Meningits
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This document provides treatment guidelines for various organisms that cause meningitis, including penicillin-sensitive and resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. It recommends antibiotics and treatment durations, noting that a repeat lumbar puncture is not required for uncomplicated meningitis caused by certain organisms but is indicated for gram-negative bacillary meningitis.
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Fifth generation cephalosporins 2011
Ceftaroline is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other resistant pathogens. It has excellent in vitro activity against gram-positive cocci including MRSA and is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. When combined with the beta-lactamase inhibitor NXL104, ceftaroline's activity may be extended to include some ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli, though it remains inactive against non-fermenters like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ceftaroline is approved to treat complicated skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
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- Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They were first discovered from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1948.
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Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium. They are divided into generations based on their spectrum of activity. First generation cephalosporins such as cephazolin are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Second generation cephalosporins like cefuroxime have increased activity against Haemophilus influenzae and are used to treat respiratory tract infections. Third generation cephalosporins demonstrate better activity against gram-negative bacteria compared to prior generations and some like ceftriaxone have activity against Neisseria meningitidis making them useful for treating bacterial meningitis. Fourth generation cephalospor
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Cephalosporins
These are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics
derived from ‘cephalosporin-C’ obtained from
a fungus Cephalosporium. They are chemically
related to penicillins; the nucleus consists of
a β-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring,
(7-aminocephalosporanic acid). By addition of
different side chains at position 7 of β-lactam
ring (altering spectrum of activity) and at position
3 of dihydrothiazine ring (affecting pharmacokinetics),
a large number of semisynthetic compounds
have been produced. These have been
conventionally divided into 4 generations.
All cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the
same mechanism of action as penicillin, i.e.
inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
However, they bind to different proteins than
those which bind penicillins. This may explain
differences in spectrum, potency and lack of
cross resistance.
Currently cephalosporins are one of the most
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1. The document summarizes an experiment exploring the use of cell-free synthesis to rapidly express the antigenic protein FhSAP2 from Fasciola hepatica.
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3. The results showed that FhSAP2 was successfully expressed and could be a target for developing an immunization against F. hepatica infection.
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Cephalosporins
These are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics
derived from ‘cephalosporin-C’ obtained from
a fungus Cephalosporium. They are chemically
related to penicillins; the nucleus consists of
a β-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring,
(7-aminocephalosporanic acid). By addition of
different side chains at position 7 of β-lactam
ring (altering spectrum of activity) and at position
3 of dihydrothiazine ring (affecting pharmacokinetics),
a large number of semisynthetic compounds
have been produced. These have been
conventionally divided into 4 generations.
All cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the
same mechanism of action as penicillin, i.e.
inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
However, they bind to different proteins than
those which bind penicillins. This may explain
differences in spectrum, potency and lack of
cross resistance.
Currently cephalosporins are one of the most
commonly used antibiotics. Among them they
cover a wide range of gram-positive and gram negative bacteria including some anaerobes but
not B. fragilis, or MRSA, enterococci, mycobacteria
and chlamydia.
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2. Review patient's response, microbiology results, and antibiotic prescription daily to determine if therapy can be simplified, switched to oral, or stopped.
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- 38. ORGANISM DRUG P.Aeuroginosa CEFTADIME + AMINOGLYCOSIDE for 21days E.Coli CEFTRIAXONE/CEFOTAXIME + AMINOGLYCOSIDE for 21 days • A repeat LP is not required in antibiotic sensitive uncomplicated meningitis caused by S.pneumoniae, Meningococci or H.influenza • Repeat CSF exam is indicated in all patients with gram negative bacillary meningitis or in infection caused by beta lactam S.pneumoniae