This document discusses maturity indices for various fruits. Maturity indices provide measurable signs that indicate when fruits have reached optimal harvest quality. Common indices include changes in shape, color, firmness, sugar and acid levels. For climacteric fruits like mango, guava, papaya and banana, indices include natural fruit drop from trees, color changes, and number of days from flowering. For non-climacteric fruits like pineapple, avocado and grapes, indices are flattening of parts, oil content, easy detachment and color changes. Harvest times from flowering or pruning are provided for many fruits.
Guava a common man’s fruit commonly called the “apple of the tropics” is cultivated or grown wild throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Production of guava in India increased from 10.15 lakh tonnes in 1989 - 90 to 18.50 lakh tonnes in 2000 – 01, then 2571.3 thousand MT in 2013.
Guava is one of the richest sources of vitamin C (200 to 400 mg per 100 g fresh weight) and some cultivars are also rich in vitamin A.
Guava fruit consists of about 20% peel, 50% fleshy portion, and 30% seed core.
Guava a common man’s fruit commonly called the “apple of the tropics” is cultivated or grown wild throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Production of guava in India increased from 10.15 lakh tonnes in 1989 - 90 to 18.50 lakh tonnes in 2000 – 01, then 2571.3 thousand MT in 2013.
Guava is one of the richest sources of vitamin C (200 to 400 mg per 100 g fresh weight) and some cultivars are also rich in vitamin A.
Guava fruit consists of about 20% peel, 50% fleshy portion, and 30% seed core.
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
The stage of maturity is utmost important for the harvesting of any crop. and for horticultural and plantation crops, its like the very life of those crops
Introduction of fruits.
Major fruit producing countries.
Important cultivated fruits of world.
Status of fruit production in world.
Major states of fruit producing in India.
Status of India in fruit production.
Major cultivated fruits in India.
Conclusion
Reference
Maturity standards of fruits A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri E...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Maturity standards of fruits A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
The stage of maturity is utmost important for the harvesting of any crop. and for horticultural and plantation crops, its like the very life of those crops
Introduction of fruits.
Major fruit producing countries.
Important cultivated fruits of world.
Status of fruit production in world.
Major states of fruit producing in India.
Status of India in fruit production.
Major cultivated fruits in India.
Conclusion
Reference
Maturity standards of fruits A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri E...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Maturity standards of fruits A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Maturity Indices Of Fruit And Vegetable.pptxAnuDasanya
Maturity Indices Of Fruits And Vegetables:
What Is Maturity In Fruits And Vegetables ?
It is the stage of fully development of tissue of fruit and vegetables only after which it will ripen normally.
The maturity indices are measurements that can be used to determine whether the commodity is mature. (The sign or indication the readiness of the commodity for harvest).
Maturity Indices:
Shape
Skin color
Size
Aroma
Firmness
Moisture content
Sugars
Juice content
Starch content
Acidity
Oil content
Leaf changes
Optical methods
Specific gravity
Mango:- Correct maturity characteristics: Change in fruit shape (fullness of cheek). Change in skin color from dark green to light green to yellow. White powdery appearance on fruit surface. Decrease acidity. Increase aroma and volatile compounds. Total soluble solids (TSS): 12% - 15%. Problems with incorrect maturity indices: Mushy Flesh -very soft and mushy texture. Oozing liquid - thick or sticky liquid oozes from its skin. Large black areas on the skin - the fruit starts to turn black. Mold grows on the fruit. A sour or alcoholic smell from the fruit.
