This document discusses issues around civil and criminal negligence in private medical practice in India. It notes that the doctor-patient relationship has changed significantly with increasing commercialization, consumer awareness, and the ability to file negligence cases more easily. Approximately 10,000-15,000 medical negligence cases are currently pending in various Indian courts. Proper documentation, communication, awareness of errors, and building strong processes can help doctors address complaints and reduce negligence.
Lecture 13 privacy, confidentiality and medical recordsDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture on privacy, confidentiality and medical records delivered to Alfarabi Medical College undergraduate medical students in the week starting 27.11.2016
Lecture 13 privacy, confidentiality and medical recordsDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture on privacy, confidentiality and medical records delivered to Alfarabi Medical College undergraduate medical students in the week starting 27.11.2016
In this presentation it has been tried to give a glimpse of different type of consent, how it should be taken, how the patient to be explained, when consent is must and conditions where consent is not required, so as to guide you in your every day practice.
an insight on medical negligence and certain techniques that can be adopted to ensure that such errors or mistakes can be avoided. Deliberately or not we must always ensure that proper healthcare is provided and received.
Review of the Saudi Guidelines for informed consent in Surgery as well as the international best practice guidelines for a better approach to Informed Consent in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship Learning Objectives After.docxalinainglis
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
· 1. Define the key terms.
· 2. Describe the rights a physician has when practicing medicine and when accepting a patient.
· 3. Discuss the nine principles of medical ethics as designated by the American Medical Association (AMA).
· 4. Summarize “A Patient’s Bill of Rights.”
· 5. Understand standard of care and how it is applied to the practice of medicine.
· 6. Discuss three patient self-determination acts.
· 7. Describe the difference between implied consent and informed consent.
Key Terms
Abandonment
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Advance directive
Against medical advice (AMA)
Agent
Consent
Do not resuscitate (DNR)
Durable power of attorney
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Implied consent
Informed (or expressed)
consent
Incompetent patient
In loco parentis
Living will
Minor
Noncompliant patient
Parens patriae authority
Privileged communication
Prognosis
Proxy
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
THE CASE OF DAVID Z. AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
David, who has suffered with ALS for 20 years, is now hospitalized in a private religious hospital on a respirator. He spoke with his physician before he became incapacitated and asked that he be allowed to die if the suffering became too much for him. The physician agreed that, while he would not give David any drugs to assist a suicide, he would discontinue David’s respirator if asked to do so. David has now indicated through a prearranged code of blinking eye movements that he wants the respirator discontinued. David had signed his living will before he became ill, indicating that he did not want extraordinary means keeping him alive.
The nursing staff has alerted the hospital administrator about the impending discontinuation of the respirator. The administrator tells the physician that this is against the hospital’s policy. She states that once a patient is placed on a respirator, the family must seek a court order to have him or her removed from this type of life support. In addition, it is against hospital policy to have any staff members present during such a procedure. After consulting with the family, the physician orders an ambulance to transport the patient back to his home, where the physician discontinues the life support.
· 1. What were the primary concerns of the hospital?
· 2. What was the physician’s primary concern?
· 3. When should the discussion about the patient’s future plans have taken place with the hospital administrator?
Introduction
Few topics are as important as the physician–patient relationship. This relationship impacts the entire healthcare team. All healthcare professionals who interact with the patient must understand their responsibilities to both the patient and the physician. The patient’s right to confidentiality must always be paramount.
The first physicians were “medicine men,” witch doctors, or sorcerers. The physician–pa.
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docxglendar3
Running Head: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 1
MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 5
Term Paper “The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice”
Marilyn Diaz
Professor George Ackerman
PLA4522 Health Care Law
July 17th, 2019
Abstract
This paper explores “Medical Malpractice” in the field of law in detailed explanation. The paper begins with an introduction to medical malpractice giving statistics and data. Data from the European Union is used to give a detailed illustration. The introduction is followed by elements of medical malpractice lawsuit, defenses to a medical malpractice lawsuit, ways of avoiding a medical malpractice lawsuit and the policy of medical insurance. The method used to gather information was reading of various articles on the subject. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of medical malpractice cases. Results also revealed that some medical practitioners are using the defenses available in medical malpractice lawsuit to evade penalties. The study emphasizes on ways in which physicians can avoid malpractice by way of precautionary measures.
