм
---------------
First published on 22 October 2023 here:
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/2023/10/22/antiquity-eschatology-of-freemasonic-jesuit-zionist-orders-as-vector-of-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/
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Culture of conspiracy an explanation of politics.Alexander Decker
This document discusses conspiracy theories related to the concept of a "New World Order". It notes that prior to the 1990s, New World Order conspiracy theories were limited to anti-government and Christian fundamentalist subcultures in the US. The document outlines the history of the term "New World Order" and how it has been used by statesmen and theorists over time. It also discusses how these conspiracy theories spread through various media and linked secret societies like the Freemasons to supposed plots to establish a one-world government.
Response one-HUM-08The exclusions of groups of people to the soc.docxronak56
Response one-HUM-08
The exclusions of groups of people to the social contract were perhaps so woven into the fabric of society that many people took it for granted that this was a western and European contract.” As I have explored this concept, I have come to realize that it truly was ignorance that led the belief that a man of color could never claim intelligence, educability, and even the right to be called human. The plight of the black man, as a forever slave, was ingrained indelibly into the minds of nearly every white individual, at least in Europe and colonial America, as well as many other places around the world. As we have seen “these authors struggling … with the issues of indigenous populations and slavery” throughout our readings, we have also observed sympathy through the eyes of Adam Smith. I believe his sympathetic gestures offer us a glimpse of, what I am sure existed, many souls who were filled with regret and sorrow toward how Africans were mistreated. Humanitarianism toward black people existed within acts of extreme caution and fear. “The social contract … was deliberately set up for the privileged; it did not include non whites.” Humanity, however, eventually abolished slavery, but racism continues and may always exist because of our ugly past.
The following is an excerpt from my final paper.
Slavery provided the foundation of northern colonization during the beginning of the seventeenth century. As previously noted, the institution of slavery had already been established as a natural part of society. Spencer Pack gives credit to Adam Smith as having found a “deep connection between owning slaves and demanding independence from England” (261). Wendy Warren, in her interview with Terry Gross, provides astounding facts concerning early colonization. While the colonists sought freedom, in particular, religious independence from England, they, however, relied on slave labor to ensure their own sovereign authority. “Puritans … actually owned enslaved Africans. And it’s hard to reconcile this vision of religious freedom with the practice of slavery” (Warren). Slave history from the northern colonies offers much insight regarding the colonization of our country. Its exclusion from textbooks and other publications proves inexcusable. Only lately have historians produced accurate records detailing how slaves played a leading role in the founding of cities such as Boston and New York. Recent articles offer astounding additional information to our appalling history. Winthrop Jordan validates Wendy Warren’s premises and provides a glimpse of John Smith’s journals that reveal “that Negroes first came to the British continental colonies in 1619” (18).
Jordan cites Philip A. Brice as revealing that documents provide information that “enslavement … [began] … around 1660, when statutes bearing on slavery were passed for the first time” (18). Jordan’s research maintains that the earliest written records indicate colonists “assumed that pr ...
2The Central Frames ofColor-Blind RacismThe mas.docxrhetttrevannion
2
�
The Central Frames of
Color-Blind Racism
The master defense against accurate social perception and change is
always and in every society the tremendous conviction of rightness
about any behavior form which exists.
—John Dollard, Class and Caste in a Southern Town
I f Jim Crow’s racial structure has been replaced by a ‘‘new racism,’’what happened to Jim Crow racism? What happened to beliefs about
blacks’ mental, moral, and intellectual inferiority, to the idea that ‘‘it is
the [black man’s] own fault that he is a lower-caste . . . a lower-class man’’
or the assertion that blacks ‘‘lack initiative, are shiftless, have no sense of
time, or do not wish to better themselves’’;1 in short, what happened to
the basic claim that blacks are subhuman?2 Social analysts of all stripes
agree that most whites no longer subscribe to these tenets. However, this
does not mean the ‘‘end of racism,’’3 as a few conservative commentators
have suggested. Instead, a new powerful ideology has emerged to defend
the contemporary racial order: the ideology of color-blind racism. Yet,
color-blind racism is a curious racial ideology. Although it engages, as all
ideologies do, in ‘‘blaming the victim,’’ it does so in a very indirect, ‘‘now
you see it, now you don’t’’ style that matches the character of the new
racism. Because of the slipperiness of color-blind racism, in this chapter I
examine its central frames and explain how whites use them in ways that
justify racial inequality.
