The document provides an in-depth overview of ceramics, detailing their composition, types, and applications. It categorizes ceramics into various types such as whitewares, refractories, and glasses, and discusses their properties, manufacturing processes, and uses in industries like construction, automotive, and military armor. Advanced ceramics are highlighted for their roles in thermal barrier coatings, engine components, and protective systems, showcasing their significance in modern technology.

1. Ceramics
Ceramics

2. Ceramics
Ceramics
A wide-ranging group of materials
A wide-ranging group of materials
whose ingredients are clays, sand
whose ingredients are clays, sand
and felspar.
and felspar.

3. Clays
Clays
Contain some of the following:
Contain some of the following:
 Silicon & Aluminium as silicates
Silicon & Aluminium as silicates
 Potassium compounds
Potassium compounds
 Magnesium compounds
Magnesium compounds
 Calcium compounds
Calcium compounds
Sand contains Silica and Feldspar or
Sand contains Silica and Feldspar or
Aluminium Potassium Silicate.
Aluminium Potassium Silicate.

4. Types of Ceramics
Types of Ceramics
 Whitewares
Whitewares
 Refractories
Refractories
 Glasses
Glasses
 Abrasives
Abrasives
 Cements
Cements

5. Comparison metals v
Comparison metals v
ceramics
ceramics
Ceramics
Metals

6. Bonded Clay Ceramics
Bonded Clay Ceramics
Made from natural clays and
Made from natural clays and
mixtures of clays and added
mixtures of clays and added
crystalline ceramics.
crystalline ceramics.
These include:
These include:
 Whitewares
Whitewares
 Structural Clay Products
Structural Clay Products
 Refractory Ceramics
Refractory Ceramics

7. Whitewares
Whitewares
 Crockery
Crockery
 Floor and wall tiles
Floor and wall tiles
 Sanitary-ware
Sanitary-ware
 Electrical porcelain
Electrical porcelain
 Decorative ceramics
Decorative ceramics

8. Whiteware: Bathrooms
Whiteware: Bathrooms

9. Slip Casting
Slip Casting
Sinter
and
Serve

10. Whitewares
Whitewares

11. Refractories
Refractories
Firebricks for furnaces and ovens.
Firebricks for furnaces and ovens.
Have high Silicon or Aluminium oxide
Have high Silicon or Aluminium oxide
content.
content.
Brick products are used in the
Brick products are used in the
manufacturing plant for iron and steel,
manufacturing plant for iron and steel,
non-ferrous metals, glass, cements,
non-ferrous metals, glass, cements,
ceramics, energy conversion,
ceramics, energy conversion,
petroleum, and chemical industries.
petroleum, and chemical industries.

12. Refractories
Refractories
 Used to provide thermal protection of other
Used to provide thermal protection of other
materials in very high temperature applications,
materials in very high temperature applications,
such as steel making (T
such as steel making (Tm
m=1500°C), metal foundry
=1500°C), metal foundry
operations, etc.
operations, etc.
 They are usually composed of alumina
They are usually composed of alumina
(T
(Tm
m=2050°C) and silica along with other oxides:
=2050°C) and silica along with other oxides:
MgO (T
MgO (Tm
m=2850°C), Fe
=2850°C), Fe2
2O
O3
3, TiO
, TiO2
2, etc., and have
, etc., and have
intrinsic porosity typically greater than 10% by
intrinsic porosity typically greater than 10% by
volume.
volume.
 Specialized refractories, (those already mentioned)
Specialized refractories, (those already mentioned)
and BeO, ZrO
and BeO, ZrO2
2, mullite, SiC, and graphite with low
, mullite, SiC, and graphite with low
porosity are also used.
porosity are also used.

13. Refractory Brick
Refractory Brick

14. Amorphous Ceramics
Amorphous Ceramics
(Glasses)
(Glasses)
 Main ingredient is Silica (S
Main ingredient is Silica (Si
iO
O2
2)
)
 If cooled very slowly will form crystalline structure.
If cooled very slowly will form crystalline structure.
 If cooled more quickly will form amorphous
If cooled more quickly will form amorphous
structure consisting of disordered and linked
structure consisting of disordered and linked
chains of Silicon and Oxygen atoms.
chains of Silicon and Oxygen atoms.
 This accounts for its transparency as it is the crystal
This accounts for its transparency as it is the crystal
boundaries that scatter the light, causing
boundaries that scatter the light, causing
reflection.
reflection.
 Glass can be tempered to increase its toughness
Glass can be tempered to increase its toughness
and resistance to cracking.
and resistance to cracking.