The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice
Introduction
Medical malpractice is a precise kind of negligence defined as an act of omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that departs from accepted standards of practice in the health sector and causes an injury to the patient (Bal, 2009). In the last decade, medical malpractice has increased in Europe to double-digit percentage i.e. >50% in Eastern States, Great Britain and the Baltic, a maximum three-digit percentage i.e. 200-500% in Mediterranean area, Germany, the Iberian countries and Italy. France and Scandinavian counties have seen reduction in malpractice because of simplification of procedures and exemplary innovations.
The Special Eurobarometer on Medical Error in 2006 revealed that 80% of EU citizens view medical error as a key issue and close to 50% believed they would be tangled in a case of medical malpractice. This revealed that the public has become aware that claims of medical malpractice against health practitioners can be successful. In Sweden and Denmark between 2005-2010, the ratio of approval for compensatory claims rose to 40%, the average settlement of around €30,000 per case in EU countries. The European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Standing Committee estimates cost of coverage to be in excess of 200%. Costs fluctuated between 9 and 15 euros per capita with Britain exhibiting the highest figures (Ferrara, 2013).
Elements of a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
The burden of proof in a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit lays on the plaintiff. The plaintiff needs to prove all the elements of medical malpractice in order to stand chance of success in a courtroom.
Existence of physician-patient relationship. Breach of duty of cared owed to patient by physician. Duty upheld at a professional standard of care. Duty of the physician to the patient established by the relationship. Patient sust.
In this presentation it has been tried to give a glimpse of different type of consent, how it should be taken, how the patient to be explained, when consent is must and conditions where consent is not required, so as to guide you in your every day practice.
an insight on medical negligence and certain techniques that can be adopted to ensure that such errors or mistakes can be avoided. Deliberately or not we must always ensure that proper healthcare is provided and received.
Review of the Saudi Guidelines for informed consent in Surgery as well as the international best practice guidelines for a better approach to Informed Consent in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship Learning Objectives After.docxalinainglis
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
· 1. Define the key terms.
· 2. Describe the rights a physician has when practicing medicine and when accepting a patient.
· 3. Discuss the nine principles of medical ethics as designated by the American Medical Association (AMA).
· 4. Summarize “A Patient’s Bill of Rights.”
· 5. Understand standard of care and how it is applied to the practice of medicine.
· 6. Discuss three patient self-determination acts.
· 7. Describe the difference between implied consent and informed consent.
Key Terms
Abandonment
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Advance directive
Against medical advice (AMA)
Agent
Consent
Do not resuscitate (DNR)
Durable power of attorney
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Implied consent
Informed (or expressed)
consent
Incompetent patient
In loco parentis
Living will
Minor
Noncompliant patient
Parens patriae authority
Privileged communication
Prognosis
Proxy
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
THE CASE OF DAVID Z. AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
David, who has suffered with ALS for 20 years, is now hospitalized in a private religious hospital on a respirator. He spoke with his physician before he became incapacitated and asked that he be allowed to die if the suffering became too much for him. The physician agreed that, while he would not give David any drugs to assist a suicide, he would discontinue David’s respirator if asked to do so. David has now indicated through a prearranged code of blinking eye movements that he wants the respirator discontinued. David had signed his living will before he became ill, indicating that he did not want extraordinary means keeping him alive.
The nursing staff has alerted the hospital administrator about the impending discontinuation of the respirator. The administrator tells the physician that this is against the hospital’s policy. She states that once a patient is placed on a respirator, the family must seek a court order to have him or her removed from this type of life support. In addition, it is against hospital policy to have any staff members present during such a procedure. After consulting with the family, the physician orders an ambulance to transport the patient back to his home, where the physician discontinues the life support.
· 1. What were the primary concerns of the hospital?
· 2. What was the physician’s primary concern?