THE FRAMES OF COLOR-BLIND RACISM
Ideologies are about ‘‘meaning in the service of power.’’4 They are expres-
sions at the symbolic level of the fact of dominance. As such, the ideolo-
25
26 Chapter 2
gies of the powerful are central in the production and reinforcement of
the status quo. They comfort rulers and charm the ruled much like an
Indian snake handler. Whereas rulers receive solace by believing they are
not involved in the terrible ordeal of creating and maintaining inequality,
the ruled are charmed by the almost magic qualities of a hegemonic ide-
ology.5
The central component of any dominant racial ideology is its frames or
set paths for interpreting information. These set paths operate as cul-de-sacs
because after people filter issues through them, they explain racial phe-
nomena following a predictable route. Although by definition dominant
frames must misrepresent the world (hide the fact of dominance), this
does not mean that they are totally without foundation. (For instance, it
is true that people of color in the United States are much better off today
than at any other time in history. However, it is also true—facts hidden
by color-blind racism—that because people of color still experience sys-
tematic discrimination and remain appreciably behind whites in many
important areas of life, their chances of catching up with whites are very
slim.) Dominant racial frames, therefore, provide the intellectual road
map used by rulers to navigate the always rocky road of .
Arising from the social turmoil of the 1960s, cultural studies is composed of elements of Marxism, poststructuralism and postmodernism, feminism, gender studies, anthropology, sociology, race and ethnic studies, film theory, urban studies, public policy, popular culture studies, and postcolonial studies: those fields that concentrate on social and cultural forces that either create community or cause division and alienation.
The document discusses the development of Critical Race Theory as an area of scholarship within political philosophy. It argues that just as Feminist scholarship has grown into its own category, Critical Race Theory should do the same by analyzing the views of philosophers through the lens of race and constructing genealogies of racism. It provides examples of how philosophers' theories were influenced by and justified racial domination and the creation of a racial polity that subordinates non-whites.
A* Essay - Socialism, A Level Politics, Ideologies | Teaching Resources. Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism by Julius Nyerere. Exemplar Essay - Socialists & the Economy: Edexcel AS/A Level .... Marxist and Socialist Theories of Development Sociology Essay .... Comparison of Capitalism and Socialism - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. To what extent do socialists have conflicting views over how the .... Two Essays by Ludwig von Mises: Liberty and Property and Middle-of-the .... Socialism in The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Socialism And Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... albert einstein essay on socialism. A* Essay Plan - Socialism, A Level Politics, Ideologies | Teaching .... Democracy and Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Capitalism vs Socialism essay.docx.docx - Running head: ECONOMIC .... Socialism vs Capitalism Infographic by Prosperity Network in Fort Lee .... Fabian Essays - Cover for a collection of essays on Socialism by the .... Is socialism a relevant ideology in 2012? - A-Level Politics - Marked .... Socialism and Communism in Cold War - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Why Socialism by Albert Einstein. A Level Politics Socialism Essay Plans | Teaching Resources. Why Did Socialism Fail in the United States Essay Example | Topics and .... 'The history of socialism had been marked by a retreat from its .... A* Politics Socialism Essays (+ Essay Plans) | Teaching Resources. Speech on Socialism - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Capitalism Vs Socialism (300 Words) - PHDessay.com. To what extent has socialism been defined by its opposition to .... Ujamaa Essays on Socialism: Julius K. Nyerere: Amazon.com: Books .... Liberty Versus the Tyranny of Socialism: Controversial Essays by Walter .... A Level Politics Ideologies Essays and Essay Plans (A*) | Teaching .... Essay on capitalism vs socialism - essaypersuade.x.fc2.com. Socialism State Essay - How do socialists agree on the role of the .... Fabian Essays in Socialism - G. Bernard Shaw - First edition. Socialism and the Common Good: New Fabian Essays by Preston King .... A* Essay Plan - socialist view of capitalism, A Level Politics .... Write a short note about socialism in Russia (In points) - Social ... Essays On Socialism
This document discusses Zionism and argues that it aims to establish a New World Order global government by destabilizing sovereign nations and religions. It claims that Zionism views the US and Israel as "Jewish" states and that Israel will provoke World War 3 in the Middle East to further this agenda. It attributes all major wars since 1776 to Zionist influence and international Zionist bankers profiting from conflicts. It argues that Zionism defends itself with charges of anti-Semitism while denying other nations sovereignty and perpetrating discrimination.
