This document discusses key concepts in soil mechanics including:
1. It defines terms like mass, weight, density, unit weight, and specific gravity.
2. It explains how soil can be represented using a phase diagram dividing it into solid, liquid, and gas phases.
3. It discusses volumetric ratios like void ratio and porosity and how they relate to other properties like water content and unit weight.
4. Equations are presented showing relationships between physical properties that can be derived using the basic definitions and a phase diagram approach.
Geotechnical Engineering-I [Lec #15: Field Compaction]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation contains a general introduction of void ratio and its correlation with other soil properties (index and engineering properties).
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Determination of strength and stress-strain relationships of a cylindrical specimen of reconstituted specimen using Consolidated Drained (CD) Triaxial Test.
1. A series of drained triaxial tests under four different initial states were conducted on Yamuna River sand. The results consist of simple stress-strain relation, change in volume behaviour were plotted.
2. Basic stress-strain relation with volume behaviour was presented in plot. The results for densely prepared sand samples show an expected behaviour. There is a significant difference in peak and residual deviatoric stress (q) as can be depicted form the plot.
3. With increase in confining stress, load carrying capacity of specimen increases.
4. Saturation value ‘B’ must be acquired to be more than 0.95 before starting the isotropic consolidation phase in CD test.
5. CD tests are performed at much slower strain rate as compared to CU tests for the same soil. The strain rate for CD test can be chosen approx. 8-10 times lower than the CU test.
6. It is important to have no pore water pressure generation throughout the shearing phase of CD test or in other words strain rate must be so small that pore water pressure must get dissipated quickly when specimen is subjected to compression loading in CD test.
7. In CD test, volumetric strain versus axial strain relationship shows contractive response for NC soils and dilative response for OC soils. (NC = Normally consolidated, OC = Over consolidated)
References:
1. IS: 2720 (Part 11):1993- Determination of the shear strength parameters of a specimen tested in unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression without the measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
2. IS: 2720 (Part 12):1981- Determination of Shear Strength parameters of Soil from consolidated undrained triaxial compression test with measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
3. ASTM D7181-11. Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2011.
Geotechnical Engineering-I [Lec #15: Field Compaction]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation contains a general introduction of void ratio and its correlation with other soil properties (index and engineering properties).
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Determination of strength and stress-strain relationships of a cylindrical specimen of reconstituted specimen using Consolidated Drained (CD) Triaxial Test.
1. A series of drained triaxial tests under four different initial states were conducted on Yamuna River sand. The results consist of simple stress-strain relation, change in volume behaviour were plotted.
2. Basic stress-strain relation with volume behaviour was presented in plot. The results for densely prepared sand samples show an expected behaviour. There is a significant difference in peak and residual deviatoric stress (q) as can be depicted form the plot.
3. With increase in confining stress, load carrying capacity of specimen increases.
4. Saturation value ‘B’ must be acquired to be more than 0.95 before starting the isotropic consolidation phase in CD test.
5. CD tests are performed at much slower strain rate as compared to CU tests for the same soil. The strain rate for CD test can be chosen approx. 8-10 times lower than the CU test.
6. It is important to have no pore water pressure generation throughout the shearing phase of CD test or in other words strain rate must be so small that pore water pressure must get dissipated quickly when specimen is subjected to compression loading in CD test.
7. In CD test, volumetric strain versus axial strain relationship shows contractive response for NC soils and dilative response for OC soils. (NC = Normally consolidated, OC = Over consolidated)
References:
1. IS: 2720 (Part 11):1993- Determination of the shear strength parameters of a specimen tested in unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression without the measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
2. IS: 2720 (Part 12):1981- Determination of Shear Strength parameters of Soil from consolidated undrained triaxial compression test with measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
3. ASTM D7181-11. Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2011.
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
Soil - Basic Definitions & RelationshipsArbaz Kazi
This presentation includes basic definitions related to soil mechanics and Weight- Volume and Functional relationships between basic properties of soil, test carries out to find index properties of soil, Relative Density
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Solution manual for fundamentals of geotechnical engineering 4th edition br...Salehkhanovic
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING – 4TH EDITION
AUTHOR(S) : BRAJA M. DAS
Solution Manual Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering 4th edition Braja Das
This solution manual is for 4th edition and include all chapters of textbook (chapter 2 to chapter 19)
Introduction to soil mechanics, examples of geotechnical engineering applications. Description of assemblage and individual particles, classification, etc. Soil types.
