Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are two main types - type 1 where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2 where the body becomes insulin resistant. Blood sugar levels are normally regulated by insulin produced by the pancreas in response to food, but diabetes disrupts this process. Complications of diabetes can include damage to organs and nerves over time if blood sugar levels are not properly managed.

1. Diabetes
Created By JAI KUMAR PANTHI
M e l l i t u s

2. Contents
What is Blood Sugar level
Regulation Of Blood Sugar level
Oral GTT
Glycosuria
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Related Conditions

3. Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated
blood sugar levels. It occurs when the body has trouble regulating
insulin, a hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar.
There are two main types of diabetes:
Type 1 , where the body doesn't produce insulin.
Type 2, where the body becomes resistant to insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition of

4. Blood sugar level
Blood sugar level
Blood sugar level
Diabetes Mellitus
Blood sugar levels, also known as blood glucose levels, refer to the concentration of
glucose (a type of sugar) present in the bloodstream. These levels are essential for
maintaining overall health, as glucose serves as the primary source of energy for the
body's cells, particularly the brain.
General Description

5. Value of Blood Sugar Level
Diabetes Mellitus
70 to 100 milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL)
Less than 140 mg/dL
Normal
100 to 125 mg/dL
140 to 199 mg/dL
Prediabetes
126 mg/dL or higher on
two separate tests
200 mg/dL or higher
Diabetes
Fasting Blood Sugar (measured after at least 8 hours of fasting)
Post-Meal Blood Sugar (measured 1-2 hours after eating)
Fasting Blood Sugar
1.
2.Post-Meal Blood Sugar

6. Regulation of Blood Sugar Levels
Diabetes Mellitus
The pancreas plays a central role in blood sugar regulation. It contains
clusters of cells called the Islets of Langerhans, which include beta cells.
These cells produce insulin in response to rising blood sugar levels.
Pancreas
When you eat carbohydrates (sugars and starches), they are broken
down into glucose, which enters your bloodstream. In response, the
pancreas releases insulin. Insulin acts like a key, allowing glucose to
enter your cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for later use
Insulin
The liver can store glucose as glycogen when blood sugar levels are
high and release it into the bloodstream when levels drop. This helps
maintain stable blood sugar during periods of fasting or between
meals
Liver
Blood sugar regulation is tightly controlled by your body
to maintain stable levels. Here's an overview of
how this regulation works:

7. When blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases another hormone called glucagon. Glucagon signals
the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar
levels.
Glucagon
Specialized cells in your body can detect changes in blood sugar levels and send signals to the pancreas to
adjust insulin and glucagon secretion accordingly.
Sensory
feedback
Diabetes Mellitus

8. Oral GTT
Oral GTT
Oral GTT
Diabetes Mellitus
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is
a medical test used to assess how your
body processes glucose (sugar). It is
often used to diagnose conditions like
diabetes and gestational diabetes.
General Description
Glucose Tolerance Test

9. Procedure Oral GTT
Diabetes Mellitus
The patient who is scheduled for oral GTT is instructed to eat a high carbohydrate diet for at least 3 days prior to the
test, and come after an overnight fast on the day of the test.
A fasting blood glucose sample is first drawn.
Then 75 g of glucose (or 1.75 g per kg body weight) dissolved in 300 mL of water is given orally.
After giving glucose, blood and urine specimens are collected at half hourly intervals for at least 2 hours.
Blood glucose content is measured and urine is tested for glycosuria.
A curve is plotted for time against blood glucose concentration and is called glucose tolerance curve.

10. 1 hr 2 hr
250
200
150
100
50
0
Normal Person Criteria for diagnosing diabetes
Fasting <110mg/dl >126 mg/dL
1 hour (peak) after glucose <160mg/dl Not prescribed
2 hours after glucose <140mg/dl >200 mg/dL
Graph of Oral GTT
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetic Mellitus
Impaired GT
Normal

11. Glycosuria
Glycosuria
Glycosuria
Diabetes Mellitus
General Description

12. Cause Of Glycosuria
Diabetes Mellitus
Conditions with problems using or making the hormone insulin
Conditions with the kidney where the tubules are damaged, or other kidney defects
Eating more sugars than the body can process at once

13. Diabetes related
Diabetes related
Diabetes related
conditions
conditions
conditions
Diabetes Mellitus
Some common diabetes-related conditions and complications include:
"Diabetes-related conditions" refers to medical issues or complications
that are associated with diabetes or can result from having diabetes.
People with diabetes have an increased risk of heart disease,
including coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery
disease.
Cardiovascular
Disease

14. This is nerve damage that can cause symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain, often
affecting the feet and hands.
Diabetic
Neuropathy
High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision problems
and potential blindness.
Diabetic
Retinopathy
Diabetes can damage the kidneys over time, potentially leading to kidney disease or kidney
failure.
Diabetic
Nephropathy
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Low blood sugar levels can occur as a result of diabetes medications or insulin therapy, leading
to symptoms like confusion, dizziness, and unconsciousness if not treated promptly.
Prolonged high blood sugar levels can lead to acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis
(DKA) , which are medical emergencies.

15. People with diabetes may be more susceptible to certain infections, including skin infections
and urinary tract infections
Infections
Living with diabetes can be emotionally challenging and may lead to mental health issues such
as depression and anxiety.
Depression and
Anxiety
Diabetes Mellitus
Foot
Complications
Nerve damage and poor blood flow can result in foot problems, including ulcers and infections
Gastroparesis This condition affects the stomach's ability to empty properly and can lead to digestive
problems like nausea and vomiting.

16. End of
Presentation
Diabetes Mellitus
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