The Devil State: Chomsky's War Against IsraelHear O World
The document summarizes Noam Chomsky's criticisms of Israel over several decades, portraying Israel as a "devil state" and arguing for its destruction. It claims Chomsky makes factually inaccurate allegations against Israel, equating it to Nazis, and shows contempt for American Jews. The central theme is that a Jewish state cannot grant full human rights and Chomsky believes Israel's Jewish character turns it into an "abomination". The document criticizes Chomsky's selective morality and inconsistent application of standards in his arguments against Israel.
Pre-publication of Part Seven and Chapter XXI of my forthcoming book “Turkey is Iran and Iran is Turkey”; Part Seven (The Fictional Division of Islam into ‘Sunni’ and ‘Shia’) consists exclusively of Chapter XXI. The book is made of 12 parts and 33 chapters.
-------------------
First published on 3rd October 2021 here:
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/the-fabrication-of-the-fake-divide-sunni-islam-vs-shia-islam-2/
Citizenship, religion, authority and identityWilliam Haines
This document explores the relationship between citizenship education and religious education by examining the historical and philosophical roots of citizenship. It argues that the idea of citizenship originated from Greek philosophy, which can be considered a religious tradition. Modern concepts of citizenship and the state developed from Enlightenment thinkers rejecting religious authority in favor of reason and elevating the state to the highest form of human organization. This raises issues for how citizenship education relates to a person's religious identity and views of authority.
This document discusses the concept of dehumanization throughout history and its relationship to crime. It describes how humans have often been treated as objects or commodities, from slavery and feudalism to modern capitalist and socialist systems. Various ideologies, religions, education systems, and wars have also minimized human dignity at times. While humanism arose to promote individual freedom and worth, modernity still risks reducing people to utility and perfectionism. The document analyzes how dehumanization can contribute to criminal behavior and how society reacts both negatively towards crime and lacking in prevention efforts. Overall it argues humanity must be the central focus of all systems and structures to avoid further objectification of individuals.
S chapter1 theidiot’sguidetocriticalracetheomayank272369
This summary provides an overview of the key points in the document:
1) Critical race theory examines how racism is embedded within systems of power and how it shapes political, economic, and social structures and policies.
2) The document introduces concepts from critical race theorists like Charles Mills who argue that white supremacy creates a system that channels resources to white people and is maintained through ignorance about systemic racism.
3) It discusses how education in the US often fails to teach about systemic racism and links between past and present, leading many to deny that racism still exists or impacts society. The election of Obama was used by some to argue racism is no longer a serious problem.
Spring Writing Paper - 3 Styles Spring Writing PapeLuicina Davis
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through a bidding system and revision process.
Chapter 3 The Central Frames of Color-Blind Racism The mas.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 3
The Central Frames
of Color-Blind Racism
The master defense against accurate social perception and change is al-
ways and in every society the tremendous conviction of Tightness about
any behavior form which exists.
— John Dollard, Class and Caste in a Southern Town
If Jim Crow's racial structure has been replaced by a "new racism,"
what happened to Jim Crow racism? What happened to beliefs about
blacks' mental, moral, and intellectual inferiority, to the idea that "it is
the [black man's] own fault that he is a lower-caste ... a lower-class man"
or the assertion that blacks "lack initiative, are shiftless, have no sense of
time, or do not wish to better themselves" 1 ; in short, what happened to
the basic claim that blacks are subhuman? 2 Social analysts of all stripes
agree that most whites no longer subscribe to these tenets. However, this
does not mean the "end of racism," 3 as a few conservative commentators
have suggested. Instead, a new powerful ideology has emerged to defend
the contemporary racial order: the ideology of color-blind racism. Yet,
color-blind racism is a curious racial ideology. Although it engages, as all
ideologies do, in "blaming the victim," it does so in a very indirect, "now
you see it, now you don't" style that matches the character of the new
racism. Because of the slipperiness of color-blind racism, in this chapter, I
examine its central frames and explain how whites use them in ways that
justify racial inequality.