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
Soil - Basic Definitions & RelationshipsArbaz Kazi
This presentation includes basic definitions related to soil mechanics and Weight- Volume and Functional relationships between basic properties of soil, test carries out to find index properties of soil, Relative Density
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Solution manual for fundamentals of geotechnical engineering 4th edition br...Salehkhanovic
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING – 4TH EDITION
AUTHOR(S) : BRAJA M. DAS
Solution Manual Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering 4th edition Braja Das
This solution manual is for 4th edition and include all chapters of textbook (chapter 2 to chapter 19)
Introduction to soil mechanics, examples of geotechnical engineering applications. Description of assemblage and individual particles, classification, etc. Soil types.
These Slides describe about the basics of Index properties of soil, definition and relations among different index properties of soil. These will be helpful for the students of civil engineering both Diploma and Degree Level. This chapter of Index properties of soil has been depicted in very easy and lucid manner.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. For this chapter, we need to know the
following
Mass (M) is a measure of a body's inertia, or its "quantity of
matter". Mass does not changed at different places.
Weight (W) is the force of gravity acting on a body.
The unit weight is frequently used in geotechnical engineering
than the density (e.g. in calculating the overburden pressure).
Volume
Mass
Density
,
Volume
g
Mass
Volume
Weight
weight
Unit
,
2
sec
81
.
9
:
where m
gravity
to
due
on
accelerati
g
g
M
W
g
So
3. Units of unit weight and density
The SI unit of force is Newton, therefore, the unit weights
of soils are typically expressed in kN/m3
The SI unit of mass density () is kilograms per cubic meter
(kg/m3).
The density of water w varies slightly, depending on the
temperature. At 4Co , water’s density is equal to 1000 kg/m3
or 1 g/cm3
Relationship between unit weight and density
The unit weights of soil in kN/m3 can be obtained from densities
in kg/m3 as
3
81
.
9
,
water
of
t
unit weigh
m
kN
w
4. Soil deposits comprise the accumulated solid
particles plus the void space between the
particles
The void spaces are partially or completely filled
with water or other liquid.
Voids space not occupied by fluid are filled with
air or other gas.
Hence soil deposits are referred to as three-
phase system, i.e. Solid + Liquid (water) + Gas
(air)
Soil Phases
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. For purpose of study and analysis, it is convenient to
represent the soil by a PHASE DIAGRAM, with part of
the diagram representing the solid particles, part
representing water or liquid, and another part air or
other gas.
PHASE DIAGRAM
10. Volumetric Ratios
(1) Void ratio e
(2) Porosity n%
(3) Degree of Saturation S% (0 – 100%)
s
v
V
V
solids
of
Volume
voids
of
Volume
e
100
t
v
V
V
sample
soil
of
volume
Total
voids
of
Volume
n
%
100
v
w
V
V
voids
of
volume
Total
water
contains
voids
of
volume
Total
S
Dry
Saturated
11. Weight Ratios
(1) Water Content w%
%
100
s
w
W
W
solids
soil
of
Weight
water
of
Weight
w
12. Soil unit weights
(1) Dry unit weight
(2) Total, Wet, Bulk, or Moist unit weight
Saturated unit weight (considering
S=100%, Va =0)
t
s
d
V
W
soil
of
volume
Total
solids
soil
of
Weight
t
w
s
V
W
W
soil
of
volume
Total
soil
of
Total
weight
t
w
s
sat
V
W
W
soil
of
volume
Total
water
solids
soil
of
Weight
Note: The density/or unit weight are ratios which connects the
volumetric side of the PHASE DIAGRAM with the mass/or weight side.
13. Specific gravity, Gs
The ratio of the mass of a solid particles to the
mass of an equal volume of distilled water at 4°C
The specific gravity of soil solids is often needed for
various calculations in soil mechanics.
i.e., the specific gravity of a certain material is ratio of
the unit weight of that material to the unit weight of
water at 4o C.
w
s
s
s
V
w
G
•Gw = 1
•Gmercury = 13.6
w
s
s
G
14. Typical Values of Specific Gravity
(Lambe and Whitman, 1979)
(Goodman, 1989)
15.
16. Example 1:
In its natural state, a moist soil has a total volume of 9344.56 cm3
and a mass 18.11 kg. The oven-dry mass of soil is 15.67 kg. If Gs =
2.67, calculate the moisture content, moist unit weight, void ratio and
degree of saturation.
15.67
kg
18.11
kg
2.44
kg
5868.9
cm3
2440cm
3
9344.56
cm3
3475.66
cm3
17. Relationships Between Various Physical Properties
All the weight- volume relationships needed in soil
mechanics can be derived from appropriate
combinations of six fundamental definitions. They
are:
1.Void ratio
2.Porosity
3.Degree of saturation
4.Water content
5.Unit weight
6.Specific gravity
18. Use of Phase diagrams in finding
relationships physical properties
Remember the following simple rules:
1.Remember the basic definitions of w, e, Gs, S,
etc.
