SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of pcr in the molecular diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infecti...Open Access Research Paper
Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a common pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is estimated that worldwide 180 million people are infected annually. Trichomoniasis is associated with vaginitis, cervicitis, low birth weight, and preterm delivery. PCR has the advantage of high sensitivity, shorter time for diagnosis and the ability to detect nonviable or defective organism. In this study we used these three methods for evaluation of PCR in comparison with conventional methods like wet mount and culture in the detection of T. vaginalis in vaginal discharge. Three vaginal swab specimens were obtained from each of 200 cases, of the age group 18-40years, both symptomatic and asymptomatic females attending Gynaecology OPD(50) and Family planning OPD(50) at Gandhi hospital, Secunderabadand two FSW(Female sex workers) clinics (100) in highly concentrated areas of them in Hyderabad, for validation of various forms of Trichomonas vaginalis diagnostic procedures. One swab was immediately examined by wetmount microscopy, a second swab was placed in Wittington’s medium for cultivation, and other swab is placed in 2SP transport medium for PCR for T.vaginalis. A total of 58 samples positive in one or more tests were identified: 11 (5.5%) infections were detected by wet mount microscopy, and 30 (15%) positives in culture respectively. PCR was positive in 50 (25%) samples. PCR appears to be the most sensitive method with high detection rate and method of choice for detection of genital infections with T. vaginalis.
Genotyping and subgenotyping of Trichophyton rubrum isolated from dermatophyt...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Rapid identification of dermatophyte species by 28S rDNA Polymerase Chain Rea...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Assignment 2 Tests of SignificanceThroughout this assignmen.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Tests of Significance
Throughout this assignment you will review mock studies. You will needs to follow the directions outlined in the section using SPSS and decide whether there is significance between the variables. You will need to list the five steps of hypothesis testing (as covered in the lesson for Week 6) to see how
every
question should be formatted. You will complete all of the problems. Be sure to cut and past the appropriate test result boxes from SPSS under each problem and explain what you will do with your research hypotheses.
All calculations should be coming from your SPSS
. You will need to submit the SPSS output file to get credit for this assignment. This file will save as a .spv file and will need to be in a single file. In other words, you are not allowed to submit more than one output file for this assignment.
The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows:
State your research hypothesis (H
1
) and null hypothesis (H
0
).
Identify your significance level (.05 or .01)
Conduct your analysis using SPSS.
Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’. We will call this “p”.
Compare the two and apply the following rule:
If “p” is < or = significance level, than you reject the null.
Be sure to explain to the reader what this means in regards to your study. (Ex: will you recommend counseling services?)
* Be sure that your answers are clearly distinguishable. Perhaps you bold your font or use a different color.
This assignment is due no later than Sunday of Week 6 by 11:55 pm ET. Save the file in the following format: [your last name_SOCI332_A2]. The file must be a word file.
t Tests
t Test for a Single Sample (20 points)
Open SPSS
Enter the number of activities of daily living performed by the depressed clients studied in #1 in the Data View window.
In the Variable View window, change the variable name to “ADL” and set the decimals to zero.
Click Analyze
à
Compare Means
à
One-Sample T test
à
the arrow to move “ADL” to the Variable(s) window.
Enter the population mean (17) in the “Test Value” box.
Click OK.
1.
Researches are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living after group therapy. The researchers have randomly selected 12 depressed clients to undergo a 6-week group therapy program.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the average number of activities of daily living (shown below) obtained after therapy is significantly different from a mean number of activities of 17 that is typical for depressed people. (Clearly indicate each step).
Test the difference at the .05 level of significance and at the .01 level (in SPSS this means you change the “confidence level” from 95% to 99%).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the behavioral scientists should recommend group therapy for all depressed people based.
Assignment 2 Strategic Action PlansThere are some elements miss.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Strategic Action Plans
There are some elements missing from the action plan in
Table 9.1
in your text book
.
If the EMR system is to be integrated with similar systems at local hospitals, and the physicians fully utilize its data-sharing capabilities, representatives from the hospitals must be drawn into this implementation process.
(Moseley III, George B. .
Managing Health Care Business Strategy
. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, May 2008. p. 251).
Write a three page report answering the following questions:
What elements (at least two) are missing from the action plan in Table 9.1 for the EMR system? Justify your choice.
Describe the activities that should be implemented to address the missing elements.
Describe where these activities would be added to the list (relative to the other activities already listed).
Specify exactly which people from the hospitals and practice will participate in these new activities and justify your choice.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Identified and explained at least two missing elements from the action plan.
25
Discussed what activities should be implemented to address the missing elements.
25
Identified where in the list the activities should be added and justified response.
10
Explained which people from the hospital /practice should participate in the new activities and justified choice.
25
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
15
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 Successful Domestic Company Goes Global! Due Week 6 .docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Successful Domestic Company Goes Global!
Due Week 6 and worth 280 points
Imagine that you are the CEO of a successful domestic company. In the last 6 months, many potential clients in foreign countries have expressed a desire to conduct business with you. You know that in order for your company to grow, you will have to expand overseas. You have recently attended a local three (3)-day international trade exposition and have gathered many brochures on the foreign companies interested in doing business with your company.
After meeting with the Executive Committee of your successful domestic company, you decide that you will need to identify a minimum of two (2) countries for expansion and two (2) expatriates whom you will send into the chosen countries. The selected expatriates will learn about the countries’ cultures and business activities there. You must prepare a report for the potential employees who may want to take an overseas assignment, the Executive Committee, and the Board of Directors.
Use the Internet and Strayer Library to research possible countries for expansion. Next, conduct research on leveraging expatriates over country nationals for business overseas. Finally, research books that could help expatriates in their transition to working overseas.
Note:
You may create and / or assume all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment.
Write an eight to ten (8-10) page paper in which you:
Create a guide to leveraging expatriates. The guide should include four to six (4-6) sources that address benefits and challenges of sending expatriates to other countries.
Examine the major benefits that this report can provide for the organization, and suggest two (2) uses for the information contained therein. Justify your response.
Analyze the major factors (e.g., distance, cultural background, knowledge of the related countries, languages spoken, relatives who may live in another country, etc.) that would influence your choice of countries into which your company would expand. Recommend two (2) countries for expansion. Provide a rationale for your response.
Determine three (3) criteria that you would consider when deciding which employees to send abroad. Justify your response.
Propose the major methods and / or incentives you would use in order to encourage the selected employees to become expatriates. Provide a rationale for your response.
Recommend one (1) strategy to ensure that both the Executive Committee and the Board of Directors are committed to the expansions. Justify your response.
Recommend two (2) books that the selected expatriates should take with them when they go overseas. Provide a rationale for your response.
Outline a guide for expatriates who will reside within another country for one to two (1-2) years. The related guide should cover the following topics: selecting items to pack, accommodating a vehicle (i.e., leave behind or send overseas), shipping or selling furniture, mo.
Assignment 2 Research Proposal Draft (due date Sunday December 4).docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Research Proposal Draft (due date Sunday December 4)
write a 3-page paper addressing the sections below of the research proposal.
Introduction
Background and Significance of the Problem
Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study
Research Questions, Hypothesis, and Variables with Operational Definitions
Research Question
Hypothesis: Research and Null
Identifying and Defining Study Variables
Operationalize Variables
.
Assignment 2 Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainabili.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainability in an Organization
All consumers and firms affect sustainability in different ways, either directly or indirectly. In practicing sustainability, a firm could create value for consumers, investors, and other stakeholders, such as the community in which the firm operates within its value chain. In addition, a firm engaging in good sustainable practices can fulfill the needs of its customers, earn a profit, and preserve the environment. This assignment will allow you, as a consumer, to explore how you can impact sustainability.
Tasks:
Propose a sustainability investment plan to improve the performance of your work group or organization or an organization you hope to work for. The investment can be made in human resources, in expansion of tangible or intangible assets toward new uses, or in capital equipment or new technology.
Analyze how the investment plan achieves the following:
Contributes to the mission of the company
Expands rewards for all major components of the value chain, which should include the company, employees, suppliers, and customers
Generates wealth or value and is sustainable over time
Evaluates and anticipates risks associated with the investment
Organize your work to create a 2- to 3-page professional memo in a Microsoft Word document outlining your investment plan to the director and an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation script with complete endnotes explaining your recommendations to employees in your work group. Follow APA standards for citation of sources.
Submission Details:
Save your Microsoft Word document as word doc and your Microsoft PowerPoint ppt.