Pineapple:- Correct maturity characteristics: Change of shell color from green to yellow from base of the fruit. Internal appearance: yellowish – white flesh color. Shape : Cylindrical shape. Moisture content : above 85%. Total soluble solid (TSS) : 12% - 14%. High sugar and acidity content. Decrease firmness. Problems with incorrect maturity indices: Loose moisture and drying out the fruit. Looking old and brown. Disappear sweet aroma and have a pungent sour smell.Appear Yellow and dark spots.Apple:- Correct maturity characteristics: Color change green to light red color. Change in seed color to light brown.Moisture content : above 85%Juice content : 58.5%Sugar content : above 13%
Flesh firmness.Problems with incorrect maturity indices:Appear dullness in fruit.Soft and mushy texture in fruit.Appear soft spots and wrinkled skin.Oozing liquid from its skin.Low firmness.Tomato:- Correct maturity characteristics:Change color green to red.Size : about 50mm to 70mm.Shape is well round.Firmness is soft but not too soft.Have smooth skin.Have unique flavor.Total soluble solid (TSS) : 4.3% in harvest stage.
Problems with incorrect maturity indices:Dullness in color.
Mold spots grows on the fruit.Misshapen fruit.Cracking and splitting.
Okra (lady’s fingers):- Correct maturity characteristics:Change color to bright green.Pod is fleshy,straight.Seeds are small.Size : 3 to 4 inches long.High moisture contentProblems with incorrect maturity indices:Decrease green color and mucilage content.Dehydrate pods.Brown and black discoloration.Loss of fresh appearance.Tough and stringy.
Cabbage:-Correct maturity characteristics:Change color outer from dark to pale green and inside pale green or white.Shape is round and pointed shape.Have high moisture content.Cabbage may be harvested as small as 110cm size and continued until 15cm – 25cm.
Harvesting methods and Postharvest handling of Fruits and.pptxPreranaBhoi
In agriculture, maturity indices are parameters used to assess the developmental stage and readiness of crops for harvest. These indices can include factors like color, size, firmness, and sugar content for fruits, or seed color and moisture content for grains. Monitoring these indices helps farmers determine the optimal time to harvest for maximum quality and yield.Maturity indices for fruits vary depending on the type of fruit, but common indicators include:
1. **Color:** Look for changes in the fruit's color, which often indicates ripeness. For example, green apples turning red.
2. **Firmness:** Assess the fruit's firmness; it should be neither too hard nor too soft. This varies among different fruits.
3. **Size and Shape:** Consider the typical size and shape of the mature fruit. Deviations may indicate ripeness.
4. **Aroma:** Some fruits emit a characteristic aroma when fully ripe. Smelling the fruit can be a good indicator.
5. **Sound:** For fruits like melons, a dull, hollow sound when tapped can suggest ripeness.
6. **Taste:** The sweetness or flavor profile can change as fruits ripen, so tasting a sample can help determine maturity.
Monitoring these indices collectively assists in harvesting fruits at their peak quality and flavor.
Post-harvest management is crucial to preserve the quality and extend the shelf life of agricultural produce. Key practices include:
1. **Sorting and Grading:** Separate produce based on size, quality, and ripeness to ensure uniformity and facilitate handling.
2. **Cleaning:** Remove dirt and debris to prevent the growth of microorganisms and maintain product freshness.
3. **Packaging:** Use appropriate packaging materials to protect against physical damage, dehydration, and contamination. Different fruits and vegetables may require specific packaging.
4. **Temperature Control:** Maintain optimal storage temperatures to slow down ripening and reduce decay. Cold storage or refrigeration is common for many fruits and vegetables.
5. **Humidity Control:** Adjust humidity levels in storage facilities to prevent wilting or excessive moisture, depending on the produce.
6. **Ventilation:** Ensure proper air circulation to control temperature and humidity and prevent the buildup of ethylene gas.
7. **Ethylene Control:** Manage ethylene, a natural plant hormone, as it can accelerate ripening. Some fruits are sensitive to ethylene and should be stored separately.
8. **Quality Monitoring:** Regularly inspect produce for signs of decay, and remove damaged items to prevent the spread of spoilage.
9. **Transportation:** Handle produce carefully during transportation to minimize bruising and damage. Use suitable transportation methods, such as refrigerated trucks for perishable items.
10. **Market Timing:** Time the entry of produce into the market to align with demand and maximize profitability.
Effective post-harvest management practices contribute to reducing losses, maintaining quality, and ensuring that
INTRODUCTION -
The source of sugar can be stems or underground roots.
Two principle source of sugar are Sugarcane & sugar beet.