15. Glass Types
Glass Types
Three common types of glass:
Three common types of glass:
 Soda-lime glass
Soda-lime glass - 95% of all glass,
- 95% of all glass,
windows containers etc.
windows containers etc.
 Lead glass - contains lead oxide to
- contains lead oxide to
improve refractive index
improve refractive index
 Borosilicate - contains Boron oxide,
- contains Boron oxide,
known as Pyrex.
known as Pyrex.

16. Glasses
Glasses
 Flat glass (windows)
Flat glass (windows)
 Container glass (bottles)
Container glass (bottles)
 Pressed and blown glass
Pressed and blown glass
(dinnerware)
(dinnerware)
 Glass fibres (home insulation)
Glass fibres (home insulation)
 Advanced/specialty glass (optical
Advanced/specialty glass (optical
fibres)
fibres)

17. Glass Containers
Glass Containers

18. Pressed Glass Processing
Pressed Glass Processing
Softened
Gob

19. Blow Molding
Blow Molding
Softened
glass

20. Glass in Buildings
Glass in Buildings

21. Plate Glass Drawing
Plate Glass Drawing
Processes
Processes

22. Tempered Glass
Tempered Glass
The strength of glass can
The strength of glass can
be enhanced by inducing
be enhanced by inducing
compressive residual
compressive residual
stresses at the surface.
stresses at the surface.
The surface stays in
The surface stays in
compression - closing
compression - closing
small scratches and
small scratches and
cracks.
cracks.
Small Scratches

23. Hardening Processes
Hardening Processes
 Tempering:
Tempering:
– Glass heated above T
Glass heated above Tg
g but below the softening point
but below the softening point
– Cooled to room temp in air or oil
Cooled to room temp in air or oil
– Surface cools to below T
Surface cools to below Tg
g before interior
before interior
– when interior cools and contracts it draws the
when interior cools and contracts it draws the
exterior into compression.
exterior into compression.
 Chemical Hardening:
Chemical Hardening:
– Cations with large ionic radius are diffused into the
Cations with large ionic radius are diffused into the
surface
surface
– This strains the “lattice” inducing compressive strains
This strains the “lattice” inducing compressive strains
and stresses.
and stresses.

24. Armoured
Armoured Glass
Glass
 Many have tried to
Many have tried to
gain access with golf
gain access with golf
clubs and baseball
clubs and baseball
bats but obviously the
bats but obviously the
glass remains intact !
glass remains intact !
From time to time a
From time to time a
local TV station
local TV station
intends to show
intends to show
videos of those trying
videos of those trying
to get at the cash!!
to get at the cash!!

25. Leaded Glass
Leaded Glass

26. Crystalline Ceramics
Crystalline Ceramics
Good electrical insulators and refractories.
Good electrical insulators and refractories.
 Magnesium Oxide is used as insulation
Magnesium Oxide is used as insulation
material in heating elements and cables.
material in heating elements and cables.
 Aluminium Oxide
Aluminium Oxide
 Beryllium Oxides
Beryllium Oxides
 Boron Carbide
Boron Carbide
 Tungsten Carbide.
Tungsten Carbide.
 Used as abrasives and cutting tool tips.
Used as abrasives and cutting tool tips.

27. Abrasives
Abrasives
 Natural (garnet, diamond, etc.)
Natural (garnet, diamond, etc.)
 Synthetic abrasives (silicon carbide,
Synthetic abrasives (silicon carbide,
diamond, fused alumina, etc.) are
diamond, fused alumina, etc.) are
used for grinding, cutting, polishing,
used for grinding, cutting, polishing,
lapping, or pressure blasting of
lapping, or pressure blasting of
materials
materials

28. Cements
Cements
 Used to produce concrete roads, bridges,
Used to produce concrete roads, bridges,
buildings, dams.
buildings, dams.

