RBG Communiversity is a Web 2.0 New Afrikan Liberation Education and Nationhood Program dedicated to Implementing the Teachings of Our Elders and Ancestors.
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the Black Power movement. It notes that early narratives portrayed Black Power negatively and dismissed its impact. However, over the past 15 years, new scholarship has provided nuanced analyses that demystify the movement and document its profound implications. The essay examines how the study of Black Power has grown from being part of civil rights historiography to becoming its own distinct field. It traces the roots of the Black Power movement in earlier 20th century radicalism and outlines some of the movement's key activities and impacts during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The Dialectics of Black Revolution, by Chairman Omali YeshitelaRBG Communiversity
"The Dialectics of Black Revolution: The Struggle to Defeat the Counterinsurgency in the U.S." by Omali Yeshitela, Chairman of the African People s Socialist Party,
1) The document discusses Black women radicals in the early-to-mid 20th century who practiced a form of "Black internationalism" and advocated for the liberation of Black women globally.
2) Key figures discussed include Audley "Queen Mother" Moore, who gave a speech in 1972 calling for solidarity between Black women facing oppression in different parts of the world.
3) These Black women radicals developed an early form of intersectional Black Left feminism within Communist organizations that centered Black women's experiences of racial, gender, and class oppression.
4) They sought to build transnational political solidarity networks between women of color globally and advance a vision of emancipation that transcended national boundaries in pursuit of universal
Labor history, vol. 44, no. 3, 2003 sentinels for new southRIYAN43
This document summarizes an academic article about Booker T. Washington's views on black industrial accommodation in the Jim Crow South. It discusses how Washington argued that black leaders acted as "sentinels" to keep black workers content under the segregated system. However, the document questions whether this understates tensions between black elites and workers, and suggests accommodation primarily served the interests of white industrialists who wanted a docile black workforce to industrialize the post-Civil War South. It examines how industrialists saw cheap black labor as key to economic growth but also wanted it to remain non-unionized and politically powerless.
The Black Power Movement, A State of the Field. Joseph PE, 2009.RBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the black power movement. It discusses how early narratives portrayed black power negatively, undermining civil rights struggles. Recent studies have provided more nuanced perspectives, establishing black power studies as a field. The black power movement fundamentally transformed racial justice struggles through uncompromising pursuit of social, political, cultural, and economic change across various areas like education, politics, and women's issues. The meaning and impact of black power remains complex with both positive and negative dimensions.
Aluta Continua From Jim Crow to Civil Rights to Black LiberationRBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the progression of the Black liberation movement in America from the 1950s through the 1970s. It discusses the civil rights movement's focus on desegregation and democratic rights, as well as the rise of more radical groups advocating for Black nationalism and power, such as the Nation of Islam, SNCC, the Black Panthers, and the Revolutionary Action Movement. These groups aimed for social and economic equality as well as community control over institutions. The document outlines the activities and repression of these revolutionary organizations and argues that the struggle for Black liberation continues today against systemic racism.
The Political Report to the Sixth Congress of the African People’s Socialist ...RBG Communiversity
The document provides an overview of the African People's Socialist Party and the political context surrounding its Sixth Congress. It notes that the Party was founded in 1972 in the aftermath of the defeat of the Black Revolution of the 1960s. It argues that the Party's leadership is now needed more than ever as imperialism enters a crisis period. The Party recognizes the defeat of previous revolutionary struggles and aims to complete what was started rather than accept limitations. It asserts that the Party's role is to continue providing revolutionary leadership to the African masses and lead the Final Offensive Against Imperialism.
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968
Stokely Carmichael.Toward Black Liberation The Massachusetts Review Autumn 1966 Excerpt*
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the Black Power movement. It notes that early narratives portrayed Black Power negatively and dismissed its impact. However, over the past 15 years, new scholarship has provided nuanced analyses that demystify the movement and document its profound implications. The essay examines how the study of Black Power has grown from being part of civil rights historiography to becoming its own distinct field. It traces the roots of the Black Power movement in earlier 20th century radicalism and outlines some of the movement's key activities and impacts during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The Dialectics of Black Revolution, by Chairman Omali YeshitelaRBG Communiversity
"The Dialectics of Black Revolution: The Struggle to Defeat the Counterinsurgency in the U.S." by Omali Yeshitela, Chairman of the African People s Socialist Party,
1) The document discusses Black women radicals in the early-to-mid 20th century who practiced a form of "Black internationalism" and advocated for the liberation of Black women globally.
2) Key figures discussed include Audley "Queen Mother" Moore, who gave a speech in 1972 calling for solidarity between Black women facing oppression in different parts of the world.
3) These Black women radicals developed an early form of intersectional Black Left feminism within Communist organizations that centered Black women's experiences of racial, gender, and class oppression.
