The document discusses Hilbert's view that unsolved mathematical problems are essential for advancing the field, as they test new methods and ideas and can lead to new discoveries and applications. He cites examples throughout history where difficult problems inspired major developments, such as the problem of the shortest line influencing many areas of math and Klein's work on the icosahedron connecting geometry, group theory, and more. Hilbert argues that unsolved problems keep mathematics alive and ensure its continued independent development.