2.Draw a phase diagram.
3.Assume either Vs=1 or Vt=1 or ws = 1
depending on given values.
4.Solve the phase diagram for required values.
20. 1. Relationship between e and n
1
e
1+
e
Using phase
diagram
Given : e
required: n
e
e
V
V
n
t
v
1
21. 2. Relationship among e, S, w, and Gs
s
s
w
s
s
w
w
w
s
s
w
w
s
w
V
G
V
V
G
V
V
V
w
w
w
•Dividing the denominator and numerator of the R.H.S. by Vv
yields:
s
wG
Se
•This is a very useful relation for solving THREE-PHASE
RELATIONSHIPS.
23. Using phase
diagram
Given : e, S,
Gs
required: w
S
e
w
S
e
S
e
W
W
w w
s
w
G
G
G
s
s
w
s
2. Relationship among e, S, w, and Gs
Solids
Water
Air
1+
e
e
1
e
S
Gs w
e S
w
Gs w + e S
w
24. 3. Relationship among , e, S and Gs
v
s
s
s
w
w
w
v
s
s
s
w
w
v
s
s
w
V
V
V
G
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
W
W
V
W
w
s
e
G
Se
1
)
(
•Notes:
• Unit weights for dry, fully saturated and submerged
cases can be derived from the upper equation
• Water content can be used instead of degree of
saturation.
25. Using phase
diagram
Given : e, S,
Gs
required:
1
)
(
e
eS
G
V
W w
s
t
t
Solids
Water
Air
1+
e
e
1
e
S
Gs w
e S
w
Gs w + e S
w
3. Relationship among , e, S and Gs
1 e
G
V
W w
s
t
s
d
1
)
(
r)
with wate
filled
water
(
e
e
G
V
W w
s
t
t
d
27. Solution of Phase Problems
Method 1: Memorize relationships
Method 2: Return to Basics
Remember the following simple rules:
1.Remember the basic definitions of w, e, Gs, S,
etc.
2.Draw a phase diagram.
3.Assume either Vs=1 or Vt=1 or ws = 1
depending on given values.
4.Solve the phase diagram.
s
wG
Se w
s
e
G
Se
1
)
(
e
e
n
1 w
d
1
31. Given : w = 9.8% , 19.2 kN/m3, Gs =
2.69
required: d , e, n, S
3
kN/m
48
.
17
0572
.
0
1
t
s
d
V
W
Method 2:
Solids
Water
Air
1.098/
19.2
=
0.0572
0.0193
1
1/(2.69 x
9.81) =
0.03789
0.098/
9.81=
0.0099
8
1
9.8/10
0 =
0.098
1.098
assume Ws =1 kN
3
kN/m
51
.
0
03789
.
0
01931
.
0
S
V
V
V
e
%
76
.
33
100
0572
.
0
01931
.
0
t
v
V
V
n
%
68
.
51
100
01931
.
0
00998
.
0
v
w
V
V
S
32. Example 3
Field density testing (e.g., sand replacement method)
has shown bulk density of a compacted road base to be
2.06 t/m3 with a water content of 11.6%. Specific gravity of
the soil grains is 2.69. Calculate the dry density, porosity,
void ratio and degree of saturation.
33. •Relative Density
•The relative density Dr, also called density index is
commonly used to indicate the IN SITU denseness or
looseness of granular soil.
•The relative density is the parameter that compare the volume
reduction achieved from compaction to the maximum possible
volume reduction
Volume reduction from compaction of granular soil
34. •34
•Dr can be expressed either in terms of void ratios
or dry densities.
35. •Remarks
•The relative density of a natural soil very strongly
affect its engineering behavior.
•The range of values of Dr may vary from a
minimum of zero for very LOOSE soil to a
maximum of 100% for a very DENSE soil.
•Because of the irregular size and shape of granular
particles, it is not possible to obtain a ZERO
volume of voids. (Do you remember well-graded vs.
poorly-graded!!)
•ASTM test designations D-4253 and D-4254 (2007)
provide procedure for determining maximum and
minimum dry unit weights of granular soils.
36. •Granular soils are qualitatively described
according to their relative densities as shown
below
•The use of relative density has been restricted to
granular soils because of the difficulty of
determining emax in clayey soils. Liquidity Index in
fine-grained soils is of similar use as Dr in
granular soils.