4) They sought to build transnational political solidarity networks between women of color globally and advance a vision of emancipation that transcended national boundaries in pursuit of universal
Labor history, vol. 44, no. 3, 2003 sentinels for new southRIYAN43
This document summarizes an academic article about Booker T. Washington's views on black industrial accommodation in the Jim Crow South. It discusses how Washington argued that black leaders acted as "sentinels" to keep black workers content under the segregated system. However, the document questions whether this understates tensions between black elites and workers, and suggests accommodation primarily served the interests of white industrialists who wanted a docile black workforce to industrialize the post-Civil War South. It examines how industrialists saw cheap black labor as key to economic growth but also wanted it to remain non-unionized and politically powerless.
The Black Power Movement, A State of the Field. Joseph PE, 2009.RBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the black power movement. It discusses how early narratives portrayed black power negatively, undermining civil rights struggles. Recent studies have provided more nuanced perspectives, establishing black power studies as a field. The black power movement fundamentally transformed racial justice struggles through uncompromising pursuit of social, political, cultural, and economic change across various areas like education, politics, and women's issues. The meaning and impact of black power remains complex with both positive and negative dimensions.
Aluta Continua From Jim Crow to Civil Rights to Black LiberationRBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the progression of the Black liberation movement in America from the 1950s through the 1970s. It discusses the civil rights movement's focus on desegregation and democratic rights, as well as the rise of more radical groups advocating for Black nationalism and power, such as the Nation of Islam, SNCC, the Black Panthers, and the Revolutionary Action Movement. These groups aimed for social and economic equality as well as community control over institutions. The document outlines the activities and repression of these revolutionary organizations and argues that the struggle for Black liberation continues today against systemic racism.
The Political Report to the Sixth Congress of the African People’s Socialist ...RBG Communiversity
The document provides an overview of the African People's Socialist Party and the political context surrounding its Sixth Congress. It notes that the Party was founded in 1972 in the aftermath of the defeat of the Black Revolution of the 1960s. It argues that the Party's leadership is now needed more than ever as imperialism enters a crisis period. The Party recognizes the defeat of previous revolutionary struggles and aims to complete what was started rather than accept limitations. It asserts that the Party's role is to continue providing revolutionary leadership to the African masses and lead the Final Offensive Against Imperialism.
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968
Stokely Carmichael.Toward Black Liberation The Massachusetts Review Autumn 1966 Excerpt*
McDuffie-QMM article, African and Black Diaspora, July 2010Erik McDuffie
This article examines the life and legacy of Queen Mother Audley Moore, a prominent 20th century black radical activist. She was a lifelong supporter of Marcus Garvey's black nationalism movement and was also a leading figure in the Communist Party in the 1930s-1940s. Though she broke from the Communist Party in 1950, reinventing herself as a black nationalist, her experiences in the Communist left influenced her anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist politics and emphasis on organizing black communities. She played a key role in mentoring younger black radicals and was influential in the development of the 1960s Black Power movement, helping to forge a connection between early 20th century black radicalism and the new era of black activism. Her
A Brief History of Black Nationalism and RBG's Current Academic ContributionsRBG Communiversity
The document provides a history of black nationalism and an overview of RBG's current academic contributions related to black nationalism. It discusses key figures in the development of black nationalism like Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, and Frantz Fanon. It also summarizes organizations that advocated black nationalist ideologies like the Republic of New Afrika, the Uhuru Movement, and the Black Power movement. Finally, it outlines several online resources maintained by RBG that focus on topics related to black nationalism, history, culture, and political education.
Erik S McDuffie and Komozi Woodard, If you're in a country that is progressiv...Erik McDuffie
This article examines the influence of black women radicals like Vicki Garvin and Queen Mother Audley Moore on the political development and legacy of Malcolm X. It argues that women played a crucial role in shaping Malcolm's ideology but have been marginalized in histories about his life. The article discusses how Garvin first exposed Malcolm to radical politics in the 1940s and how she and Moore helped cultivate his later interests in internationalism, Pan-Africanism, and the importance of women of color in liberation struggles. It seeks to bring greater attention to the roles of these influential women and incorporate feminist perspectives into understandings of Malcolm X.
RBG Communiversity Blueprint for Black Power InteractiveRBG Communiversity
This document outlines FROLINAN, a proposed program of decolonization for New Afrikan (Black) people in the United States. It draws upon theories and strategies from Dr. Amos Wilson's "Blueprint for Black Power," which argues Black people must function as a "nation-within-a-nation," as well as the teachings of Marcus Garvey, Elijah Muhammad, and Malcolm X. The goal of FROLINAN is to implement Dr. Wilson's theory of reversing colonial oppression by attacking seven factors that block Black political and economic development. It also aims to unite Black nationalist organizations around a common strategy and eventually demand control of institutions in Black-majority areas, pointing economic decisions as an independent
This document contains Malcolm X's speech given at the London School of Economics in 1965. In it, he makes 3 key points:
1) American society is racist and uses the media to portray Black communities as criminal to justify police brutality and oppression.