By
Wednesday, November 15, 2016
, submit your documents to the
M5: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
1.
Proposed a substantial investment plan to improve the performance of your work group or organization or an organization you hope to work for.
2.
Analyzed how the business plan contributes to the mission of the company.
3.
Analyzed how the business plan expands rewards for all major components of the value chain, which should include the company, employees, suppliers, and customers.
4.
Analyzed how the business plan generates wealth or value and is sustainable over time.
5.
Analyzed how the business plan evaluates and anticipates risks associated with the investment.
6.
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
.
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SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of pcr in the molecular diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infecti...Open Access Research Paper
Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a common pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is estimated that worldwide 180 million people are infected annually. Trichomoniasis is associated with vaginitis, cervicitis, low birth weight, and preterm delivery. PCR has the advantage of high sensitivity, shorter time for diagnosis and the ability to detect nonviable or defective organism. In this study we used these three methods for evaluation of PCR in comparison with conventional methods like wet mount and culture in the detection of T. vaginalis in vaginal discharge. Three vaginal swab specimens were obtained from each of 200 cases, of the age group 18-40years, both symptomatic and asymptomatic females attending Gynaecology OPD(50) and Family planning OPD(50) at Gandhi hospital, Secunderabadand two FSW(Female sex workers) clinics (100) in highly concentrated areas of them in Hyderabad, for validation of various forms of Trichomonas vaginalis diagnostic procedures. One swab was immediately examined by wetmount microscopy, a second swab was placed in Wittington’s medium for cultivation, and other swab is placed in 2SP transport medium for PCR for T.vaginalis. A total of 58 samples positive in one or more tests were identified: 11 (5.5%) infections were detected by wet mount microscopy, and 30 (15%) positives in culture respectively. PCR was positive in 50 (25%) samples. PCR appears to be the most sensitive method with high detection rate and method of choice for detection of genital infections with T. vaginalis.
Genotyping and subgenotyping of Trichophyton rubrum isolated from dermatophyt...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Rapid identification of dermatophyte species by 28S rDNA Polymerase Chain Rea...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Assignment 2 Tests of SignificanceThroughout this assignmen.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Tests of Significance
Throughout this assignment you will review mock studies. You will needs to follow the directions outlined in the section using SPSS and decide whether there is significance between the variables. You will need to list the five steps of hypothesis testing (as covered in the lesson for Week 6) to see how
every
question should be formatted. You will complete all of the problems. Be sure to cut and past the appropriate test result boxes from SPSS under each problem and explain what you will do with your research hypotheses.
All calculations should be coming from your SPSS
. You will need to submit the SPSS output file to get credit for this assignment. This file will save as a .spv file and will need to be in a single file. In other words, you are not allowed to submit more than one output file for this assignment.
The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows:
State your research hypothesis (H
1
) and null hypothesis (H
0
).
Identify your significance level (.05 or .01)
Conduct your analysis using SPSS.
Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’. We will call this “p”.
Compare the two and apply the following rule:
If “p” is < or = significance level, than you reject the null.
Be sure to explain to the reader what this means in regards to your study. (Ex: will you recommend counseling services?)
* Be sure that your answers are clearly distinguishable. Perhaps you bold your font or use a different color.
This assignment is due no later than Sunday of Week 6 by 11:55 pm ET. Save the file in the following format: [your last name_SOCI332_A2]. The file must be a word file.
t Tests
t Test for a Single Sample (20 points)
Open SPSS
Enter the number of activities of daily living performed by the depressed clients studied in #1 in the Data View window.
In the Variable View window, change the variable name to “ADL” and set the decimals to zero.
Click Analyze
à
Compare Means
à
One-Sample T test
à
the arrow to move “ADL” to the Variable(s) window.
Enter the population mean (17) in the “Test Value” box.
Click OK.
1.
Researches are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living after group therapy. The researchers have randomly selected 12 depressed clients to undergo a 6-week group therapy program.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the average number of activities of daily living (shown below) obtained after therapy is significantly different from a mean number of activities of 17 that is typical for depressed people. (Clearly indicate each step).
Test the difference at the .05 level of significance and at the .01 level (in SPSS this means you change the “confidence level” from 95% to 99%).
As part of Step 5, indicate whether the behavioral scientists should recommend group therapy for all depressed people based.
Assignment 2 Strategic Action PlansThere are some elements miss.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Strategic Action Plans
There are some elements missing from the action plan in
Table 9.1
in your text book
.
If the EMR system is to be integrated with similar systems at local hospitals, and the physicians fully utilize its data-sharing capabilities, representatives from the hospitals must be drawn into this implementation process.
(Moseley III, George B. .
Managing Health Care Business Strategy
. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, May 2008. p. 251).
Write a three page report answering the following questions:
What elements (at least two) are missing from the action plan in Table 9.1 for the EMR system? Justify your choice.
Describe the activities that should be implemented to address the missing elements.
Describe where these activities would be added to the list (relative to the other activities already listed).
Specify exactly which people from the hospitals and practice will participate in these new activities and justify your choice.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Identified and explained at least two missing elements from the action plan.
25
Discussed what activities should be implemented to address the missing elements.
25
Identified where in the list the activities should be added and justified response.
10
Explained which people from the hospital /practice should participate in the new activities and justified choice.
25
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
15
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 Successful Domestic Company Goes Global! Due Week 6 .docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Successful Domestic Company Goes Global!
Due Week 6 and worth 280 points
Imagine that you are the CEO of a successful domestic company. In the last 6 months, many potential clients in foreign countries have expressed a desire to conduct business with you. You know that in order for your company to grow, you will have to expand overseas. You have recently attended a local three (3)-day international trade exposition and have gathered many brochures on the foreign companies interested in doing business with your company.
After meeting with the Executive Committee of your successful domestic company, you decide that you will need to identify a minimum of two (2) countries for expansion and two (2) expatriates whom you will send into the chosen countries. The selected expatriates will learn about the countries’ cultures and business activities there. You must prepare a report for the potential employees who may want to take an overseas assignment, the Executive Committee, and the Board of Directors.
Use the Internet and Strayer Library to research possible countries for expansion. Next, conduct research on leveraging expatriates over country nationals for business overseas. Finally, research books that could help expatriates in their transition to working overseas.
Note:
You may create and / or assume all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment.
Write an eight to ten (8-10) page paper in which you:
Create a guide to leveraging expatriates. The guide should include four to six (4-6) sources that address benefits and challenges of sending expatriates to other countries.
Examine the major benefits that this report can provide for the organization, and suggest two (2) uses for the information contained therein. Justify your response.
Analyze the major factors (e.g., distance, cultural background, knowledge of the related countries, languages spoken, relatives who may live in another country, etc.) that would influence your choice of countries into which your company would expand. Recommend two (2) countries for expansion. Provide a rationale for your response.
Determine three (3) criteria that you would consider when deciding which employees to send abroad. Justify your response.
Propose the major methods and / or incentives you would use in order to encourage the selected employees to become expatriates. Provide a rationale for your response.
Recommend one (1) strategy to ensure that both the Executive Committee and the Board of Directors are committed to the expansions. Justify your response.
Recommend two (2) books that the selected expatriates should take with them when they go overseas. Provide a rationale for your response.
Outline a guide for expatriates who will reside within another country for one to two (1-2) years. The related guide should cover the following topics: selecting items to pack, accommodating a vehicle (i.e., leave behind or send overseas), shipping or selling furniture, mo.
Assignment 2 Research Proposal Draft (due date Sunday December 4).docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Research Proposal Draft (due date Sunday December 4)
write a 3-page paper addressing the sections below of the research proposal.
Introduction
Background and Significance of the Problem
Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study
Research Questions, Hypothesis, and Variables with Operational Definitions
Research Question
Hypothesis: Research and Null
Identifying and Defining Study Variables
Operationalize Variables
.
Assignment 2 Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainabili.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 2—Implementation of Sustainability in an Organization
All consumers and firms affect sustainability in different ways, either directly or indirectly. In practicing sustainability, a firm could create value for consumers, investors, and other stakeholders, such as the community in which the firm operates within its value chain. In addition, a firm engaging in good sustainable practices can fulfill the needs of its customers, earn a profit, and preserve the environment. This assignment will allow you, as a consumer, to explore how you can impact sustainability.
Tasks:
Propose a sustainability investment plan to improve the performance of your work group or organization or an organization you hope to work for. The investment can be made in human resources, in expansion of tangible or intangible assets toward new uses, or in capital equipment or new technology.