73
74
Chapter 3
THE FRAMES OF COLOR-BLIND RACISM
Ideologies are about "meaning in the service of power." 4 They are expres-
sions at the symbolic level of the fact of dominance. As such, the ideolo-
gies of the powerful are central in the production and reinforcement of
the status quo. They comfort rulers and charm the ruled much like an
Indian snake handler. Whereas rulers receive solace by believing they are
not involved in the terrible ordeal of creating and maintaining inequal-
ity, the ruled are charmed by the almost magic qualities of a hegemonic
ideology. 5
The central component of any dominant racial ideology is its frames or
set paths for interpreting information. These set paths operate as cul-de-sacs
because after people filter issues through them, they explain racial phe-
nomena following a predictable route. Although by definition dominant
frames must misrepresent the world (hide the fact of dominance), this
does not mean that they are totally without foundation. (For instance, it
is true that people of color in the United States are much better off today
than at any other time in history. However, it is also true — facts hidden
by color-blind racism — that because people of color still experience sys-
tematic discrimination and remain appreciably behind whites in many
important areas of life, their chances of catching up with whites are very
slim.) Dominant racial frames, therefore, provide the intellectual road
ma ...
Similar to Merchant of Venice Shylock Research Paper (19)
Chapter 3 The Central Frames of Color-Blind Racism The mas.docx
Merchant of Venice Shylock Research Paper
1. Klassen 1
Corinn Klassen
ENGL 4476
Professor Jacob Claflin
12/3/2016
Shylock’s Historical Progression from Villain to Victim
Stereotyping is a construct of society’s need to label in order to make them feel better
about themselves. Just one horrible consequence of this need to stereotype is, in the act of
labeling, to lower the people who are different from the norm to an “other” or marginalized
group, stuck on the outskirts of what is deemed accepted by popular belief. The act of pushing
people who are different from the norm to the margins of society has become more and more
recognized today, but in all actuality it has been prevalent since before the time period of
Christ’s crucifixion in the Bible. Among the many types of labels society has decided to impose
on certain races, genders, and religions, there are not many stereotypes more abhorrently
blatant—not to mention still widely held—than that of the Jewish peoples. The stereotype of the
evil, money-hungry and sacrilegious Jew has origins in certain ideologies of thought that have
progressed over time through popular storytelling and myths that people accept simply because
they are popular belief. The Christian belief that the Jews killed Christ in the story of crucifixion
in the Bible, as well as the later rise of Christianity in Europe, especially contributed to popular
hatred for the Jews. This same kind of popular belief is exactly what has marginalized certain
races, classes, and genders through the ages in people believed to be the “other;” that is, not
upper class, male, white, and Christian. This is exactly the type of thinking that Postcolonialism
2. Klassen 2
and Critical Race theory seek to explain by looking from the perspective of marginalized society
and investigating the societal ideologies that have contributed to that marginalization. In addition
to drawing from certain concepts of Postcolonialism, a discussion of “ideology” would not be
complete without certain theories from contemporary Marxism, including Louis Althusser’s
theory of the ideological state apparatus, which can be used to explain the continuation of the
stereotypes that marginalize certain groups of people; specifically, the Jews. The ideological
state apparatus can be used to explain how Jews—specifically, Shylock—have been
marginalized to the “other” by showing how society buys in to popular belief without
questioning the validity to the origins of those beliefs. The ideology surrounding society’s
tendency to place marginalized races and religions in the category of the “other” illuminates how
Shylock in Merchant of Venice has been received by people over the centuries, in determining
whether to deem him villain or victim.