2) Western powers manipulate the media to control the narrative around conflicts in Africa, portraying violence against Black communities as justified while ignoring mass murder.
3) Centuries of colonial rule created a negative image of Africa that caused Black people in the West to internalize racism and hate their African identity and features.
The Revision and Origin of Black August, by Kiilu Nyasha (2012)RBG Communiversity
This document discusses the origins and evolution of Black August, which was originally organized to honor Black revolutionaries who died fighting against racism and oppression. It summarizes the socialist and internationalist views of George Jackson and others. It argues some have revised Black August's meaning for self-promotion rather than upholding its revolutionary principles. It traces Black August back to resistance among Black prisoners in the 1960s led by figures like George Jackson.
What is African Internationalism , Political Education Led by Chairman Omali ...RBG Communiversity
This document summarizes and excerpts from a presentation by Chairman Omali Yeshitela on African Internationalism. Some key points:
1) The presentation will explain the differences between African Internationalism and Marxism, and why capitalism is parasitic and built on the exploitation of African and oppressed peoples.
2) Excerpts from the Chairman's previous work discuss how the Party advanced understanding of colonialism beyond seeing it as only about racism, and recognized it as a class relationship that utilizes racism.
3) This was a major theoretical contribution that helped place responsibility for oppression on the ruling class and revealed the reformist nature of anti-racism struggles.
Democratic Great Power Support for Contested Autocracy: Understanding the U.S...Jason Fasano
Undergraduate honors thesis investigating the role homophily (ideological similarity) and expected utility play in US foreign policy formation, utilizing empirical evidence from the 2011 Arab Uprisings in Bahrain, Syria, Egypt, and Libya.
This document discusses the progression of African American post-secondary education and the roles of the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement. It argues that while the Civil Rights Movement helped integrate schools in the 1960s, the Black Power Movement was more critical for integration of higher education through its use of immediacy, exclusiveness, and emphasis on self-determination. The Black Power Movement led to the establishment of independent Black studies programs and student unions. Today, issues of affordability and attainment still impact African American students, and the Black Lives Matter movement could impact higher education similarly to the Civil Rights/Black Power eras, depending on the response.
This document discusses the relationship between national liberation movements and decolonization. It argues that national liberation movements often represent temporary alliances between conflicting social forces. Colonial powers aimed to strengthen conservative elements and weaken radicals within these movements. As a result, independence often perpetuated existing social and economic relations rather than enabling true social transformation. The experiences of Kenya, Ireland, and South Africa are discussed to illustrate how colonial powers manipulated divisions within nationalist movements to ensure independence benefited existing elites. The importance of independent working class organization to push for deeper social change is emphasized.
The document discusses how mass media portrays African Americans in a negative light and perpetuates racist stereotypes. It argues that the media focuses on crimes, violence, and anti-social behavior in the black community in a distorted way. This has fostered public perceptions of African Americans as criminals. The document also discusses how the media portrayed events like the LA riots in a way that blamed the black community rather than examining underlying socioeconomic factors. It argues that the corporate structure of media leads to the promotion of racist stereotypes in order to maximize profits by dividing the working class along racial lines.
A quiz on politics marking the centenary of the October Revolution, conducted at the Karnataa Quiz Association.
A collective effort of The Gang of Four - Praveen, Hrishi, Raju & Avinash.
Violence can disperse power rather than concentrate it. While violence may initially seem to expand one's power through domination of others, it ultimately serves to divide individuals and weaken unified power. Two examples discussed are the Aztec use of warfare to gain influence, which created internal class divisions and led to their collapse, and Fanon's view that completely destroying colonial influence could further destabilize newly independent states. A better approach to gain power is through progressive movements that appeal to people and encourage unity around a shared cause or identity. Gloria Anzaldua's concept of "tolerance for ambiguity" offers one such model, embracing contradictions to form a new pluralistic culture after colonialism.
paper no: 8 cultural studies,: Post colonial studiesArti Vadher
Hello readers here i am sharing my presentation of paper no 8 cultural studies. These presentation is part of my acedemic work. If you are interested to see than please watch it and give your feedback andd also gave some suggestions. Thank you.
Slide 7 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes Robert Spencer's 2008 book "Stealth Jihad" which argues that radical Islamists have infiltrated American society, government, and education through covert means rather than traditional terrorism or violence. Spencer outlines how Islamic extremist groups like the Muslim Brotherhood employ "stealth jihad" through manipulating moderate Muslim organizations in the US to slowly undermine Western values and promote Islamic supremacy. He warns that accommodations made in the name of multiculturalism are actually part of a grand strategy to impose Sharia law and that critics of Islam are often silenced through accusations of Islamophobia.