· 3. When should the discussion about the patient’s future plans have taken place with the hospital administrator?
Introduction
Few topics are as important as the physician–patient relationship. This relationship impacts the entire healthcare team. All healthcare professionals who interact with the patient must understand their responsibilities to both the patient and the physician. The patient’s right to confidentiality must always be paramount.
The first physicians were “medicine men,” witch doctors, or sorcerers. The physician–pa.
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docxglendar3
Running Head: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 1
MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 5
Term Paper “The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice”
Marilyn Diaz
Professor George Ackerman
PLA4522 Health Care Law
July 17th, 2019
Abstract
This paper explores “Medical Malpractice” in the field of law in detailed explanation. The paper begins with an introduction to medical malpractice giving statistics and data. Data from the European Union is used to give a detailed illustration. The introduction is followed by elements of medical malpractice lawsuit, defenses to a medical malpractice lawsuit, ways of avoiding a medical malpractice lawsuit and the policy of medical insurance. The method used to gather information was reading of various articles on the subject. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of medical malpractice cases. Results also revealed that some medical practitioners are using the defenses available in medical malpractice lawsuit to evade penalties. The study emphasizes on ways in which physicians can avoid malpractice by way of precautionary measures.
The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice
Introduction
Medical malpractice is a precise kind of negligence defined as an act of omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that departs from accepted standards of practice in the health sector and causes an injury to the patient (Bal, 2009). In the last decade, medical malpractice has increased in Europe to double-digit percentage i.e. >50% in Eastern States, Great Britain and the Baltic, a maximum three-digit percentage i.e. 200-500% in Mediterranean area, Germany, the Iberian countries and Italy. France and Scandinavian counties have seen reduction in malpractice because of simplification of procedures and exemplary innovations.
The Special Eurobarometer on Medical Error in 2006 revealed that 80% of EU citizens view medical error as a key issue and close to 50% believed they would be tangled in a case of medical malpractice. This revealed that the public has become aware that claims of medical malpractice against health practitioners can be successful. In Sweden and Denmark between 2005-2010, the ratio of approval for compensatory claims rose to 40%, the average settlement of around €30,000 per case in EU countries. The European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Standing Committee estimates cost of coverage to be in excess of 200%. Costs fluctuated between 9 and 15 euros per capita with Britain exhibiting the highest figures (Ferrara, 2013).
Elements of a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
The burden of proof in a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit lays on the plaintiff. The plaintiff needs to prove all the elements of medical malpractice in order to stand chance of success in a courtroom.
Existence of physician-patient relationship. Breach of duty of cared owed to patient by physician. Duty upheld at a professional standard of care. Duty of the physician to the patient established by the relationship. Patient sust.
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docxtodd581
Running Head: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 1
MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 5
Term Paper “The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice”
Marilyn Diaz
Professor George Ackerman
PLA4522 Health Care Law
July 17th, 2019
Abstract
This paper explores “Medical Malpractice” in the field of law in detailed explanation. The paper begins with an introduction to medical malpractice giving statistics and data. Data from the European Union is used to give a detailed illustration. The introduction is followed by elements of medical malpractice lawsuit, defenses to a medical malpractice lawsuit, ways of avoiding a medical malpractice lawsuit and the policy of medical insurance. The method used to gather information was reading of various articles on the subject. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of medical malpractice cases. Results also revealed that some medical practitioners are using the defenses available in medical malpractice lawsuit to evade penalties. The study emphasizes on ways in which physicians can avoid malpractice by way of precautionary measures.
The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice
Introduction
Medical malpractice is a precise kind of negligence defined as an act of omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that departs from accepted standards of practice in the health sector and causes an injury to the patient (Bal, 2009). In the last decade, medical malpractice has increased in Europe to double-digit percentage i.e. >50% in Eastern States, Great Britain and the Baltic, a maximum three-digit percentage i.e. 200-500% in Mediterranean area, Germany, the Iberian countries and Italy. France and Scandinavian counties have seen reduction in malpractice because of simplification of procedures and exemplary innovations.