The character of Shylock in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice seems to have been
shaped by the embodiment of Renaissance stereotypes of Jews, drawing from other plays and
characters that fully exemplify the greedy and evil Jew of lore such as Barabas in Marlowe’s The
Jew of Malta, as well as the bloodthirsty Jew in Giovanni Fiorentino’s play Il Pecorone, which
Merchant of Venice is said to be based upon. However, Shylock complicates these stereotypes in
many ways that other plays about Jews from the same time period do not. The way in which
audiences have perceived Shylock’s character through time has changed based upon the shifting
ideologies of society. Where he may have been considered an evil villain from the sixteenth
century on through the nineteenth century, the postmodern society of today sees Shylock as more
of a victim of the extremely unjust treatment caused by that society’s overwhelming hatred for
the entire Jewish nation and their religion. I maintain that Althusser’s theory of the ideological
3. Klassen 3
state apparatus, as well as the Postcolonial and Critical Race theory concepts of the “other” and
essentialization of races and religions help to demonstrate how society’s shifting views on
Shylock, from villain to victim, are shaped by the changing societal ideologies which inform
popular belief about marginalized races.
Critical Race theory and contemporary Marxism work to explicate this change in
society’s view of Shylock by creating the ideologies that carry on essentialization of particular
races of people on the margins of that society. In order to fully explain this, one must be clear on
the definitions of these various ideas. First, Althusser explains ideology as “the imaginary
relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence” an unconscious process that
subjects individuals to society’s unspoken rubric. Given this definition, an ideological state
apparatus could then be defined as a system which recruits its subjects unconsciously into an
action or belief which they imagine they have chosen themselves, when in all actuality that
system has chosen said beliefs for them (Parker 234). Not only does this relate to the hatred of
Shylock in Merchant of Venice with Antonio and other’s subjugation to the rubric of society’s
norm for hating Jews, but it also relates to society’s view of Jews throughout history.
Stories have been carried on through history regarding the Jews as a lesser, “other”
people whose past consists of a series of blaming acts which people then believe and tell to
others. In fact, Sinsheimer states in his book Shylock: The History of a Character that “Up (until
the Crusades) the history of the Jews knew nothing of accusations of ritual murder or profanation
of the Host, and very little of the Jewish usurer” (Sinsheimer 32-33). After the Crusades, the
Jews were made to pay for said “profanation of the Host” by enduring massacres in great
numbers “especially near the Rhine, on the Crusaders’ route to the East…(the Crusaders)…made
the agency of the Jews, hitherto so important, of negligible value” (Sinsheimer 33). From then
4. Klassen 4
on, the Jews were made to be a part of lesser society, whose only way to make a living was that
of the illegal act of usury.
If one were to ask what is the most common thing assumed about the Jews, it would
probably be that of the money-hungry, greedy, and stingy usurer which we see played out with
the character of Shylock. However, what many do not know is that the Jews were forced into
their position as usurers and pawnbrokers because they had little other way to make money, and
were unable to own their own land. “The uncertainty of [the Jews’] own position led them to
invest in securities that could most easily be carried away in the event of persecution—namely,
money and jewels” (Sinsheimer 33). The persecution of the Jews as usurers is similar to that of
prostitutes, and indeed in early modern England practicing usury was likened to the practice of
prostitution, both in degree of punishment and in the disdain of the general populace for such an
action. James Shapiro states in his book Shakespeare and the Jews “If early modern English
writers came to recognize that illicit and unproductive usury, like illicit and nonreproductive sex,
could not be eliminated from society, they also understood that the blame could nonetheless be
projected onto those who provided the service rather than those who sought it out” (Shapiro 99).
Shylock is a product of this kind of disdain likened to that of prostitution. He is shunned from
regular society and his services are rendered in secrecy. He is shamed and spit upon for his
money-lending by Antonio, yet he provides a service which the populace is still willing to take
advantage of. Not only does this binary demonstrate the two-sided point of view in early modern
society of the Jewish population, it is an explanation for the changing perspective on Shylock’s
character as ideologies on racial discrimination change through time. This is not to say that
racism no longer exists today, and Shylock can no longer be considered villainous. Only that,
through areas of study such as Contemporary Marxism, such discrimination is now finally being
5. Klassen 5
brought to the light of regular study and exposition, and Shylock’s villainy can be illuminated
through the realization of the ideological state apparatus, which forces people to believe a racial
stereotype like the moneygrubbing Jew, and consequently helps to show how society’s ideas
about Shylock have shifted. Instead of being viewed only as bloodthirsty villain, Shylock’s
actions can now be viewed as just in understanding the unjust essentialization of his people.