This document summarizes and analyzes a scholarly article about the Mexican experience in the United States during the Great Depression era. It discusses two key topics: 1) How the Mexican community in Los Angeles ("Mexico de Afuera") reacted to increasing anti-Mexican policies and sentiments in the U.S. that encouraged repatriation back to Mexico. 2) How Mexico de Afuera responded to the Mexican government's employment of nationalist rhetoric and empty promises through repatriation programs. The document analyzes articles from the periodical La Opinión to understand how the community navigated these pressures and challenges.
This question asks for the identification of a term used in debates about cultural identity and immigration in Europe. Specifically:
- The agricultural term used to describe the dominant plant variety was borrowed by a sociologist to describe certain cultural values Europe needed.
- It has since been used as a counter to multiculturalism and appropriated by the far right, causing controversy whenever debates emerge about national identity.
- The term refers to Leitkultur, meaning dominant or leading culture.
1. O documento descreve um livro sobre fertilizantes e sustentabilidade na agroindústria brasileira, publicado pelo CETEM com apoio da PETROBRAS.
2. O livro contém 25 capítulos sobre nutrientes, fontes de fertilizantes, alternativas de produção, e a importância da fertilização para a produtividade e economia brasileira.
3. O Brasil depende fortemente de importações de fertilizantes e existe um déficit de nutrientes nos solos, portanto estudos sobre fontes alternativas e manejo sustent
Este documento presenta una lista de nombres de plantas pertenecientes a diversas familias botánicas. La lista incluye el nombre científico de cada planta seguido de la familia a la que pertenece. En total se mencionan 59 especies de plantas repartidas en 38 familias diferentes.
McDuffie-QMM article, African and Black Diaspora, July 2010Erik McDuffie
This article examines the life and legacy of Queen Mother Audley Moore, a prominent 20th century black radical activist. She was a lifelong supporter of Marcus Garvey's black nationalism movement and was also a leading figure in the Communist Party in the 1930s-1940s. Though she broke from the Communist Party in 1950, reinventing herself as a black nationalist, her experiences in the Communist left influenced her anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist politics and emphasis on organizing black communities. She played a key role in mentoring younger black radicals and was influential in the development of the 1960s Black Power movement, helping to forge a connection between early 20th century black radicalism and the new era of black activism. Her
A Brief History of Black Nationalism and RBG's Current Academic ContributionsRBG Communiversity
The document provides a history of black nationalism and an overview of RBG's current academic contributions related to black nationalism. It discusses key figures in the development of black nationalism like Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, and Frantz Fanon. It also summarizes organizations that advocated black nationalist ideologies like the Republic of New Afrika, the Uhuru Movement, and the Black Power movement. Finally, it outlines several online resources maintained by RBG that focus on topics related to black nationalism, history, culture, and political education.
Erik S McDuffie and Komozi Woodard, If you're in a country that is progressiv...Erik McDuffie
This article examines the influence of black women radicals like Vicki Garvin and Queen Mother Audley Moore on the political development and legacy of Malcolm X. It argues that women played a crucial role in shaping Malcolm's ideology but have been marginalized in histories about his life. The article discusses how Garvin first exposed Malcolm to radical politics in the 1940s and how she and Moore helped cultivate his later interests in internationalism, Pan-Africanism, and the importance of women of color in liberation struggles. It seeks to bring greater attention to the roles of these influential women and incorporate feminist perspectives into understandings of Malcolm X.
RBG Communiversity Blueprint for Black Power InteractiveRBG Communiversity
This document outlines FROLINAN, a proposed program of decolonization for New Afrikan (Black) people in the United States. It draws upon theories and strategies from Dr. Amos Wilson's "Blueprint for Black Power," which argues Black people must function as a "nation-within-a-nation," as well as the teachings of Marcus Garvey, Elijah Muhammad, and Malcolm X. The goal of FROLINAN is to implement Dr. Wilson's theory of reversing colonial oppression by attacking seven factors that block Black political and economic development. It also aims to unite Black nationalist organizations around a common strategy and eventually demand control of institutions in Black-majority areas, pointing economic decisions as an independent
This document contains Malcolm X's speech given at the London School of Economics in 1965. In it, he makes 3 key points:
1) American society is racist and uses the media to portray Black communities as criminal to justify police brutality and oppression.
2) Western powers manipulate the media to control the narrative around conflicts in Africa, portraying violence against Black communities as justified while ignoring mass murder.
3) Centuries of colonial rule created a negative image of Africa that caused Black people in the West to internalize racism and hate their African identity and features.