Analyze how the investment plan achieves the following:
Contributes to the mission of the company
Expands rewards for all major components of the value chain, which should include the company, employees, suppliers, and customers
Generates wealth or value and is sustainable over time
Evaluates and anticipates risks associated with the investment
Organize your work to create a 2- to 3-page professional memo in a Microsoft Word document outlining your investment plan to the director and an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation script with complete endnotes explaining your recommendations to employees in your work group. Follow APA standards for citation of sources.
Submission Details:
Save your Microsoft Word document as word doc and your Microsoft PowerPoint ppt.
By
Wednesday, November 15, 2016
, submit your documents to the
M5: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
1.
Proposed a substantial investment plan to improve the performance of your work group or organization or an organization you hope to work for.
2.
Analyzed how the business plan contributes to the mission of the company.
3.
Analyzed how the business plan expands rewards for all major components of the value chain, which should include the company, employees, suppliers, and customers.
4.
Analyzed how the business plan generates wealth or value and is sustainable over time.
5.
Analyzed how the business plan evaluates and anticipates risks associated with the investment.
6.
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
.
Assignment 2 Social MobilityFor this assignment, you will trace y.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Social Mobility
For this assignment, you will trace your own family’s history of social mobility. Consider various types of social mobility, including intragenerational mobility, intergenerational mobility, and status attainment.
You should examine at least three generations of your family and think about their achievements and ascriptions and whether people climbed upward, slid downward, or remained the same. Be sure to think about race and gender and their role in mobility and social status. You should also make predictions about your own social mobility and your children’s (real or imagined) future mobility.
To complete this assignment, perform the following tasks:
Describe your family’s history of social mobility through at least three generations. Types of social mobility to discuss include intragenerational mobility, intergenerational mobility, and status attainment.
Explain the role of race and gender in the discussion on mobility and social status.
Explore and then explain why each generation achieved different levels of social mobility.
Predict your own social mobility and if you have children, their mobility.
Support your work with the text readings, lectures, and appropriate outside resources.
* For this assignment I am a white female in America, for the last 3 generations my family has increased in status, wealth and education going from pioneers and immigrants to established members of society to college graduates. It was more difficult for my grandparents to raise in status as they were immigrants and not fully accepted by the people here. The rest feel free to embelish on.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described at least three generations of family’s history of social mobility, considering intragenerational mobility, intergenerational mobility, and status.
20
Explained the role of race and gender in the discussion on mobility and social status.
16
Explained why each generation achieved different levels of social mobility.
20
Predicted own social mobility and that of children, if applicable.
12
Supported work through appropriate resources.
12
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 Reflections on Racial DiscriminationFranklin hears a.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Reflections on Racial Discrimination
Franklin hears about people being discriminated against at the workplace and in society but rarely experiences it first hand. Cortez, on the other hand, speaks English poorly and is often subject to derogatory comments from peers and coworkers.
Reflect on your experience with racial discrimination.
Identify examples of racial discrimination and provide examples you have personally witnessed or heard about firsthand from the following three realms:
family
work place
community
Write a brief summary that includes the following:
Describe a racial incident pertaining to each realm in detail. Explain why you believe this is racial discrimination.
Explain how this situation could have been handled to avoid discrimination against those belonging to another race.
Submit your response to the
M
. Your response should be at least two pages long. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Reflection on your experiences with racial discrimination from the three listed realms (i.e., family, work place, community).
30
Provided examples of discrimination from the three listed realms.
25
Described the identified racial incident in detail, and explained why each incident is an example of discrimination.
25
Explained how these situations could have had a different outcome if the people involved had not discriminated against others.
10
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
10
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 1—Intercultural Employee Motivation and Rewards
Culture plays a major role in the motivation of employees. Consider that though you have a mix of ethnicities on your team, you also need to be aware of cultural differences including gender, generation, and other categories of human differences.
Write an 8–10-page report on employee motivation, including a recommendation for an employee reward system that will meet the needs of the variety of cultural groups you manage based on the following motivation factors:
Job security
Professional development
Job performance
Goal setting
Employee recognition
Compensation
Discuss employee motivation as it relates to culture, and consider how you might develop a reward system that recognizes diversity and is equitable and legally sound. Support your recommendations with scholarly references.
.
Assignment 2: Required Assignment 1—Developing Communications Policy
In this assignment, you will prepare a communications policy for a company that you are familiar with or a fictitious company you create. The communications policy will map the type of communications messages (e.g., organizational or strategic changes, procedural changes, information important to organizational subgroups, confidential information, unwelcome information, etc.).
Using the module readings and the Argosy University online library resources, research requirements of and methods of creating communications policy documents.
Create a communications policy document that covers the following:
Identify the audience
Describe the media (including social media) to be used
List and explain the appropriate approvals required
Explain the tools and tactics to be used
In developing your plan, you should utilize at least five peer-reviewed articles in addition to the readings from the textbook and online resources.
.
Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative EssayDue Week 8 an.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Project Paper
–
Comparative Essay
Due Week 8 and worth 200 points
This “Assignment 2” writing assignment is a comparative essay focused on topics encountered in our HUM 111 class. The project will be based on research but will reflect your views and interpretation of the topic. This project is designed to help you stretch your mind and your abilities as an organized, innovative, and critical thinker. If approached properly, it should also be fun!
Choose one (1) of the topics from the list of topic choices below. Read the topic carefully. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper (750-1,000 words) that follows instructions and covers each part of the topic. (The title page and References list do not get included in this word count).
Note:
Your instructor may require you to submit your topic choice for approval before the end of Week 5.
For the topic you choose:
Establish a clear thesis about your topic as part of the introductory paragraph (often the thesis is the last thing one determines after doing the basic research and outline; however it will be placed in the first paragraph of your paper).
This is a comparative essay. Comparison approached properly will require some critical thinking on your part. Use a point-by-point approach for the essay. That means, if comparing subject A with subject B, don't do the first half of the essay on subject A and then the second half on subject B--that will seem like two (2) separate essays and comparisons will tend to get lost. Instead, you should be mentioning both subjects in most of your paragraphs as you compare them throughout the essay. Comparisons will identify similarities as well as contrasts.
Do not try to do everything on your two (2) subjects. You should end up narrowing your focus to a few insights and issues about the subjects being compared. And, from those fairly specific points of comparison, you will develop a thesis and glean some lessons.
Follow closely the instructions below for your specific topic.
Include a concluding paragraph at the end. This paragraph will, in some way, refer back to the thesis established in your first paragraph, since now you have demonstrated and supported it. It may be here that you also include your observations relating your study to the modern workplace or society (see your topic). Try to finish with flair!
Use at least three (3) good quality academic sources, with one (1) source being the class text.
Note:
Wikipedia
and other similar Websites do not qualify as academic resources. You are highly encouraged to use the Resource Center tab at the top of your Blackboard page.
Topic Choices
–
Choose just one (1) of the topics below:
Qualities of the Hero: Comparing Gilgamesh and Odysseus
.
Write an essay comparing these two (2) heroic figures from ancient epics of different cultures, especially focusing your analysis on the sources about their encounters with monsters: Gilgamesh encounters the monster guarding the forest, Humbaba,.
Assignment 2 Probation and Parole—Realities and PerceptionsProbat.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Probation and Parole—Realities and Perceptions
Probation and parole encompasses a wide variety of offenders and can be as vast and diverse as the populations the law enforcement officials oversee. As seen in the course readings, inclusion of probation and parole in the criminal justice system has been influenced by societal norms and values and can be viewed as a reflection of the current belief system.
Tasks:
By
Saturday, July 16, 2016
, in a minimum of 250 words, post to the
Discussion Area
your response to the following.
What are your current perceptions regarding corrections, probations, and parole in the United States? What are these perceptions based on?
What do you think are the people’s perceptions of probation and parole?
What is the role of the media in shaping public opinion regarding the criminal justice system, especially the probation and parole systems?
What are the pros and cons of the media’s role in shaping public opinion on probation and parole?
While performing research on the influence of media conduct, provide appropriate references.
.
Assignment 2 Physical Development in Early AdulthoodDuring earl.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Physical Development in Early Adulthood
During early adulthood, people begin make important life decisions in three areas: career, family, and health. Young adults establish patterns of nutrition and physical activity that can have either positive or negative effects on their physical development in later stages of adulthood. They also begin to make decisions about what career path to follow. At some point during early adulthood, individuals also choose either to marry or remain single, and decide whether or not to start a family. Consider the following example:
Jeff is 23 years old. He recently graduated from college with a business degree and took a managerial position with a midsize company. He likes his coworkers, but often finds himself bored with his work. Although he was active in college, recently he has gained about 10 pounds due to his sedentary job and lack of time to exercise. Jeff broke up with his college girlfriend after graduation, and since then he has dated a few different women, but hasn’t had another serious relationship. Jeff wonders what the remainder of his 20’s and his 30’s will bring.