In the same vein as Althusser’s ideological state apparatus, an additional term that must
be defined in order to further analyze Shylock’s character is “internalized racism.” This term
describes when a person is made to believe essentialist assumptions about their own identity
because others impose those ideologies on them. This definition aptly describes Shylock’s
enacting a certain amount of villainy over Antonio with his cruel demand for a pound of flesh.
As Sinsheimer states, “Those who know themselves to be damned irrevocably cannot be
expected to be angels” (Sinsheimer 32). It is no wonder that Shylock develops aggression toward
Antonio, who spits on him and calls him a dog on more than one occasion. The idea of
internalized racism leads to another similar Marxist ideology of “interpellation,” which “is the
process of being passively, unconsciously drawn into dominant social assumptions” (Parker
234). As one can tell, these ideas point to very similar ways of thinking, both connected strongly
to the bonds of the racist ideologies that have subjected Jews to unjustified hatred for centuries.
The development of the hatred of the Jews has advanced since the Crusades to create an
extremely long-lasting stereotype, which is still implicit to an extent even today. The Crusaders
truly believed that, because the Jews acted differently and obviously worshiped a god other than
their own, then it is most likely the Devil that they are worshiping (Sinsheimer 31). The case can
then be made that, because the Jews were always a mysterious minority, the majority began to
embellish the myths about them that created the stereotypes that are still known today. Such is
6. Klassen 6
the case throughout history, as is shown in Postcolonial theory, that the white European man
upholds himself in the elite status of the one who knows best, and marginalizes the rest of the
population who fail to uphold some aspect of his beliefs. Perhaps some of the worst myths
circulated about the Jews were that of poisoning the wells during the Great Plague (Sinsheimer
34-35). This myth was rooted in the fear generated by the Plague in those who wished to blame
their tragedy on something tangible. However, there is no known proof that the Jews were ever
guilty of such a crime, “This monster lie absorbs all lesser lies and transforms them into a
sentence imposed by the highest and most unapproachable authority—namely, the
mythological—and ingrained in the consciousness of the populace and the peoples” (Sinsheimer
35). Many other assumptions about the Jews were rooted in the origins of fear and ignorance,
and have been carried on through history by way of storytelling, projecting and recreating the
stereotype in the mind of all who hears.
The representation of Jews over the years by way of storytelling in plays, books, and oral
folktales has done much in the way of carrying on the villainous and evil Jew stereotype. Indeed,
some of the most prominent plays which have carried on such essentialist ideas about Jews are
those which Shylock’s character was based upon. The Jew of Malta by Marlowe is one of these,
and in it is depicted Barabas, the ultimate evil Jew who no one could aptly claim to be much of a
victim due to his villainous acts. Rather, he exemplifies all that is assumed to be evil about the
Jews. One of his most famous speeches goes, “As for myself, I walk abroad a-nights | And kill
sick people groaning under walls: | Sometimes I go about and poison wells” (2.3.177-179). If this
is Marlowe reproducing a popular fantasy, he creates a strong case of interpellation for those
who see the character of Barabas and assume that he is exemplifying “true” Jewish actions. The
similarities between Barabas and Shylock are quite a few; namely, they both have daughters
7. Klassen 7
whom they are tormented by due to the daughters’ conversion to Christianity, and they are both
witty characters who seem to dominate their plays while still acting the villainous part. “The Jew
of Malta offered Shakespeare the precedent of a Jew who was articulate, who dominated the
action, who had his own point of view and his own grievances” (Gross 20). However, the two
characters’ difference lies in the fact that the evilness of Shylock’s character is much more
justifiable. One is able to see how he is victimized when Antonio entreats him for the loan which
he is to give to Bassanio, and he replies:
Signior Antonio, many a time and oft
In the Rialto you have rated me
About my moneys and my usances.
Still have I borne it with a patient shrug,
For suff’rance is the badge of all our tribe.
You call me misbeliever, cutthroat dog,
And spet upon my Jewish gaberdine (MV 1.3.103-109)
To the society of Early Modern England, Antonio would have had every right to spit on such an
infidel as Shylock, whom they would have seemingly believed to worship the Devil, force-
circumcise children, poison wells, and cheat people of their money. These assumptions about
Jews may have been more popularly believed in Shakespeare’s day; however, in today’s day and
age when more people are aware of the lies used to marginalize Jews, Shylock emerges a victim
of an unjust system and a victim of interpellation in the evolution of a stereotype carried on
through storytelling.