29. Advanced Ceramics
Advanced Ceramics
 Advanced ceramic materials
Advanced ceramic materials have been developed over the
have been developed over the
past half century
past half century
 Applied as thermal barrier coatings to protect metal
Applied as thermal barrier coatings to protect metal
structures, wearing surfaces, or as integral components by
structures, wearing surfaces, or as integral components by
themselves.
themselves.
 Engine applications are very common for this class of
Engine applications are very common for this class of
material which includes silicon nitride (Si
material which includes silicon nitride (Si3
3N
N4
4), silicon carbide
), silicon carbide
(SiC), Zirconia (ZrO
(SiC), Zirconia (ZrO2
2) and Alumina (Al
) and Alumina (Al2
2O
O3
3)
)
 Heat resistance and other desirable properties have lead to
Heat resistance and other desirable properties have lead to
the development of methods to toughen the material by
the development of methods to toughen the material by
reinforcement with fibers and whiskers opening up more
reinforcement with fibers and whiskers opening up more
applications for ceramics
applications for ceramics

30. Advanced Ceramics
Advanced Ceramics
 Structural:
Structural: Wear parts, bioceramics, cutting
Wear parts, bioceramics, cutting
tools, engine components, armour.
tools, engine components, armour.
 Electrical:
Electrical: Capacitors, insulators, integrated
Capacitors, insulators, integrated
circuit packages, piezoelectrics, magnets
circuit packages, piezoelectrics, magnets
and superconductors
and superconductors
 Coatings:
Coatings: Engine components, cutting tools,
Engine components, cutting tools,
and industrial wear parts
and industrial wear parts
 Chemical and environmental:
Chemical and environmental: Filters,
Filters,
membranes, catalysts, and catalyst supports
membranes, catalysts, and catalyst supports

31. Engine Components
Engine Components
Rotor (Alumina)
Gears (Alumina)

32. Turbocharger
Turbocharger
Ceramic Rotor

33. Ceramic Brake Discs
Ceramic Brake Discs

34. McLaren Mercedes Benz
McLaren Mercedes Benz

35. Silicon Carbide
Silicon Carbide
Automotive
Automotive
Components in
Components in
Silicon Carbide
Silicon Carbide
Chosen for its heat
Chosen for its heat
and wear
and wear
resistance
resistance

36. Ceramic Armour
Ceramic Armour
 Ceramic armour systems are used to protect military
Ceramic armour systems are used to protect military
personnel and equipment.
personnel and equipment.
 Advantage: low density of the material can lead to weight-
Advantage: low density of the material can lead to weight-
efficient armour systems.
efficient armour systems.
 Typical ceramic materials used in armour systems include
Typical ceramic materials used in armour systems include
alumina, boron carbide, silicon carbide, and titanium
alumina, boron carbide, silicon carbide, and titanium
diboride.
diboride.
 The ceramic material is discontinuous and is sandwiched
The ceramic material is discontinuous and is sandwiched
between a more ductile outer and inner skin.
between a more ductile outer and inner skin.
 The outer skin must be hard enough to shatter the projectile.
The outer skin must be hard enough to shatter the projectile.

37.  Most of the impact energy is absorbed by the fracturing of
Most of the impact energy is absorbed by the fracturing of
the ceramic and any remaining kinetic energy is
the ceramic and any remaining kinetic energy is
absorbed by the inner skin, that also serves to contain
absorbed by the inner skin, that also serves to contain
the fragments of the ceramic and the projectile preventing
the fragments of the ceramic and the projectile preventing
severe impact with the personnel/equipment being
severe impact with the personnel/equipment being
protected.
protected.
 Alumina ceramic/Kevlar composite system in sheets
Alumina ceramic/Kevlar composite system in sheets
about 20mm thick are
about 20mm thick are used to protect key areas of
used to protect key areas of
Hercules aircraft (cockpit crew/instruments and
Hercules aircraft (cockpit crew/instruments and
loadmaster station).
loadmaster station).
 This lightweight solution provided an efficient and
This lightweight solution provided an efficient and
removable/replaceable armour system. Similar systems
removable/replaceable armour system. Similar systems
used on Armoured Personnel Carrier’s.
used on Armoured Personnel Carrier’s.

38. Ceramic - Composite Armor
Ceramic - Composite Armor
Projectile
Outer hard
skin
Ceramic-
Discontinuous
Inner
ductile
skin
Personnel
and
Equipment
Ceramic Armor System

39. Silicon Carbide
Silicon Carbide
Body armour and
Body armour and
other components
other components
chosen for their
chosen for their
ballistic properties.
ballistic properties.