The Special Eurobarometer on Medical Error in 2006 revealed that 80% of EU citizens view medical error as a key issue and close to 50% believed they would be tangled in a case of medical malpractice. This revealed that the public has become aware that claims of medical malpractice against health practitioners can be successful. In Sweden and Denmark between 2005-2010, the ratio of approval for compensatory claims rose to 40%, the average settlement of around €30,000 per case in EU countries. The European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Standing Committee estimates cost of coverage to be in excess of 200%. Costs fluctuated between 9 and 15 euros per capita with Britain exhibiting the highest figures (Ferrara, 2013).
Elements of a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
The burden of proof in a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit lays on the plaintiff. The plaintiff needs to prove all the elements of medical malpractice in order to stand chance of success in a courtroom.
Existence of physician-patient relationship. Breach of duty of cared owed to patient by physician. Duty upheld at a professional standard of care. Duty of the physician to the patient established by the relationship. Patient sust.
Bottar Law, PLLC is Central New York's leading legal practice focused on Medical Malpractice, Wrongful Death, Birth Injuries and Severe or Complex Personal Injury Cases. Our attorneys have years of experience and are passionate about fighting for justice. The Firm has a proud history, having been established in 1983 and winning millions for thousands of clients ranging from those with severe injuries to families. Our success even extends to getting one of the largest personal injury verdicts in New York State history ($47.7 million).
There is a very real examples of law in Bangladesh for the Medical Practitioners. But Medical negligence is a continuous occurrence which has happened for the wrong treatment or inexperience of the Medical practitioners. It is an article on that.
this is a discussion not a paper I need a paragraph under each quest.docxabhi353063
this is a discussion not a paper I need a paragraph under each question. each paragraph need to be at least 250 words with up to date references.
HAS 515 Week 8 Lecture:
Patient Rights and Responsibilities and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Slide #
Scene/Interaction
Narration
Slide 1
Intro Slide
Slide 2
Scene 1
Professor Charles enters classroom and introduces the topics for today’s lesson and begins the lecture.
Prof Charles
: Hello everyone….welcome back to class. Today, we are going to discuss patient rights and responsibilities and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 (PSDA) made a significant advance in the protection of the rights of patients to make decisions regarding their own health care. Healthcare organizations may no longer passively permit patients to exercise their rights but must protect and promote such rights. The PSDA provides that each individual has a right under state law to make decisions concerning his or her medical care, including the right to accept or refuse medical or surgical treatment and the right to formulate advance directives.
Let’s first discuss the rights of the patient. How are patient rights classified?
Casey:
Patient rights may be classified as either legal (those emanating from law) or human statements of desirable ethical principles (such as the right to healthcare or the right to be treated with human dignity). Both staff and patients should be aware and understand not only their own rights and responsibilities, but also the rights and responsibilities of each other.
Donald
: Patients also have a right to receive a clear explanation of tests, diagnoses, treatment options, prescribed medications, and prognosis; participate in healthcare decisions; understand treatment options; and discontinue or refuse treatment options. It is recognized that the relationship between the physician and the patient is essential for the provision of proper care.
Casey
: In addition to what has already been noted, I would say that legal precedent has established that not only does the institution have responsibility to the patient, but also the patient has responsibility to the institution.
Prof. Charles
: Absolutely… What does the federal and state law and the Constitution have to say about discriminatory practices?
Casey
: Most federal, state and local programs specifically require, as a condition for receiving funds under such programs, an affirmative statement on the part of the organization that it will not discriminate. For example, Medicare and Medicaid programs specifically require affirmative assurances by healthcare organizations that no discrimination will be practiced. Healthcare organizations who do not comply may lose Medicare and Medicaid certification and reimbursement.
Prof. Charles
: Excellent. What is an example of discrimination by a hospital?
Donald:
There was a case,
Stoick v. Caro Community Hospital
, where the patient brought a medical ...
The objective of this presentation is to make you aware of issues which are generally confronted during medical practice.
SOURCES OF LAWS:
PRIMARY SOURCES
Laws passed by the Parliament or the State Legislative
Ordinances passed by the President and the Governor
Subordinate legislation: Rules and regulations made by the executive through the power delegated to them by the Acts.