As James Shapiro so aptly states, “Storytelling has important consequences for how a
culture imagines itself in the act of imagining others” (Shapiro 91). Storytelling is truly one of
8. Klassen 8
the most important ways through which popular knowledge and history is carried on through
time. Without the human tendency to come up with oral folk tales and carry them on through
generations, many wonderful stories told in the comfort of the home would not be known to us
today. Unfortunately, storytelling also carries on popular myths which many assume to be true,
such as the case with the Jews. The way which Jewish characters have been translated by actors
on the stage is another example of how essentialization of the Jew has progressed in history.
Such choices in translation of the characters by the actors most likely had much to do with the
reason Shylock was perceived as decidedly villain, rather than victim, for many years. In 1775
Charles Macklin portrayed Shylock on stage as a man who “suffices to awaken at once, in the
best regulated mind, all the prejudices of childhood against this (the Jewish) people,” which
certainly begs the question “what effect this early exposure to myths of Jewish villainy has had
upon the English psyche” (Shapiro 89). Associating Jews with the Devil was common by this
time, as stated earlier, simply because the Jews purportedly do not believe the same things as the
Christians. This unjustified association occurs visually in many depictions of Shylock in various
performances of Merchant of Venice. As John Gross states, “To an Elizabethan audience, the
fiery red wig that [Shylock] almost certainly wore spelled out his ancestry even more insistently
than anything that was actually said. It was the same kind of wig that had been worn by
Marlowe’s Barabas, and before that by both Judas and Satan in the old mystery plays” (Gross
27). Surely the way which Shylock’s character is depicted, as well as depictions of other Jewish
characters from the time period, serves to support such an ideological state apparatus as
believing the Jews worshiped the Devil. The hatred for the Jews already felt in the minds and
hearts of the English people is re-integrated into popular belief in seeing Shylock enact such a
devilish role.
9. Klassen 9
Of all the arguments in favor of Shylock as a ruthless villain and un-deserving of pity, it
seems that Shylock’s demand for a “pound of flesh” from Antonio is the most widely used as
evidence of his cruelty. However, there is much history in this phrase, and it may be that such a
demand does not have the malice behind it which one may first assume. To start, as was stated
previously, Merchant of Venice closely resembles a handful of other plays, and some to such an
extent that it can be supposed Shakespeare directly based Merchant of Venice off of them. One
of these plays is The Jew of Malta by Marlowe, mentioned earlier, and another one of these is Il
Pecorone, “The Simpleton,” the tale of Giannetto. Il Pecorone is an Italian collection of plays
from the fourteenth-century. “The Simpleton” follows nearly the exact same plotline as
Merchant of Venice, and especially so in the “pound of flesh” scene (Gross 15-16). Shakespeare
deepens the plot considerably in Merchant of Venice from this original story. Most significantly
however, is a further adaptation thought to be taken from Il Pecorone, found in the biography of
Pope Sixtus V and written by Gregorio Leti, who was known for his misinterpretations of history
in favor of the person whose history he was telling (in this case, the Pope) (Sinsheimer 75). In
the biography, Leti comes up with an anecdote glorifying the just-ness of the pope, in which
describes the following scenario: Sir Francis Drake was said to have conquered San Domingo,
and a Christian (named Secchi) and a Jew (named Ceneda) argued until the latter wagered a
pound of flesh that the news was false. When Secchi found out he was right, he demanded flesh
from the Jew. The whole matter was settled when the case was brought before Pope Sixtus who
declared that Secchi must not cut a whit more or less than a pound, or otherwise be hanged
(Sinsheimer 75-76). This scenario is particularly significant because the role between the Jew
and the Christian is switched, and it is the Christian who demands flesh from the Jew. Not only
does this place the Jew in a distinctly victimized category rather than the villain, but it also
10. Klassen 10
shows that the history of the pound of flesh fable is not distinctly in favor of the Christians or the
Jews; rather, it can be thought of as a way of expressing the gravity and seriousness of such a
deal.