Based on your reading, prepare a PowerPoint presentation that would help individuals like Jeff set goals related to career, health, and family. The presentations should discuss the relationship between lifestyle choices and health risks. In addition, it should address how factors like personality and attachment may influence both career- and family-related goals. Finally, address diversity in the presentation. Explain how your plan could be adapted to fit the needs of different socioeconomic or ethnic groups.
Your PowerPoint presentation should include an introduction, a conclusion, and detailed speaker’s notes. Include your references on one slide.
Develop a 6–8-slide presentation in PowerPoint format with speaker’s notes. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.ppt.
In order for this assignment to be compatible with TurnItIn, you will need to save your PowerPoint presentation as an Adobe PDF file. To do this, open your presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint. Choose "Save As" from the File menu, then choose "Adobe PDF". Before saving your file, click on the Options button and check the box next to "Convert Speaker Notes." Now choose to save your file. Your speaker notes will be included in your PDF file that you will submit for this assignment.
Note:
If your version of Microsoft PowerPoint does not have the option to include speaker notes, you will need to submit a Microsoft Word document that contains all information from your presentation, including the speaker notes.
By
Wednesday, April 13, 2016
, deliver your assignment to the
M2: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Developed logical and structured plan detailing specific ways young adults could set goals in the areas of career, health, and family.
30
Discussed t.
Assignment 2 Position Paper Two – Media and Society Due Week 10 a.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Position Paper Two – Media and Society
Due Week 10 and worth 250 points
This is the second of two (2) position papers based on the following scenario to be completed in this course.
Imagine that you are running for a state office (e.g., governor, senator, or representative) and you have to prepare a position paper for a debate on controversial issues in the news. (Select one (1) of the topics addressed in Weeks 5-9 of this class.) You will want your position paper to demonstrate critical thinking, sound logic, valid claims, personal passion, and credible support that is cited correctly because the paper will be provided to the news media before the debate and will be scrutinized by the media and reported on regarding these criteria. Your professor will serve as your close advisor whose job is to review the paper and provide feedback to you on the paper’s strengths and weaknesses.
Write a two to three (2-3) page (700 to 1,200 words) paper in which you:
Introduce your position using a thesis statement in the first paragraph, including a quote, question, or statistic from your reliable sources and an overview of the main points you will cover. (It’s important to grab the audience’s interest and inform them of what the main and support points are.)
Provide three or four (3-4) major points to support your thesis statement. (Put each major point in a separate paragraph.)
Provide one (1) paragraph in which you identify and answer an expected argument against your view.
Organized arguments and support for claims effectively.
Demonstrate personal passion for your position and critical thinking with persuasive language, sound logic, valid claims, and credible support for the claims.
Provide two to three (2-3) credible and reliable references (in addition to the text) about current events, which have been published in the last five (5) years and are cited correctly in the position paper. (Wikipedia is not an acceptable source.)
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Apply critical thinking skills to the analysis of issues involving mass media and society.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in media and society.
Write clearly and concisely about media and society using proper writing mechanics.
Note: Depending on the student’s topic selection, the outcome measured might include one of the following:
Evaluate the appropriateness of various media forms for different audiences.
Analyze selected le.
Assignment 2 Overview of Interviewing and InterrogationA criminal.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Overview of Interviewing and Interrogation
A criminal justice professional gathers information through effective interviews and interrogations. Ineffective victim or suspect interviews or interrogations can cost an investigator a case, and understanding the difference between an interview and an interrogation is critical in selecting an appropriate approach for a specific situation. Interviews and interrogations are dynamic, evolving situations, and developing interviewing and interrogation skills takes time and practice. Interrogation involves an accusatory, persuasive approach. Effective interviewers have the ability to quickly establish rapport with their subjects and gain complete, concise, and accurate information about crimes, additional witnesses, and suspects. Building rapport early helps take down barriers to open and clear communication, which is critical in conducting interviews and interrogations.
Submission Details:
By
Saturday, December 24, 2016
, in a minimum of 250 words, post to the
Discussion Area
your answers to the following:
What are the qualities of an effective interviewer and interrogator?
What are the purposes of interviews and interrogations?
What is the difference between an interview and an interrogation?
What is D. K. Berlo's communication process? How does it apply in the criminal justice field?
What is a purposeful interview?
By
Wednesday, January 4, 2017
, read and respond to at least two of your classmates' posts. When responding, use contradictions and counterexamples supported by class readings. You can ask questions, disagree with opinions, redirect your thoughts, or ask your classmates to rethink what they have posted and why.
Discussion Grading Criteria and Rubric
All discussion assignments in this course will be graded using a rubric. This assignment is worth 40 points. Download the discussion rubric and carefully read it to understand the expectations.
.
Assignment 2 Physical Development in Early AdulthoodDuring early .docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Physical Development in Early Adulthood
During early adulthood, people begin make important life decisions in three areas: career, family, and health. Young adults establish patterns of nutrition and physical activity that can have either positive or negative effects on their physical development in later stages of adulthood. They also begin to make decisions about what career path to follow. At some point during early adulthood, individuals also choose either to marry or remain single, and decide whether or not to start a family. Consider the following example:
Jeff is 23 years old. He recently graduated from college with a business degree and took a managerial position with a midsize company. He likes his coworkers, but often finds himself bored with his work. Although he was active in college, recently he has gained about 10 pounds due to his sedentary job and lack of time to exercise. Jeff broke up with his college girlfriend after graduation, and since then he has dated a few different women, but hasn’t had another serious relationship. Jeff wonders what the remainder of his 20’s and his 30’s will bring.
Based on your reading, prepare a PowerPoint presentation that would help individuals like Jeff set goals related to career, health, and family. The presentations should discuss the relationship between lifestyle choices and health risks. In addition, it should address how factors like personality and attachment may influence both career- and family-related goals. Finally, address diversity in the presentation. Explain how your plan could be adapted to fit the needs of different socioeconomic or ethnic groups.
Your PowerPoint presentation should include an introduction, a conclusion, and detailed speaker’s notes. Include your references on one slide.
Develop a 6–8-slide presentation in PowerPoint format with speaker’s notes. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.ppt.
In order for this assignment to be compatible with TurnItIn, you will need to save your PowerPoint presentation as an Adobe PDF file. To do this, open your presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint. Choose "Save As" from the File menu, then choose "Adobe PDF". Before saving your file, click on the Options button and check the box next to "Convert Speaker Notes." Now choose to save your file. Your speaker notes will be included in your PDF file that you will submit for this assignment.
Note:
If your version of Microsoft PowerPoint does not have the option to include speaker notes, you will need to submit a Microsoft Word document that contains all information from your presentation, including the speaker notes.
By
Wednesday, December 14, 2016
, deliver your assignment to the
M2: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Developed logical and structured plan detailing specific ways young adults could set goals in the areas of career, health, and family.
30
Discusse.
Assignment 2 Past and Current Trends in Human ServicesIn this mod.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Past and Current Trends in Human Services
In this module, you explored the past and current trends in human services.
Tasks:
Using the Argosy University online library resources and the Internet, research and read about the assignment topic. In a minimum of 200 words, respond to the following:
Identify events that you believe to have greatly impacted the field of human services and discuss them in detail.
Discuss both their intended and unintended consequences.
Additionally, discuss the importance and changing shape of networking as discussed in the readings.
.
Assignment 2 RA 2 Policy Proposal PaperFor this assignment, you .docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: RA 2: Policy Proposal Paper
For this assignment, you will be building on the problem definition developed in
Module 4
and develop a policy proposal for advocacy and adoption.
Tasks:
Create a 10- to 12-page policy proposal, utilizing a minimum of five scholarly sources in your research. Address the following in your proposal:
State the social problem you wish to solve.
Analyze the policy development cycle and the influence of stakeholders throughout the process.
Discuss how the policy development cycle and the influence of stakeholders will be used to effect social change for your identified problem.
As a human services professional, examine your role in policy advocacy and coalition building for improving human services.
Describe all of the resources available to support your policy and how you would organize them.