SECONDARY SOURCES:
Judgments of the Supreme Court, High Court and Tribunals (The ratio decedendi is a binding precedent)
Judicial legislation
Judgment of Foreign Courts
International Treaty
Chapter 18
Legal Reporting Requirements
Learning Objectives
Describe various forms of child abuse, how to recognize it, and reporting requirements.
Describe various forms of elder abuse, how to recognize it, and reporting requirements.
Explain why it is important to report communicable diseases, adverse drug reactions, & infectious diseases.
Learning Objectives (cont’d)
Discuss the importance of reporting births and deaths.
Explain how & why physician incompetency is reported.
Understand the importance of incident reporting, sentinel events, & the purpose of root cause analyses.
Abuse
Abuse in the healthcare setting often occurs to those who are most vulnerable and dependent on others for care.
Abuse can take many forms, such as physical, psychological, medical, and financial.
Abuse is not always easy to identify because injuries can often be attributed to other causes.
Child Abuse
Intentional serious mental, emotional, sexual, &/or physical injury inflicted by family or other person responsible for care.
Child Abuse Prevention & Treatment Act (CAPTA)
Minimum standards states must incorporate in their statutory definitions of child abuse and neglect.
Child Abuse
Who Should Report
Healthcare setting
Administrators, physicians, interns, registered nurses, chiropractors, social service workers, psychologists, dentists, osteopaths, optometrists, podiatrists, mental health professionals, & volunteers in residential facilities
Penalties for failure to report
States vary on penalties
Child Abuse
How to Detect
Indicators of abuse and maltreatment that appear to be part of a pattern
Physical indicators
Bruises
Sprains
Fractures
Cigarette burns
Child Abuse
How to Detect (cont’d)
Behavioral indicators
Diminished psychological or intellectual functioning
Failure to thrive
No control of aggression
Self-destructive impulses
Decreased ability to think and reason
Acting out and misbehavior, or habitual truancy
Child Abuse (cont’d)
Good faith reporting
Psychologist Immune to Liability
Failure to report child abuse
Psychologist’s Failure to Report Abuse
Nurse’s Failure to Document and Report
Physician Entitled to Immunity
Child Abuse Can Be Elusive
Senior Abuse
Mistreatment: Results in Harm or Loss
It can involve
Physical & Sexual Abuse
Domestic & Psychological Abuse
Financial abuse
Neglect
Failure to provide needed care
Senate Select Committee on Aging
Less Likely to be Reported than Child Abuse
Most Instances of Senior Abuse
Repeated Events
Not One-Time Occurrences
Senate Select Committee on Aging (cont’d)
Victims are often 75 years of age or older, & women more likely to be abused than men.
Seniors often ashamed to admit their loved ones abuse them.
may fear reprisals if they complain.
Family members are resentful of a frail & dependent senior parent.
Majority of abusers are relatives.
Signs of Senior Abuse
Unexplained or Unexpected Death
Development of “Pressure S ...
Similar to Medical Negligence Private Practice (20)
Managing the unexpected in
a healthcare organisation is a
challenging and arduous task.
Experience of other
industries like aviation, nuclear
power etc. have proved that
it is possible to achieve this.
Hospital administrator should
ensure that clear, early,
complete and simple financial
communication is provided
both at the admission and
at the discharge occasion to
create patient-friendly financial
services for customer delight.
This effort shall enhance
both the brand value and
bottom line of the healthcare
organisation
Manpower is a
Health care organisation’s greatest asset and the development
of this asset is critical for
continued financial health of
the organisation
Health care organisation should provide top priority to the health hazards resulting from use of malfunctioning equipment in the present era of medical
device driven healthcare.
Clinical Audit is a method of confirming the quality of clinical services and identify the need for improvement. A skill hospital administrator should learn and practice.
Medication error is a most common problem in a health care organisation.Its prevention can improve patient satisfaction,organisation brand value and bottom line.
The implementation of Risk management in a health care organisation ensure safe health care,increased patient satisfaction , improved bottom line and brand value.
