This document discusses different types of media including magazines and posters. It describes magazines as being categorized into consumer, trade/professional, and house organ types. Magazine circulation is paid, free, or controlled. The earliest magazines date back to the 1600s and new types continued to emerge throughout history. Posters also evolved over time, first being used to advertise and recruit for wars, and now primarily for commercial advertising purposes. Key developments included the invention of lithography and its use in colorful poster design in the late 1800s.

1. Media timeline
Steph Webb

2. Magazines

3. Types of magazines
• Consumer: Magazines targeting general reading
audiences who are sections of the general public with
individual/specific interests.
• Trade and Professional: Magazines targeting people
working in trades, businesses and professional fields.
• House Organ: Published by for-profit and not-for-profit
organizations such as companies, special interest groups
for their customers, employees, clients and members.

4. Types of circulation
• Paid circulation: The magazine is sold to readers for a
price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription,
where an annual fee is paid and issues are sent by mail to
readers.
• Free circulation: There is no cover price and issues are
given away.
• Controlled circulation: Usually industry-based
publications distributed only to qualifying readers, often
for free and determined by some form of survey – this
was the most popular use of circulation prior to the
development of the web 2.0.

5. First magazines
• 1663 – World’s first magazine published in Germany. It
was called ‘Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen’.
• 1731 - The first modern general-interest magazine, ’The
Gentleman's Magazine’ was published in England.
• 1770 - The first women's magazine, The Lady's
Magazine was published.
• 1896 - The first pulp fiction magazines are printed on
cheap wood pulp paper with ragged untrimmed edges.
• 1923 – ‘Time’ - the first U.S. newsmagazine, is started by
Henry Luce.
• 1933 - ’Esquire’ is the first men's magazine.
• 1944 - Seventeen is the first magazine devoted to
adolescents.

6. Posters

7. Development of the poster
• The Poster was one of the earliest forms of advertisement and
began to develop as a medium for visual communication in
the early 19th century.
• The poster quickly spread around the world and became a
staple of the graphic design trade.
• They were used to promote various political parties, recruit
soldiers, advertise products and spread ideas to the general
public.
• Even with the popularity of the internet posters are still being
created every single day for all sorts of reasons.

8. Birth of the poster
• 1798 - Lithography was invented. It was at first too slow and
expensive for poster production. Most posters were
woodblocks or metal engravings with little colour or design.
• This all changed with Cheret’s "three stone lithographic
process," a breakthrough which allowed artists to
achieve every colour in the rainbow with as little as
three stones.
• Starting in the 1870s in Paris, it became the dominant
means of mass communication in the rapidly growing
cities of Europe and America.

9. Helping out
• 1914 – It was highly difficult to encourage men to sign
up into the army due to the increase of casualties.
Posters were created to inspire or ‘shame’ men into
signing up.
• 1914 – Alfred Leete’s image of England’s secretary of
State for War was designed to be pointing at the
person reading it.
• 1917 – James Montgomery Flagg’s magazine cover of
Uncle Sam was circulated on 4 million posters.
• WW2 – Women were portrayed by J Howard Miller as
‘strong and capable’.

10. Posters in today’s time
• Posters are still seen frequently. They are used purely for
advertising and grabbing the attention of the target audience.
• Nowadays it is a lot cheaper for companies/individuals to
produce a poster. There are more ways in which they can be
designed i.e. by a computer. It is also less time-consuming yet
still works effectively.
• They’re seen in the majority of places and are placed in areas in
which the target audiences would commonly be seen i.e.
cinemas or on the streets (bus stops, shop
windows etc).