The Revision and Origin of Black August, by Kiilu Nyasha (2012)RBG Communiversity
This document discusses the origins and evolution of Black August, which was originally organized to honor Black revolutionaries who died fighting against racism and oppression. It summarizes the socialist and internationalist views of George Jackson and others. It argues some have revised Black August's meaning for self-promotion rather than upholding its revolutionary principles. It traces Black August back to resistance among Black prisoners in the 1960s led by figures like George Jackson.
What is African Internationalism , Political Education Led by Chairman Omali ...RBG Communiversity
This document summarizes and excerpts from a presentation by Chairman Omali Yeshitela on African Internationalism. Some key points:
1) The presentation will explain the differences between African Internationalism and Marxism, and why capitalism is parasitic and built on the exploitation of African and oppressed peoples.
2) Excerpts from the Chairman's previous work discuss how the Party advanced understanding of colonialism beyond seeing it as only about racism, and recognized it as a class relationship that utilizes racism.
3) This was a major theoretical contribution that helped place responsibility for oppression on the ruling class and revealed the reformist nature of anti-racism struggles.
Democratic Great Power Support for Contested Autocracy: Understanding the U.S...Jason Fasano
Undergraduate honors thesis investigating the role homophily (ideological similarity) and expected utility play in US foreign policy formation, utilizing empirical evidence from the 2011 Arab Uprisings in Bahrain, Syria, Egypt, and Libya.
This document discusses the progression of African American post-secondary education and the roles of the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement. It argues that while the Civil Rights Movement helped integrate schools in the 1960s, the Black Power Movement was more critical for integration of higher education through its use of immediacy, exclusiveness, and emphasis on self-determination. The Black Power Movement led to the establishment of independent Black studies programs and student unions. Today, issues of affordability and attainment still impact African American students, and the Black Lives Matter movement could impact higher education similarly to the Civil Rights/Black Power eras, depending on the response.
This document discusses the relationship between national liberation movements and decolonization. It argues that national liberation movements often represent temporary alliances between conflicting social forces. Colonial powers aimed to strengthen conservative elements and weaken radicals within these movements. As a result, independence often perpetuated existing social and economic relations rather than enabling true social transformation. The experiences of Kenya, Ireland, and South Africa are discussed to illustrate how colonial powers manipulated divisions within nationalist movements to ensure independence benefited existing elites. The importance of independent working class organization to push for deeper social change is emphasized.
The document discusses how mass media portrays African Americans in a negative light and perpetuates racist stereotypes. It argues that the media focuses on crimes, violence, and anti-social behavior in the black community in a distorted way. This has fostered public perceptions of African Americans as criminals. The document also discusses how the media portrayed events like the LA riots in a way that blamed the black community rather than examining underlying socioeconomic factors. It argues that the corporate structure of media leads to the promotion of racist stereotypes in order to maximize profits by dividing the working class along racial lines.
A quiz on politics marking the centenary of the October Revolution, conducted at the Karnataa Quiz Association.
A collective effort of The Gang of Four - Praveen, Hrishi, Raju & Avinash.
Violence can disperse power rather than concentrate it. While violence may initially seem to expand one's power through domination of others, it ultimately serves to divide individuals and weaken unified power. Two examples discussed are the Aztec use of warfare to gain influence, which created internal class divisions and led to their collapse, and Fanon's view that completely destroying colonial influence could further destabilize newly independent states. A better approach to gain power is through progressive movements that appeal to people and encourage unity around a shared cause or identity. Gloria Anzaldua's concept of "tolerance for ambiguity" offers one such model, embracing contradictions to form a new pluralistic culture after colonialism.
paper no: 8 cultural studies,: Post colonial studiesArti Vadher
Hello readers here i am sharing my presentation of paper no 8 cultural studies. These presentation is part of my acedemic work. If you are interested to see than please watch it and give your feedback andd also gave some suggestions. Thank you.
Slide 7 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes Robert Spencer's 2008 book "Stealth Jihad" which argues that radical Islamists have infiltrated American society, government, and education through covert means rather than traditional terrorism or violence. Spencer outlines how Islamic extremist groups like the Muslim Brotherhood employ "stealth jihad" through manipulating moderate Muslim organizations in the US to slowly undermine Western values and promote Islamic supremacy. He warns that accommodations made in the name of multiculturalism are actually part of a grand strategy to impose Sharia law and that critics of Islam are often silenced through accusations of Islamophobia.
This document summarizes and analyzes a scholarly article about the Mexican experience in the United States during the Great Depression era. It discusses two key topics: 1) How the Mexican community in Los Angeles ("Mexico de Afuera") reacted to increasing anti-Mexican policies and sentiments in the U.S. that encouraged repatriation back to Mexico. 2) How Mexico de Afuera responded to the Mexican government's employment of nationalist rhetoric and empty promises through repatriation programs. The document analyzes articles from the periodical La Opinión to understand how the community navigated these pressures and challenges.