Also called as industrial plants
The sources of storage sugars are;
Stems- Sugarcane, Sugar maple
Roots- Beets, carrots
Flowers- palm
SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum)
SYSTEMATIC POSIYION –
Class- Liliopsida
Order- Poales
Family- Poaceae
Genus- Saccharum
Species- officinarum
Vernacular name- Ganna
Botanical & ecological description of sugarcane, SUGARCANE GROWING REGIONS, Cultivation of sugarcane, Processing of sugarcane, Uses of sugarcane
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) - SYSTEMATIC POSITION-
Family-Amaranthaceae
Genus- Beta
Species- vulgaris
Vernacular name- chukandar
Cultivation of Sugar beet , harvesting of Sugar beet , Processing of sugar extraction from Sugar beet, By-products of Sugar beet, Uses of sugar beet,
PALMYRA PALM- Manufacture OF Jaggery
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) -
SYSTEMATIC POSITION-
Class - Magnoliopsida
Order- Solanales
Family-Convolvulaceae
Genus –Ipomoea
Species- batatas
USES OF SWEET POTATO,
Stevia rebaudiana- USEs OF STEVIA
Other sugars, Importance of sugar
Similar to Maturity indices climacteric and non-climacteric fruits (20)
Cryopreservation techniques in fruit cropsEkvVenkatraj
Cryopreservation
Cryo is Greek word (krayos means “frost”).
It means preservation in “frozen state”.
Principle – to bring plant cells or tissue to zero metabolism and non dividing state by reducing the temperature in the presence of cryoprotectant.
Materials :
Over solid carbon dioxide (at -79 degree).
Low temperature deep freezer (at -80 degree).
In vapour phase Nitrogen (at -150 degree).
In liquid nitrogen (at -196 degree).
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Maturity indices
These are measurable points which give notion of
harvesting which ensures quality of produce.
3. Commonly use maturity indices
Attainment of proper shape
Change of peel colour to greenish yellow, purple red,
orange, brown characteristic to variety
Change of pulp colour
Decrease in firmness
Decrease in starch content
Decrease in acidity
Increase in sugar
4. Maturity indices (Climacteric fruits)
Mango
one or two ripe fruits fall from the plant naturally (tapka
stage)
Guava
green firm fruit
Time required from flowering to maturity :- 130 – 150 days
Papaya
Fruits take 145-165 days to attain edible ripe stage
light green with ting of yellow at apical end
Banana
top leaves start drying,
days from flower emergence,
disappearance of angles
5. Jackfruit
Fruit set to maturity :- 120 -140 days
flattening of spines on the rind and
thickening of latex
Fig
opening of ostiole
disappearance of milky latex
Sapota
Takes 210 – 300 days from anthesis to maturity of fruits
fruits at maturity develop a dull orange or potato colour with
a yellowing tinge,
brown scruff get on the surface and no green tissue and milky
latex content is reduced, the dried spine like stigma at tip of
fruits falls or drops off easily when touched.
6. Apple
iodine test
Peach
fruit take 10-11 weeks to reach the stage harvest maturity
from fruit set.
Plum
Fruit reaches ripening stage in 12 weeks after fruitset.
Custard apple
fruit colour changes into light green
development of yellowish white into tubercles
7. Maturity indices (Non-clamacteric
fruits)
Pineapple
pineapple ready for harvesting : 15-22 months
flattening of fruit lets (eyes)
Avacado
oil content
Grapes
ready for harvest 100 – 120 days after pruning
easy detachment of berries from stem pulling
formation of waxy layer on berry skin
Litchi
times required to mature from fruit set : 50-60 days
colour change of fruits
8. Cherry
dark or maroon colour
TSS – 17-18%
Strawberry
fruits are generally harvested when half to three quarter of the
skin develop colour.
Aonla
change in seed colour from creamy white to brown
Pomegranate
fruits ready for harvesting in 120 – 130 days after fruit set
Ber
maturity takes 150-175 days after flowering
Jamun
105 to 110 days after flowering during June - July