Identify the steps you will take, including the use of social media, to build a coalition around the policy, highlighting your role in the process.
Determine a list of the different constituents you would engage to advance your policy goal.
Define the specific policy action to be pursued.
Develop the criteria for measuring the effectiveness of the policy for society if adopted.
.
Assignment 2 Midweek Production Assignment Pendente Lite Support.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Midweek Production Assignment: Pendente Lite Support
Parents have a legal obligation to support their minor children. This gets complicated during the pendency of a divorce since the parties are not yet divorced and thus “final” orders cannot be entered. That does not relieve the parents of their obligation and if the non-custodial parent refuses support, a Motion must be filed with the Court to have the Court order the support. Further, read the scenario below and answer the following questions too.
Richard and Susan are in the process of a divorce. They had two children together during the course of their marriage. Richard refused to pay Susan child support for their children. Susan cannot support the children on her own and needs Richard to pay child support. Prepare a motion for Pendente Lite Child Support to compel Richard to pay Susan child support. Use the template to draft the motion.
On a separate page, cite all sources using the Bluebook format.
.
Assignment 2 Miranda RightsAs you learned in your readings, befor.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: Miranda Rights
As you learned in your readings, before interrogating a suspect in police custody, the police need to inform the suspect about his or her constitutional rights.
Tasks:
Assume you are a high-ranking official in a law enforcement agency and have ten years of experience in the field. You have been asked to make a presentation to newly sworn police officers about Miranda rights. While the rules for how and when Miranda rights should be given to suspects used to be relatively simple, they have changed dramatically over the past few years.
Utilizing the Argosy University online library, research how Miranda rights and the interpretation of the application of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the US Constitution have changed over time.
Prepare a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation regarding these changes and address the following:
Describe the original Miranda case and the statements required for making a valid Miranda warning.
Explain under what circumstances Miranda rights are triggered.
Describe the changes in the Fifth and Sixth Amendments and the custodial protections that are provided under these.
Discuss the past, present, and possible future applications of the following for suspects in police custody:
The right to remain silent
The right to counsel
Submit the details in the Notes section of the presentation.
Submission Details:
Save the presentation as M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.ppt.
By
Wednesday, October 5, 2016
, submit your presentation to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described the original Miranda case.
8
Accurately identified and described the four statements required to make a valid Miranda warning.
12
Accurately identified and explained the circumstances under which Miranda rights are triggered.
8
Accurately identified and described the changes in the Fifth Amendment and the custodial protections provided under it.
16
Accurately identified and described the changes in the Sixth Amendment and the custodial protections provided under it.
16
Critically analyzed and explained the past, present, and possible future applications of the right to remain silent and the right to counsel.
20
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in the accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2: Library Research—Training Police Recruits
Chief Draper has noticed that the behavior of many of his officers reflects a lack of understanding of many basic criminal justice concepts. Last week, he received a complaint about a patrol officer with ten years of experience on the force. The complaint alleged that the officer pulled over a car for a traffic violation and allowed the driver to leave with a verbal warning after the driver gave him free football game tickets. Another complaint involved the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) supervisor. In this complaint, it is alleged that the SWAT team broke down the door of a suspected drug dealer only to find that it had the wrong house. The team later found the suspected dealer at another location and arrested and interrogated him before reading the Miranda warnings. These are only a few of the complaints being reviewed, and Chief Draper believes that police recruits need more training on the following topics:
Discretion
Ethics
Probable cause
Plain view doctrine
Arrest
Good faith exception
Miranda
Reasonable suspicion
Use of force
Racial profiling
Tasks:
Prepare a 12- to 14-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation with your recommendations of the important points that should be addressed in the training of police recruits.
Devote at least one slide to each of the ten topics listed.
Use court cases to support your explanations.
Use the Notes section to provide for deeper exploration of each topic.
Include a cover slide and at least one slide at the end of your presentation to reference your sources, formatted in the APA style, that link back to your in-text citations and support your recommendations. See your Argosy Handbook or APA materials to properly cite your text.
Submission Details:
Save the final presentation as M2_A2_Lastname_Firstname.ppt.
By
Wednesday, June 22, 2016
, submit your final presentation to the
M2: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Prepared a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation with important recommendations on the listed topics, at le
.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
1. Materials and methods
Describe the staph strip materials and methods
Look here:
http://microgenbioproducts.com/wp-
content/uploads/sites/8/2016/08/Microgen-Bioproducts-Fli
er-Staph-ID-LOW-REZ.pdf
http://www.tpm-
tpm.com.tw/downfile.php?file=products/145023165835.pdf
Gram stain (positive), catalase (positive) and latex
agglutination/coagulase tests are
performed as pre-tests on the isolate. Colony pigmentation is
recorded and then 1-2 colonies
are inoculated into the suspending medium. The suspension
is inoculated into the 12 well test
strip and incubated at 37°C. After 24 hours incubation the
strips are read and the Nitrate and
PYR reagents added. The resulting 5 digit numerical code is
entered in to the software and an
identi cation returned.
Blast search
The sequence data returned from the sequencing lab (add
trace file at the end - do not
include in page count) was trimmed of garbled ends and
compared by means of a BLAST
2. search to the database of prokaryotic 16S rRNA sequences
maintained by the National
Center for Biotechnology Information at the NIH.
Results
MSA plates
Pictures of the plates, each pic captioned with explanation of
which sample it is
List and describe the result of the staph strip
Electrophoresis
Photo of gel
Describe result
Blast search
The result ID links are for sequences 1 and 2 are,
respectively:
https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Get&RID=0FDB
YFZ7014
3. https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Get&RID=0FP3U
W8P014
The BLAST search returned 100% sequence identity over the
longest fragment to two
sequences from Staphylococcus epidermis. Other sequences
with 100% identity included S.
caprae, S. capitis, S. saccharolyticus. It returned a 99%
identity with S. aureus for fragment 1,
and 100% with fragment 2, both over shorter lengths. The hit
tables are available in
spreadsheet format (attached)
Discussion
While S. epidermis scores at the top, and 16S rRNA is highly
conserved, there is perhaps not
a very high level of confidence in the difference between
100% and 99% identical.
Nevertheless, the data is most consistent with the
identification of S. epidermis.
References
BLAST PROGRAMS. Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W.,
Myers, E.W. & Lipman, D.J. (1990) "Basic
local alignment search tool." J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410.
PubMed.
Proper citation for these if end up using them:
4. http://microgenbioproducts.com/wp-
content/uploads/sites/8/2016/08/Microgen-Bioproducts-Fli
er-Staph-ID-LOW-REZ.pdf
http://www.tpm-
tpm.com.tw/downfile.php?file=products/145023165835.pdf
Introduction
Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci (bacteria) typically about
1µm in size and grow in clumps, pairs, or occasionally short
chains. The staphylococci genus is home to around 40 different
strains of the bacteria, some being extremely common and
harmless relative to humans while others are much less present
and can cause serious infections when penetrating the barriers
of the human body(Staphylococci,2017). Staphylococci
epidermidis is one of these common types of staphylococci that
is part of the normal human flora and is typically found on the
skin and slightly less commonly in mucosal tissue due to it’s
ability to withstand higher salt concentrations. It typically
forms colonies 1-2mm in diameter and will test positive in the
catalase test, but negative in a coagulase one. Another
characteristic of this strain is that it is a facultative anaerobe,
meaning that it can grow utilizing both aerobic respiration and
fermentation. Being that S. epidermidis is typically found on
humans, it does not normally pose a threat. However, out of all
coagulase-negative staphylococci, s. epidermidis cause the most
amount of infections, typically through the use of medical
instruments, prosthetics, and catheters. This is due to the fact
that there is a vast amount of s. epidermidis on the skin and can
be moved into the organism through the instruments, posing
threat for infection(Otto, 2009). . Another common coagulase
negative staph is S saprophyticus. It is normally found in the
flora of the female genital region and inside the gastrointestinal
5. tract. S saprophyticus does not normally pose a threat but is
contributed to causing around 10-20% of urinary tract infections
in females. S. Aureus is a strain less common but still found on
the skin, in the nose, and the respiratory tract as it is also
tolerant to higher salt concetrations. It is a coagulase positive
strain, the only other coagulase positive staphylococci being s.
intermedius. Although common and can work commensally in
the body, S aureus is the main cause of staph infections and
poses many virulent factors. A main threat of s. aureus is that it
has gained the ability to become resistant to methicillin
antibiotics and is the bacteria responsible for MRSA
(methicillin-resistant S aureus). S aureus is responsible for
superficial skin lesions, deep-seated infections, food poisoning
due to the release of enterotoxins, and toxic shock syndrome by
releasing of super antigens into the bloodstream. Other common
staphylococci include S lugdunensis, S haemolyticus, S warneri,
S schleiferi, S intermedius but they are rare pathogens
(Kobayashi, 2015).