This question asks for the identification of a term used in debates about cultural identity and immigration in Europe. Specifically:
- The agricultural term used to describe the dominant plant variety was borrowed by a sociologist to describe certain cultural values Europe needed.
- It has since been used as a counter to multiculturalism and appropriated by the far right, causing controversy whenever debates emerge about national identity.
- The term refers to Leitkultur, meaning dominant or leading culture.
1. O documento descreve um livro sobre fertilizantes e sustentabilidade na agroindústria brasileira, publicado pelo CETEM com apoio da PETROBRAS.
2. O livro contém 25 capítulos sobre nutrientes, fontes de fertilizantes, alternativas de produção, e a importância da fertilização para a produtividade e economia brasileira.
3. O Brasil depende fortemente de importações de fertilizantes e existe um déficit de nutrientes nos solos, portanto estudos sobre fontes alternativas e manejo sustent
Este documento presenta una lista de nombres de plantas pertenecientes a diversas familias botánicas. La lista incluye el nombre científico de cada planta seguido de la familia a la que pertenece. En total se mencionan 59 especies de plantas repartidas en 38 familias diferentes.
The author examined several leopard sharks and found:
1) Their stomachs contained a variety of contents including fish, squid, bones, and debris from a ship's galley.
2) Their spiral valves contained enormous numbers of cestodes including Thysanocephalum crispum and Tetrarhynchus bicolor attached to the stomach wall.
3) Their pyloruses contained colloid tumors that partially blocked the lumen.
The document discusses the potential risks of oil and gas development in protected areas in Uganda's Albertine Rift region. Key risks include habitat loss and fragmentation, increased pollution of air, water and soil, disruption of wildlife behaviors, and increased human access and settlement that can lead to overhunting and deforestation. Effective policy and oversight are needed to ensure oil companies mitigate impacts and are held accountable for environmental damage. Lessons from Nigeria's Niger Delta, where unchecked degradation has occurred from oil operations, demonstrate the importance of enforcement of environmental laws.
This document provides an overview of different types of radio industries in the UK, including commercial radio, public service broadcasting, new technologies, and non-profit radio. It discusses major commercial radio stations like Capital FM and Radio Aire. It also outlines various job roles in the radio sector, including managers, sales executives, reporters, producers, and presenters. Employment in the radio industry involves around two-thirds graduates and is centered mainly in London, the Southeast, Northwest, and Scotland.
Este documento fornece:
1) Uma introdução à revista eletrônica gratuita Segunda Empregável, que oferece vagas de emprego e artigos sobre o mercado de trabalho.
2) Dicas sobre como enviar currículos corretamente para as empresas.
3) Continuação da série bíblica Gênesis em inglês e várias piadas.
1. The document summarizes observations from visits to bioshield project villages in Sri Lanka, including non-mangrove and mangrove sites.
2. Recommendations are provided for improving bioshield designs, nursery practices, species selection, planting patterns, and training community members on maintenance and propagation techniques.
3. Overall, the communities were engaged but participation could be increased, nursery practices and bioshield designs need more structure, and thorough training is required for maintenance, monitoring and propagation skills.
El Catàleg de Serveis de Dipsalut és el recull de l'oferta de serveis que l'Organisme posa a disposició dels ajuntaments de la demarcació de Girona i dels professionals de l'àmbit de la salut pública. www.dipsalut.cat
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by the Aspergillus genus of molds. It primarily affects the lungs and can range from non-invasive colonization to acute or chronic invasive disease depending on the patient's immune status. Risk factors include immunosuppression, underlying lung disease, and corticosteroid use. Diagnosis involves biopsy, culture, antigen detection, and imaging. Treatment depends on the specific type but may include antifungal drugs like voriconazole or amphotericin B. Despite advances, invasive forms often have high mortality rates.
1) O documento descreve os primeiros encontros divinos entre Deus e os humanos no Jardim do Éden segundo a Bíblia.
2) Adão e Eva teriam tido um encontro pessoal com Deus no Jardim do Éden antes de comerem o fruto proibido.
3) Após comerem o fruto, Adão e Eva esconderam-se de Deus, que os chamou e conversou com eles, impondo punições pelo pecado.
[1] Jesus consagrou 72 discípulos e os enviou para pregar sobre o Reino de Deus nas cidades por onde ele iria. [2] Ele instruiu os discípulos a pregarem com humildade e sem posses, curando os enfermos. [3] Cidades como Corazin e Betsaida que rejeitaram a mensagem seriam punidas com mais severidade do que cidades pagãs como Tiro e Sidon.