Suicide in a hospital is known risk factor and recognized as sentinel event by JCI &NABH. Health care provider should know what to do in a post suicdide scenario.
In the present era of Pvt Health care industry in India with rising penetration of health care insurance,the need of Revenue Cycle Management is of paramount importance for organisation bottom line
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
Medical Negligence Private Practice
1. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE- PROBLEMS IN PRIVATE PRACTICE DR. A. K. KHANDELWAL MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT Paramount Hospital CONSULTANT IN HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT NABH ASSESSOR
2. INTRODUCTION The Doctor patient relationship in our country has undergone a sea change in the last decade and a half. The lucky doctors of the past were treated like God and people revered and respected them. Aryans embodied the rule that, Vaidyo narayano harihi (which means doctors are equivalent to Lord Vishnu). We witness today a fast pace of commercialization and globalization on all spheres of life and the medical profession is no exception to these phenomena .
3.
4. Section 304-A of IPC is a sword hanging above the doctor, working both in government hospitals and in the private sectors. Doctors are considered as soft targets by the law enforcing agencies and being harassed by unsatisfied patients. Moreover complainants often use criminal cases to pressurize medical professionals and to extract unjust compensation
5. Allegations of rashness or negligence are often raised against doctors by persons without adequate medical knowledge, to extract unjust compensation. This results in serious embarrassment and harassment to doctors who are forced to seek bail to escape arrest. If bail is not granted, they will have to suffer incarceration. They may be exonerated of the charges at the end; but in the meantime they would have suffered a loss of reputation
6. Public awareness of medical negligence in India is growing. Hospital managements are increasingly facing complaints regarding the Facilities, Standards of professional competence, and The appropriateness of their therapeutic and diagnostic methods.
7. Currently, approximately 10,000-15,000 medico-legal cases are pending in various courts of our country, a rise of almost 25 per cent in the last five years. (2005) Worldwide and in India, gynaecologists and obstetricians top the chart when it comes to the number of cases filed against medicos. Anaesthesiologists and ophthalmologists follow.
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11. A- AWARENES OF NEGLIGENCY B-BUILD STRONG STRUCTURE, PROCESS, C- COMMUNICATION D-DOCUMENTATION E-EMPHATHETIC ATTITUDE ABC FOR DEALING WITH COMPLAINT OF NEGLIGENCE
12. AWARENESS Healthcare institutions of today are complex matrix organisations. Errors are bound to occur in any complex human endeavour, and healthcare is no exception Around 100 000 patients a year die from preventable errors in hospitals in America . Medical error is the third most frequent cause of death in Britain after cancer and heart disease and kills four times more people than die from all other types of accidents Be careful and implement Risk Management Strategy to minimize error/negligency
13. BUILDING OF STRONG STRUCTURE Man power- Right Man at Right Place Method- Right Method Machine-Right Machine Material-Right and adequate
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15. DOCUMENTAION ( l) A complete history with a description of the present ailment or injury, recorded as nearly as possible in the patient's words; (2) The report of a physical examination revealing objective findings regarding objective complaints and including significant negatives; (3) A record of diagnostic tests and all similar reports received concerning the patient;
16. ( 4) An impression or a diagnosis (when a physician is able to form only an impression in the absence of additional diagnostic procedures, the word "diagnosis" should be avoided); (5) A record of treatment, with medications prescribed and procedures recommended or performed; and (6) The patient's response to treatment along with any indicated alterations in the treatment plan. (7)Please make sure that your handwriting is legible
17. EMPHATHY The human face of medical care decides the patient’s /attendant’s reaction towards on medical mishap/untoward reaction. The whole system of medical establishment should made courteous, and polite. The special training should be imported to staffs from HRD experts about dealing with patients/relatives under grievous mental stress due to some loss/injury.
18. DEALING WITH MEDIA Often doctors are hounded by the media for an alleged case of medical negligence. The first issue that needs to be addressed is when a reporter wants to have your version of alleged act(s) of negligence committed by you. The answers are not easy but some guidelines are possible.