In order to identify and classify bacteria, physiological
characteristics of the bacteria must be determined. Through the
use of multi-test media, different physiological characteristics
can be observed. MSA plates were used to determine that the
strains taken from the nose and bottom of one show were not S
aureus, as they did not ferment the mannitol and would not turn
yellow.
16s rRNA is approximately 1500 base pairs and is used as the
main method for phylogentic purposes when it comes to
identifying bacteria. This method is used due to the fact that the
16s rRNA sequence is highly conserved between different
species of bacteria. The 16s rRNA subunit is a main component
in the 30s ribosomal complex in prokaryotes. The structural
importance of this gene is what has slowed the evolution of it
and led to it’s conservation. Through the method of PCR, the
16s rRNA sequence can be replicated and sequenced to
determine the genus of staphylococci present. There are
different PCR methods that can be used to extract and replicate
6. the 16s rRNA sequence, the one used in this lab consisted of
using an 8F primer and 1492R primer to result in a rRNA
sequence of approximately 1484 base pairs, which can be
sequenced and compared to identify the genus of staphylococci
present (Janda,2007).
Our experiment attempted to determine the species of two
unknown staphylococci that were not S aureus using the method
of 16S rRNA sequencing and analyzing the sequence compared
to other bacterial species called BLAST® by NCBI . One strain
was taken from the nose and the other from the bottom of one
shoe. After evaluation, we concluded that both the strain from
the nose and the strain from the bottom of the shoe was S
epidermidis.
Materials and Methods
Staph Lab Part I-Obtaining Specimens
The two Staphylococcus specimens were obtained from our nose
and the bottom of our shoe. We obtained the samples by first
sterilely pipeting 5ml of m-staphylococcus broth into 3 x 15 ml
screw top cap tubes. The tubs were then inoculated separately
by using sterile swabs to first swab the inside of one of our
nose’s and inoculating the tube and then the bottomof one our
shoes. The swab was gently moved about the area of concern to
pick up bacteria, then placed in the tube with the m-
staphylococcus broth and moved around for a short period of
time to transfer the microbes. They were then incubated at 37°C
for one week. The m-staphylococcus broth consisted of using 20
grams of powder and mixing it with 80ml of water and vacuum
filtrating it using .2µm filter to sterilize.
Staph Lab Part II-Streaking MSA Plates
After the m-staphylococcus broths had been incubating at 37°C
for a week, Mannitol Salt Agar plates were streaked using each
specimen. The bacteria growing in the tubes were transferred to
its own MSA plate through the use of a sterilized swab. The
plates were then incubated at 37°C. After a week of incubation,
the bacteria growing on the plates were first analyzed to
7. conclude that they were not S aureus by noting that the
specimens did not ferment the mannitol and no color change to
yellow agar was observed. Then, one isolated colony from each
plate was transferred from the MSA plate to its own MSA plate
using an inoculating loop. These were then also incubated at
37°C.
Staph Lab Part III-Gram Stain and 16s rRNA PCR
The bacterium on the MSA plates were Gram –stained and
observed under a microscope to securely indentify that they
were Gram-positive Cocci. The procedure of the Gram-Stain and
result were comparable to other research of such strains, in that
the bacteria resulted in clustering, purple, cocci.( link
1,Link2).Bacterium from each plate were then used to inoculate
a Microgen Staph ID test strip using an inoculating needle.
These were then incubated at 37°C and examined the next week
to gain an ID to match with the sequencing performed in the
next step.
16s rRNA sequencing was performed by first putting
.5ml of sterile saline in two separate centrifuge tubes and
labeling them. An inoculating loop was then used to transfer a
miniscule amount of each bacterium into each of the centrifuge
tubes, using separate tubes for each of the different samples. A
50ml PCR reaction was then set up using the following
concentrations of the additives:The components, once in the
tubes, were mixed by pipeting up and down. The tubes were
placed in a thermocycler that ran the denaturing, annealing, and
extension phases using the following cycle:This cycle was
repeated 40 times with a 5 minute 94°C step prior to the cycles
for first denaturation and a 7 minute 72°C step post cycles to
secure any other needed elongation. This provided us with a
theoretical yield of 240 copies of DNA.
Staph Lab Part IV
Cleaning Product
Since the PCR was run in part III, the mixture needs to be
cleaned up in order to be used for DNA sequencing. The
reaction contains unused primers and nucleotide, and a buffer
8. for PCR. The mixture is run through a small column, BioRad
Quantum Prep in this lab, which separates the molecules of he
contents by size. Resin beads inside the columns will trap the
smaller molecules such as the primers, nucleotides, and buffer
while allowing the large PCR product molecules to flow
through. This was done following the 7 step procedure
provided by BioRad; Step 1 was vortexing the column to
resuspend the resin making sure none was settled, Step 2 was
snapping off the tip and placing the whole column in a 2.0 ml
wash tube, we then spun the column for 1 minute in a
microcentrifuge at 735 x g. The column was then place in a
clean 1.5 ml collection tube to collect the cleaned sample as we
then added 50µl of the sample to the top of the column and spun
it for 2 minutes at 735 x g. The purified sample had then passed
through the resin beads and remained in the bottom of the 1.5ml
collection which was sent out to Macrogen,Inc in Maryland for
sequencing after it was tested for sound results through gel
electropherosis.
Gel Electropherosis
After the product was cleaned and was in the correct state to be
sequenced, we first ran the product on a gel electropherosis to
see if the PCR had been run successfully. It was expected that
all PCR products would be 1484 base pairs long, as the reverse
primer used was 1492R and the forward was 8F resulting in
1484 base pairs. Each cleaned DNA segment was run in 1%
agarose gel running in 1xTBE buffer and 10µL of the DNA was
used. The 1x TBE buffer consisted of 89 mM Tris base, 89 mM
Boric acid, and 2 mM EDTA. The stock was then diluted 10x to
make 500ml total volume. This was used with a 50ml gel that
was made using the following guidelines; .5g agarose was
weighed and put in a 25ml flask, 50ml 1xTBE buffer was added
and the agarose was then microwaved approximately 1 minute
until it melted. The hot agarose was then poured into a 50ml
blue cap tube and water was added to bring he volume back up
to 50ml. We then added 5µl of 10mg/ml ethidium bromide and
this was poured into the gel tray with an 8-well comb where it
9. was left to harden.
After the gel was made, the DNA had to be prepped to run on
the gel. This was done by placing 10 µl of the DNA in a 1.5ml
tube and had 2µl 6x gel loading buffer added to it. This then
allowed us to place it in the gel box and fill the box with 1x
TBE buffer until it was submerged , once the gel had hardened.
The gel was then loaded with our samples with a combined 5µl
of DNA size markers. The size markers used were BioRad EZ
Load 100 bp PCR Markers. These markers provide bands at
every 100bp between 100-3000bp, with thick bands at 1000 bp
and 3000 bp that contain triple the concentration. These markers
allow for a template to gauge the size of the DNA fragments in
which our products resulted in. The gel was hen run at 140V for
approximately 30 minutes to allow the fragments to move
through the gel. Once complete, the gel was viewed using an
ultraviolet transilluminator to see that our DNA fragments had
moved through the gel and using the markers we were able to
determine that the size of the segments were approximately
1484 base pairs. This indicated that our PCR had been run
successfully and could be sequenced. We prepared the sample
for sequencing by placing 15µl of the cleaned PCR DNA in a
tube labeled by specimen (shoe, nose) and sent to Macrogen,Inc.
in Rockville, Maryland to be sequenced.
Materials and Methods
Staph Lab Part I-Obtaining Specimens
The two Staphylococcus specimens were obtained from our nose
and the bottom of our shoe. We obtained the samples by first
sterilely pipeting 5ml of m-staphylococcus broth into 3 x 15 ml
screw top cap tubes. The tubs were then inoculated separately
by using sterile swabs to first swab the inside of one of our
nose’s and inoculating the tube and then the bottomof one our
shoes. The swab was gently moved about the area of concern to
pick up bacteria, then placed in the tube with the m-
staphylococcus broth and moved around for a short period of
10. time to transfer the microbes. They were then incubated at 37°C
for one week. The m-staphylococcus broth consisted of using 20
grams of powder and mixing it with 80ml of water and vacuum
filtrating it using .2µm filter to sterilize.