This document provides an overview of group actions in arbitration. It discusses how class arbitration has evolved from litigation to become more commonly used in the US, allowing a group of plaintiffs to file a single complaint against an organization. Two important cases, Green Tree Financial Corp vs. Bazzle and an investment arbitration involving 60,000 Italian bondholders, helped increase awareness of class arbitration. While controversial, class arbitration provides a mechanism for collective redress and can offer cost benefits compared to litigation. However, companies often try to avoid class arbitration through clauses prohibiting it or choosing venues without such procedures.
[1] Existem governantes invisíveis que influenciam os destinos das nações sem o conhecimento da humanidade. [2] Estes governantes operam através de sociedades secretas e grupos de homens que não estão em cargos oficiais. [3] Acredita-se que estes governantes invisíveis morem em uma civilização subterrânea chamada Agartha, sob o comando do Rei do Mundo.
This document discusses the examination and investigation of adrenal disorders. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and their hormone functions. It then discusses two specific adrenal disorders - Addison's disease and pheochromocytoma. For Addison's disease, it outlines the causes, symptoms, examination findings, and investigations including blood tests and imaging used to diagnose the condition. It also discusses pheochromocytoma, including its symptoms, diagnosis through urine and imaging tests, and the need for alpha- and beta-blockade when investigating to avoid hypertensive episodes.
The document discusses different interpretations of probability as applied to causal modeling in the social sciences. It proposes that an empirically-based Bayesian interpretation is sensible. This view treats probabilities as degrees of belief that are informed by empirical evidence. While objectivists and subjectivists raise objections, the author argues that a pluralist view of probability allows for causal modeling. The interpretation of probability has consequences, but philosophers can debate the merits of different views.
Adlerian counseling focuses on individual growth, social interest, and helping clients lead socially useful lives. It views people as unified wholes and interprets behavior based on goals rather than causes. The main counseling goal is to help clients understand their life priorities and behaviors, and determine if changing their lifestyle is worthwhile. This process provides insight and encourages taking risks for greater happiness and social contribution. Adler emphasized birth order influences and viewed early memories as revealing a person's unique style of life and strivings. Dreams also suggest how people deal with future problems. Counseling aims to overcome inferiority complexes through compensation and developing social interest.
Nawet wyjątkowa męska koszula to po prostu koszula, ale koszula Z WARTOŚCIAMI to zupełnie nowa jakość.
Po piersze więc: koszule marki Agonista - to charakterystyczna stójka, organiczna bawełna, guziki z masy perłowej i pojedynczy guzik w kolorze wina.
Po drugie - to cała filozofia!
General Seed Collection Guidelines for California Native Plant Species
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The New Afro-American Nationalism, Dr. John Henrik Clarke (Fall 1961)RBG Communiversity
The document discusses the rise of a new Afro-American nationalism in response to the murder of Patrice Lumumba. It outlines several nationalist groups that emerged in Harlem advocating for Black pride and a return to African customs and religion. The Black Muslim movement is highlighted as the largest and most dynamic of these groups, appealing to Black Americans who felt they had lost faith in the United States and were still denied full citizenship and dignity. The document examines how these new nationalist ideologies reflected a growing search for identity and rejection of the cultural legacies of slavery among African Americans.
Malcolm X was one of the most influential Black Nationalist leaders in the 1960s, advocating for Black pride, self-reliance, and separatism from white society. He was a powerful spokesperson for the Nation of Islam but broke with them in 1964 due to their abstention from political action. As a revolutionary Black nationalist, Malcolm X consistently argued that Black people must organize and take political action to achieve freedom and equality, as he did not believe the US government or gradual reforms would end racism. Though assassinated at age 39, Malcolm X's ideas continue to inspire movements for Black liberation and socialist revolution.
The document discusses the origins and key figures of the Black Power movement in the 1960s, including Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and the Black Panther Party, as well as the rise of black activism on college campuses, black artistic expression through literature and music, and the development of black feminism in response to criticisms of the black family structure. As the movement grew, it led to increasing riots and civil unrest across major U.S. cities as African Americans fought for their voices to be heard on social and political issues.
1) Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) was a leading activist in the civil rights movement who helped popularize the phrase "Black Power" and advocated for Black nationalism.
2) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s work in the civil rights movement can be divided into two phases - the first focused on ending legalized racial segregation in the South, while the second addressed issues of poverty and economic inequality facing African Americans nationwide.
3) By the mid-1960s, King began critiquing issues like poverty and the Vietnam War, becoming increasingly unpopular, but his vision expanded to tackle structural racial inequities beyond legal discrimination.
This document provides historical context about the civil rights movement and its leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., Stokely Carmichael/Kwame Ture, and others. It discusses the two phases of King's work - fighting segregation laws in the South and then addressing national economic inequality. While King's dream of racial equality became popularized, the document argues that structural racial inequalities remain in areas like wealth, employment, incarceration rates, and poverty.
