It is mainly a college presentation based on 'parental care in amphibia'. In this ppt, I discussed about parental care, basic facts of amphibia, the types and benefits of parental care taken by amphibia
Welcome to the fascinating world of reproduction in animals! In this chapter, we delve into the essential processes that ensure the continuation of life. Reproduction, the biological phenomenon that gives rise to new generations, comes in various forms. From the simple and efficient asexual reproduction to the complex and diverse realm of sexual reproduction, animals have evolved unique strategies to perpetuate their species.
As we journey through this chapter, we'll explore the mechanisms of asexual reproduction, where a single parent can give rise to offspring with identical genetic traits. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the intricate dance between male and female gametes, contributing to the creation of offspring with a blend of characteristics from both parents.
Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the male and female reproductive systems, understand the significance of gametes, and explore the miraculous process of fertilization. Join us as we venture into the captivating world of reproduction in animals, where life's intricate tapestry is woven through the delicate threads of birth, growth, and continuity.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
It is mainly a college presentation based on 'parental care in amphibia'. In this ppt, I discussed about parental care, basic facts of amphibia, the types and benefits of parental care taken by amphibia
Welcome to the fascinating world of reproduction in animals! In this chapter, we delve into the essential processes that ensure the continuation of life. Reproduction, the biological phenomenon that gives rise to new generations, comes in various forms. From the simple and efficient asexual reproduction to the complex and diverse realm of sexual reproduction, animals have evolved unique strategies to perpetuate their species.
As we journey through this chapter, we'll explore the mechanisms of asexual reproduction, where a single parent can give rise to offspring with identical genetic traits. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the intricate dance between male and female gametes, contributing to the creation of offspring with a blend of characteristics from both parents.
Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the male and female reproductive systems, understand the significance of gametes, and explore the miraculous process of fertilization. Join us as we venture into the captivating world of reproduction in animals, where life's intricate tapestry is woven through the delicate threads of birth, growth, and continuity.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. CONTENTS
What is matting behavior?
Matting behavior in frogs and toads
Matting behavior in salamanders and newts
Matting behavior in Caecilians
3. WHAT IS MATTING BEHAVIOR?
The activities that are involved in reproduction, including
courtship, mate selection and copulation.
Courtship is the suite of behaviors displayed by an
individual to attract and reproduce with an individual of
opposite sex.
Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two
sexually reproducing animals for insemination and
subsequent internal fertilization.
Mating is the pairing of opposite sex for the purpose of
sexual reproduction.
4. AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians are four-limbed and
ectothermic vertebrates.
They inhabit a wide variety of
habitats, with most species living
within terrestrial, fossorial or
freshwater aquatic ecosystems.
Modern amphibians belong to
three orders: Caudata, the
salamanders; Anura, the frogs
and toads; and Gymnophiona, the
caecilians.
8. MATTING BEHAVIOR IN FROGS
The common frog (Rana
temporaria) It can start mating as
early as late January or February,
depending on the weather.
Male frogs croak to attract a mate
and to compete against other nearby
males. Each species has a unique
call, ranging from melodic trills to
repetitive croaks.
When the male has selected a mate, it
uses swollen nuptial pads on its
forelegs to grasp the female, in a
mating behaviour known as
‘amplexus’.
9. The male fertilizes the eggs
externally as the female lays
them. Spawning mostly occurs
at night and is rapid, lasting
seconds.
The female lays up to 2000
eggs in a gelatinous mass
called spawn. The spawn takes
on water and develops into
clear jelly with black centres.
Spawn takes 8–10 days to
hatch.
10. Bombay night frog(Nyctibatrachus humayuni)
The female frogs also call which may serve to
stimulate the males or to signal their receptivity.
The male does not clasp the female, but rests
his hands on nearby substrates such as leaves,
branches. He also does not release his sperm
near the female’s cloaca but on her back.
The female lays her eggs on a leaf or branch
overhanging water. The sperm trickles down
her back and fertilizes the eggs as they are laid
It may have evolved to reduce the risk of
predation, parasitism or competition from other
males.
11. TOADS
The common toad (Bufo bufo) is a later
breeder than the common frog. It usually mates
from March to April.
The male toads produce a high-pitched trill to
attract females.
Toads do not have nuptial pads, but use their
rear legs to kick away rival males
Toads lay their eggs in long strings or chains.
Toads secrete an irritant substance from their
skin and puff themselves up to deter predators
when they are mating.
12. Red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
The male pheromones are produced by
the mental gland, located under the male
salamander's chin.
The male delivers pheromones directly
to the female.
No copulation occur. Males produce a
pyramidal, gelatinous spermatophore
that is capped with sperm and deposited
on the substrate.
Females pick up the sperm cap with the
cloaca and store the sperm in a special
pouch, the spermatheca. Eggs are
fertilized as they pass through the cloaca
and are usually deposited singly, in
clumps, or in strings
13. Depending on the species,
newts may have different
courtship behaviors.
Some species, such as
the California newt and
the rough-skinned newt,
conduct a mating dance.
Other species, such as
the alpine newt and
the smooth newt, rely on
pheromones to attract females..
14. Caecilians
Caecilians are limbless, mostly blind
amphibians that belong to the order
Gymnophiona.
They have a variety of reproductive
modes, ranging from laying eggs
that hatch into aquatic larvae, to
giving birth to live young.
15. MEXICAN CAECILIAN
Mexican caecilian (Dermophis
mexicanus), gives birth to live
young.
Courtship behavior involves tactile
stimulation.
The male uses a phallodeum, to
transfer sperm into the female’s
reproductive tract.
Larval stages are often passed
within the oviducts, where they
scrape the inner lining of the
oviducts with fetal teeth to feed.
Young emerge from the female as
miniature adults.
16. RINGED CAECILIAN
This is a ringed caecilian (Siphonops
annulatus), lays eggs.
The male caecilian produces a pheromone
from his cloaca that attracts females. He
also displays his bright orange belly to the
female as he moves his tail from side to
side. He then places a spermatophore on
the substrate.
The female then lays her eggs in a moist
burrow. The female guards her clutch of
eggs in a moist burrow until they hatch.
17. CONTINUE……
Juveniles have a special tooth on
their lower jaw that helps them
break out of the egg membrane.
The mother produces a special
layer of skin that is rich in lipids
for the young to eat. The young
have specialized teeth that allow
them to scrape off the skin from
their mother’s back immediately
after hatching.