Staph Lab Part II-Streaking MSA Plates
After the m-staphylococcus broths had been incubating at 37°C
for a week, Mannitol Salt Agar plates were streaked using each
specimen. The bacteria growing in the tubes were transferred to
its own MSA plate through the use of a sterilized swab. The
plates were then incubated at 37°C. After a week of incubation,
the bacteria growing on the plates were first analyzed to
conclude that they were not S aureus by noting that the
specimens did not ferment the mannitol and no color change to
yellow agar was observed. Then, one isolated colony from each
plate was transferred from the MSA plate to its own MSA plate
using an inoculating loop. These were then also incubated at
37°C.
Staph Lab Part III-Gram Stain and 16s rRNA PCR
The bacterium on the MSA plates were Gram –stained and
observed under a microscope to securely indentify that they
were Gram-positive Cocci. The procedure of the Gram-Stain and
result were comparable to other research of such strains, in that
the bacteria resulted in clustering, purple, cocci.( (Namvar,
2014. Uconn,2017).Bacterium from each plate were then used to
inoculate a Microgen Staph ID test strip using an inoculating
needle. These were then incubated at 37°C and examined the
next week to gain an ID to match with the sequencing
performed in the next step.
16s rRNA sequencing was performed by first putting .5ml
of sterile saline in two separate centrifuge tubes and labeling
them. An inoculating loop was then used to transfer a miniscule
amount of each bacterium into each of the centrifuge tubes,
using separate tubes for each of the different samples. A 50ml
PCR reaction was then set up using the following concentrations
of the additives:
11. Reaction Component
Concentration in µl
2x SSO SYBR supermix
25
10µM 8F Primer
2
10µM 1492R primer
2
Water
17.5
DMSO
2.5
Bacteria colony in Saline
1
The components, once in the tubes, were mixed by pipeting up
and down. The tubes were placed in a thermocycler that ran the
denaturing, annealing, and extension phases using the following
cycle:
Cycle
Temperature(°C)°C)
Time(minutes)
Denature
94
0.5
Anneal
55
0.5
Elongation
72
2
This cycle was repeated 40 times with a 5 minute 94°C step
prior to the cycles for first denaturation and a 7 minute 72°C
step post cycles to secure any other needed elongation. This
provided us with a theoretical yield of 240 copies of DNA.
Staph Lab Part IV
Cleaning Product
12. Since the PCR was run in part III, the mixture needs to be
cleaned up in order to be used for DNA sequencing. The
reaction contains unused primers and nucleotide, and a buffer
for PCR. The mixture is run through a small column, BioRad
Quantum Prep in this lab, which separates the molecules of he
contents by size. Resin beads inside the columns will trap the
smaller molecules such as the primers, nucleotides, and buffer
while allowing the large PCR product molecules to flow
through. This was done following the 7 step procedure
provided by BioRad; Step 1 was vortexing the column to
resuspend the resin making sure none was settled, Step 2 was
snapping off the tip and placing the whole column in a 2.0 ml
wash tube, we then spun the column for 1 minute in a
microcentrifuge at 735 x g. The column was then place in a
clean 1.5 ml collection tube to collect the cleaned sample as we
then added 50µl of the sample to the top of the column and spun
it for 2 minutes at 735 x g. The purified sample had then passed
through the resin beads and remained in the bottom of the 1.5ml
collection which was sent out to Macrogen,Inc in Maryland for
sequencing after it was tested for sound results through gel
electropherosis.
Gel Electropherosis
After the product was cleaned and was in the correct state to be
sequenced, we first ran the product on a gel electropherosis to
see if the PCR had been run successfully. It was expected that
all PCR products would be 1484 base pairs long, as the reverse
primer used was 1492R and the forward was 8F resulting in
1484 base pairs. Each cleaned DNA segment was run in 1%
agarose gel running in 1xTBE buffer and 10µL of the DNA was
used. The 1x TBE buffer consisted of 89 mM Tris base, 89 mM
Boric acid, and 2 mM EDTA. The stock was then diluted 10x to
make 500ml total volume. This was used with a 50ml gel that
was made using the following guidelines; .5g agarose was
weighed and put in a 25ml flask, 50ml 1xTBE buffer was added
and the agarose was then microwaved approximately 1 minute
until it melted. The hot agarose was then poured into a 50ml
13. blue cap tube and water was added to bring he volume back up
to 50ml. We then added 5µl of 10mg/ml ethidium bromide and
this was poured into the gel tray with an 8-well comb where it
was left to harden.
After the gel was made, the DNA had to be prepped to run on
the gel. This was done by placing 10 µl of the DNA in a 1.5ml
tube and had 2µl 6x gel loading buffer added to it. This then
allowed us to place it in the gel box and fill the box with 1x
TBE buffer until it was submerged , once the gel had hardened.
The gel was then loaded with our samples with a combined 5µl
of DNA size markers. The size markers used were BioRad EZ
Load 100 bp PCR Markers. These markers provide bands at
every 100bp between 100-3000bp, with thick bands at 1000 bp
and 3000 bp that contain triple the concentration. These markers
allow for a template to gauge the size of the DNA fragments in
which our products resulted in. The gel was hen run at 140V for
approximately 30 minutes to allow the fragments to move
through the gel. Once complete, the gel was viewed using an
ultraviolet transilluminator to see that our DNA fragments had
moved through the gel and using the markers we were able to
determine that the size of the segments were approximately
1484 base pairs. This indicated that our PCR had been run
successfully and could be sequenced. We prepared the sample
for sequencing by placing 15µl of the cleaned PCR DNA in a
tube labeled by specimen (shoe, nose) and sent to Macrogen,Inc.
in Rockville, Maryland to be sequenced.
Kobayashi, S. D., Malachowa, N., & DeLeo, F. R. (2015).
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Abscesses. The
American Journal of Pathology, 185(6), 1518–1527.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.030
Janda, J. M., & Abbott, S. L. (2007). 16S rRNA Gene
Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in the Diagnostic
Laboratory: Pluses, Perils, and Pitfalls . Journal of Clinical
Microbiology, 45(9), 2761–2764.
http://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01228-07
14. Namvar, A. E., Bastarahang, S., Abbasi, N., Ghehi, G. S.,
Farhadbakhtiarian, S., Arezi, P., … Chermahin, S. G. (2014).
Clinical characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermidis: a
systematic review. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, 9(3),
Doc23. http://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000243
(n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2017, from
http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Student%20presentations/S
%20epidermidis/sepidermidis.html
Otto, M. (2009). Staphylococcus epidermidis – the “accidental”
pathogen. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 7(8), 555–567.
http://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2182
Staphylococcal Infections: MedlinePlus. (2017). Retrieved
November 9, 2017, from
https://medlineplus.gov/staphylococcalinfections.html
Introduction
Staphylococci are gram
-
positive cocci (bacteria) typically about 1µm in size and grow
in
clumps, pairs, or occasionally short chains. The staphylococci
genus is home to around 40
different strains of the bacteria, some being extremely common
and harmless r
elative to
humans while others are much less present and can cause
serious infections when penetrating
the b
arriers of the human body(Staphylococci,2017
).
Staphylococci epidermidis
is one of these
15. common types of staphylococci that is part of the normal human
flora an
d is typically found on
the skin and slightly less commonly in mucosal tissue due to it’s
ability to withstand higher salt
concentrations. It typically forms colonies 1
-
2mm in diameter and will test positive in the
catalase test, but negative in a coagulas
e one. Another characteristic of this strain is that it is a
facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow utilizing both
aerobic respiration and
fermentation. Being that
S. epidermidis
is typically found on humans, it does not normally pose
a threat. How
ever, out of all coagulase
-
negative staphylococci,
s. epidermidis
cause the most
amount of infections, typically through the use of medical
instruments, prosthetics, and
catheters. This is due to the fact that there is a vast amount of
s. epidermidis
on th
e skin and
can be moved into the organism through the instruments, posing
threat for infection
(Otto,
2009)
. . Another common coagulase negative staph is
S saprophyticus
. It is normally found in
the flora of the female genital region and inside the
gastrointestinal tra
16. ct.
S saprophyticus
does
not normally pose a threat but is contributed to causing around
10
-
20% of urinary tract
infections in females.