In looking more deeply into the play itself, the instance of the pound of flesh connects
with a term defined earlier: internalized racism. Looking at these together brings new light to
Shylock’s motives, thereby also shedding light on what could have been Shakespeare’s purposes
in writing a play that has provoked such controversy through the ages (even though there is no
way of really knowing Shakespeare’s true intentions.) In order to further understand the
juxtaposition of Shylock as villain or victim, one must question his intentions behind demanding
the pound of flesh from Antonio. One answer which would most likely be assumed by anti-
Semitists is that all Jews are inherently greedy for money and bloodthirsty against all Christians.
This is the only answer they would need, with no further question. However, in asking that same
question through the lens of what is known today about internalized racism and the effect of
ideological state apparatuses, the answer could then be that Shylock is only going after Antonio’s
pound of flesh because he has internalized what society expects from Jews, and therefore enacts
the very ideology that he feels victimized by. The way that Shakespeare re-creates the classic
bloodthirsty Jew into a character much more complicated and justifiable in his actions provides
evidence that perhaps even Shakespeare could have been questioning the ideological state
apparatus of hatred for Jews in his day. A specific piece of evidence for this is when Shylock
refuses the immense amounts of money offered him and demands the pound of flesh instead as
justice for Antonio’s ill-treatment of him: a very uncharacteristic action for the stereotypically
greedy Jew. “If every ducat in six thousand ducats | Were in six parts, and every part a ducat, | I
would not draw them. I would have my bond” (MV 4.1.85-87). By doing this, Shylock is in a
11. Klassen 11
way casting off his stereotyped role, consequently leaving a bad taste in the mouths of audiences
who observe the injustice of Shylock’s treatment throughout the play.
The way that Shylock is treated in The Merchant Venice does not seem to provoke much
empathy from modern English society, who, for the most part, would have been happy at his
forced conversion to Christianity and thought he got what he deserved in the other characters’
terrible treatment of him. Even though during the Elizabethan era the Jews were banished from
England, there were plenty of usurers during a time in which usury was extremely frowned upon
(Grebanier 87). This would have added even more contempt for the character of Shylock in a
stage production of Merchant of Venice in the Elizabethan era. In fact, because the audience may
not have been familiar with many Jewish people in their lifetime, they would have had even
further cause to believe whatever stereotypes that they were fed about them. However,
perception by the audience of Merchant of Venice seems to have changed significantly after
World War II and the Holocaust. Indeed, society’s view of Jews as a whole became significantly
transformed as they felt empathy and pity for the millions of slaughtered Jewish people—people
who were slaughtered because of the very reason that Shylock was so hated: society’s own racial
intolerance.
In conclusion, by looking through the open-minded lens of Postcolonial studies and
Critical Race theory, along with that of contemporary Marxism, one is enabled by using the
concepts of the ideological state apparatus, internalized racism, and the Postcolonial idea of the
“other” to perceive Shylock in a new and objective light. This light allows the character of
Shylock to be free from the stereotypes caused by society’s interpellation and ideological state
apparatuses, and values his character as a piece of art which still continues to perplex and disturb
readers centuries after Shakespeare’s time. Because of the changing ideologies in society over
12. Klassen 12
the years, including evolving views of race, the character of Shylock the Jew conjures up a much
different picture in the minds of today’s postmodern society as opposed to Shakespeare’s
Elizabethan society. Scholars today seem to encourage people to question everything regarding
popularly accepted belief, and to consistently interrogate our own selves in to how we know
what we know. Because of this, the character of Shylock is able to evolve into a character much
too complex to be known as a “villain.” As stated in Alan Dessen’s essay “The Elizabethan
Stage Jew,” “Perhaps another reason for the discomfort caused by Shylock is our own
unconscious awareness of our own failure to answer [Shakespeare’s challenge against Christian
hypocrisy and complacency]” (Dessen 245). Society’s hypocrisy and complacency as a whole is
challenged when one looks into the terrible treatment of a very complex and changing character
such as Shylock. By looking at past prejudices through the eyes of a Jew, we see internalized
racism, interpellation of ideology, and racial prejudice as a mirror of today’s society. It is, then,
in recognizing these malpractices that one can discover the true character of Shylock.
13. Klassen 13
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Gross, John. Shylock: A Legend and Its Legacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Print.
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