S. Aureus
is a strain less common but still found on the skin, in the nose,
and the respiratory tract as it is also tol
erant to higher salt concetrations. It is a coagulase
positive strain, the only other coagulase positive staphylococci
being
s. intermedius.
Although
common and can work commensally in the body,
S aureus
is the main cause of staph infections
and poses many
virulent factors. A main threat of
s. aureus
is that it has gained the ability to
become resistant to methicillin antibiotics and is the bacteria
responsible for MRSA (methicillin
-
resistant
S aureus
).
S aureus
is responsible for superficial skin lesions,
deep
-
seated infections,
17. food poisoning due to the release of enterotoxins, and toxic
shock syndrome by releasing of
super antigens into the bloodstream. Other common
staphylococci include
S lugdunensis, S
haemolyticus, S warneri, S schleiferi, S intermediu
s
but they are rare pathogens
(
Kobayashi,
201
5)
.
In order to identify and classify bacteria, physiological
characteristics of the bacteria
must be determined. Through the use of multi
-
test media, different physiological
characteristics can be observed. MSA plates were used
to determine that the strains taken from
the nose and bottom of one show were not
S aureus
, as they did not ferment the mannitol and
would not turn yellow.
16s rRNA is approximately 1500 base pairs and is used as the
main method for phylogentic
purposes wh
en it comes to identifying bacteria. This method is used due to
the fact that the 16s
rRNA sequence is highly conserved between different species of
bacteria. The 16s rRNA subunit
is a main component in the 30s ribosomal complex in
18. prokaryotes. The structu
ral importance of
this gene is what has slowed the evolution of it and led to it’s
conservation. Through the
method of PCR, the 16s rRNA sequence can be replicated and
sequenced to determine the
genus of staphylococci present. There are different PCR metho
ds that can be used to extract
and replicate the 16s rRNA sequence, the one used in this lab
consisted of using an 8F primer
STAPH LAB REPORTS
Microbiology 311L – Fall 2017
first draft due in lab 7 & 9 November
final copy due Monday 20 November
You and your lab partner are producing and handing in a JOINT
lab report for the Staph lab. You either both swim or you both
sink. The format and grading scheme are described below.
Realistically, you’re probably looking at 7-10 pages – maybe
more.
Remember that you’re telling a story to a reader: what you did,
why you did it and what you found. You’re telling the story in
a way so that readers can interpret your data, come to their own
conclusions, and if they want, have enough information to try
and reproduce your experiments.
Please DO NOT INCLUDE the mixed Gram (+) and Gram (-)
culture from the lab exercise or the PDFs of the DNA
sequencing chromatograms.
TITLE and AUTHORS
· do this on a separate page – each of the other sections don’t
have to start on separate pages
19. · come up with a descriptive title telling the reader what you did
in your project
· list the names of the people who did the work – you decide on
the order of the names
· Abstract: none needed for this report
INTRODUCTION
· Write some background of what is known about the
Staphylococci which live on / infect humans and exist otherwise
in the environment. This doesn’t need to be an exhaustive list
with what they all are or do. Which ones are the big players in
our normal flora / normal environment and which ones cause
some of the major problems?
· Talk briefly about the idea of multi-test media and about 16S
rRNA sequencing for identifying bacteria. Google 16S and
you’ll hit some good information.
· Typically the last paragraph of an introduction says something
like “In the present study, we attempted to…..” or “The goals of
these studies were to…..” and then something like “In our
studies, we found that…..”
MATERIALS AND METHODS
· Divide this section up into subheadings for each of your major
techniques. Information you want to have in here includes:
20. - how/where you collected samples and how you plated them
- how you did Gram staining or tests like coagulase (reference
these – not to my labs
but to real publications!)
- which sample was inoculated into the Staph strip and how you
finished the tests for the strip
- which sample was put into the PCR, how you set up the PCR
reactions and how were they cycled
- how you cleaned up your DNA with the spin columns
- how you did a gel (here’s how to say it – modify it a bit for
reactio
bromide in 1x Tris-borate-EDTA buffer (TBE). DNA size
markers (whatever we actually use) were run as standards. The
gel was run at 125V in 1x TBE for approximately 45 minutes.
PCR products were visualized and photographed on a UV
transilluminator). “Hyperladder” is the brand name of a
particular set of DNA gel size markers. We don’t use it so
please just refer to them as markers
- how DNA sequence analysis was done (see lab 8)
- you can include a flow chart if it will help to explain things
(call it a Figure)
- all the info for tests and molecular stuff is in your labs!
FIGURES / TABLES
21. · Make your figures and tables FIRST. They will be the basis
for writing the rest of your paper.
· You could include any pictures (plates / Staph strips); a table
of Staph strip results; a screen shot of your DNA sequence
analysis; further sequence analysis (% identity etc)
· Keep the figures simple. Massive tables of numbers are a
pretty sure way to loose the attention of a reader. You can use
color to some extent, but remember that most journals are still
in paper format and are published in black and white.
· If you show tables, make sure to provide column and row
headings.
· Make sure to have a figure legend for each figure / table.
Give a brief description of what the reader is seeing for each
and briefly tell what was done. You can embed them in the text
right next to the figure or you can put the figures and their
legends in a separate section of the document.
RESULTS
· Walk the reader through your figures and make sure to refer to
the figure/table numbers as you go. Assume they really don’t
know much about what you did and use the results to tell them
about it - think about some freshman bio major reading this, not
Dr.O.
· Stick to the facts in this section but don’t interpret the
findings here. That’s the purpose of your discussion. Lead the
reader from one figure to the next in some logical order with
some transitions between the figures in your text.
· If you didn’t get a PCR product from which to obtain DNA
sequence, still show your gel (markers with sizes indicated) and
just state what you were trying to do but that you didn’t get a
product and so no DNA sequence is available.
DISCUSSION
· This is where you can discuss your interpretations of your
22. results. Were your results in line with what is known at
Staphylococci in general and about the particular ones you
identified? Were your unknowns one that your would expect to
find in the source (nose, throat, cell phone etc) you got them
from? If not, why not???
· Here’s a good place to talk about some reasons why you might
not have gotten a PCR product but what information you could
have gotten from it (ie how does 16S rRNA sequence allow you
to determine genus/species?)
· Often, the first paragraph describes again what you were
trying to do and an overview of what you found.
REFERENCES / LITERATURE CITED
· You need to have at least 5 references IN ADDITION TO the
textbook.
· ONLY 2 WEBSITES CAN BE CITED as sources!
· WIKI is NOT an acceptable reference for a lab report. It is,
however, a good place to get started for some basic information.
Google Scholar and PubMed are great places to look for real
published information.
· Each scientific journal can have its own format for references.
Let’s all use this one from the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
for citations from journals:
Owen TA, Aronow M, Shalhoub V, Barone LM, Wilming L,
Tassinari MS, Kennedy MB, Pockwinse S, Lian JB, Stein GS.
1990. Progressive development of the rat osteoblast phenotype
in vitro: reciprocal relationships in expression of genes
associated with osteoblast proliferation and differentiation
during formation of the bone extracellular matrix. J Cell Physiol
143:420-430.
or this one for citations from books:
23. Owen, T. A., J. Holthuis, V. Shalhoub, E. Markose, M. Aronow,
J. B. Lian, and G. S. Stein. 1990. Evidence for a functional
relationship between proliferation and initiation of osteoblast
phenotype development. in Calcium Regulation and Bone
Metabolism. D. V. Cohn, F. H. Glorieux, and T. J. Martin, eds.
Elsvier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 371-376.
GRADING
· This report is worth 20% of your lab grade (ie 10% of course
grade)
-- 7% of your lab grade for the first draft
-- 13% of your lab grade for the final version
· Total points (100 possible) will be determined as follows for
EACH version:
(see the separate grading sheet for a more detailed break down
of points)
Possible Points
Appropriate title, names
10
Introduction
20
Materials and Methods
20
Figures and Results
24. 20
Discussion
20
References (number, validity, format)
10
PRACTICAL STUFF
· I’m not counting pages, but am looking for you to do a nice
job telling your story.
· Please double space and use 11 or 12 point font. I’m old…….
· TAKE THE TIME TO PROOFREAD!!! In this age of spell
and grammar check, there’s absolutely not excuse for typos and
sentences that aren’t sentences. I will dock you points for this
stuff!
· If there are journal articles you find in PubMed that you would
like to use as sources but our library doesn’t have access to
them, please send me the PubMed ID number (PMID) and I’ll
try to get you the pdf file.
Micro 311L – Staph Lab format Fall 2017
Page 4