The document discusses the rise of the Black Power movement in the 1960s. It began with Malcolm X advocating for black self-determination and control of the civil rights movement. The term "Black Power" was coined in 1967 and became an ideology for black youth calling for an end to white power. The Vietnam War also divided black America as blacks made up a disproportionate number of casualties. Martin Luther King Jr.'s opposition to the war shifted blacks' views and led to attempts to discredit him, culminating in his 1968 assassination. The Black Power movement inspired black separatism and nationalism through literature and art and groups like the Black Panthers.
Africans at the Crossroads: African World Revolution-Dr. John Henrik Clarke RBG Communiversity
The document provides biographical information about Dr. John Henrik Clarke, a prominent historian known for his work highlighting the role and achievements of Africans and African Americans in history. It details how Clarke's early experiences noticing the exclusion of Africans from biblical stories and lessons led him to embark on a lifelong search to uncover the true history of African peoples around the world. Through extensive research across multiple continents, Clarke found that early civilizations and advancements originated in Africa. He shared his findings in numerous books and lectures. The document also discusses Clarke being honored with libraries and collections named after him in recognition of his contributions to the field of Africans and African American studies.
The Genesis of Pan-Africanism: A Historical PerspectiveAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Pan-Africanism is a movement to secure human rights, self-government, independence, and unity
for all African peoples. The spirit of solidarity and collaboration among African societies is ages old, fading and
flourishing from one century to the next. Pan-Africanism emerged once again at the end of the eighteenth century
as an anti-slavery and anti-colonial movement. Its appeal was both indigenous and international. Africans saw
their land invaded by European powers, a scenario that sparked resistance. The African struggle for freedom
coincided with anti-slavery sentiments in Europe and America, among other regions. In its original form, PanAfricanism had a wider scope than the geographic continent. It encompassed the African diaspora and descendants
worldwide. Seeking to unify the African people into a single community, Pan-Africanism grew and changed over
time, each century adding to its richness and passing on its legacy to the next. An ethnic, economic, political, and
social mosaic, Africa has struggled with an ambition for a united continent while at the same time being conscious
of the deep divisions within her borders. Along with the vision of oneness are the conflicting demands by Africa’s
sovereign states and regions, involving a mix of stakeholders—policymakers, national legislatures, and citizens
of independent countries. Still, for all its twists and turns, the movement embodies a vision of Africa liberated and
united, right up to the present day.
CommentaryMotivated by politics, a group of African-American au.docxpickersgillkayne
Commentary:
Motivated by politics, a group of African-American authors became known as the
Black Arts Movement
. Preeminent in this movement was the poet Imamu Amiri Baraka. The movement stemmed from the strife following the assassination of Malcom X in 1965, and then the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. Those involved in the changes spreading across America, known as Black Nationalism or the
Black Power Movement
, broke into two primary branches--Revolutionary Nationalists, which included such groups as the Black Panther Party, and Cultural Nationalists, which includes the Black Arts Movement.
The expression of the Black Power Movement was evident in several ways: changes in clothing styles (dashikis, for example) adopted among several black groups, more vocal involvement in politics, and more outspoken tones in and topics of writing, speeches, and the plastic arts (sculpture and painting).
Though the Black Arts Movement began in Harlem, it quickly spread to many cities around the country. Numerous African-American magazines, publishing houses, and journals flourished during this time, such as
Negro Digest, Black World
, Third World Press,
The Black Scholar
, and Lotus Press, among others. Poetry was the predominant form of writing within this movement, but not exclusively--short stories, drama, essay, plays, and music were also key to the content of this era.
The Black Arts Movement was not without controversy. The content of its works is often cited as homophobic, exclusive, misogynistic, and anti-Semitic in favor of black identity.
The Black Arts Movement’s influence began to fade as the result of an unlikely source--success. As members such as James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Nikki Giovanni, among others, became popular and even wealthy as the result of the works they also became mainstream, which was an unforeseen consequence counter to the basis of the movement itself.
Recovering the History of African Americans
Attempts to recover and recognize the history of African Americans was part of the Black Power Movement. This is seen in African Americans who changed their birth names to African names. Born as Leroi Jones, Amiri Baraka, for example, changed his name in 1964. Stokely Carmichael became Kwame Ture. In Alice Walker's short story "Everyday Use," Dee returns home with the name Wangero.
Attitudes and actions that before the 1960s might have been kept private became more overt, which is evident in the essays defining the Black Arts Movement. Richard Wright's comments about African-American writers in his 1937 essay "Blueprint for Negro Writing" were no longer true. In that essay, Wright discussed black writers who "dressed in the knee-pants of servility" as they went "abegging to white America" for approval. He notes, "Negro writing was something external to the lives of educated Negroes themselves."
Instead, the arts in the 1960s were more aligned with what Du Bois wrote in 1926, when he call.
There are four major strains of thought in the universe of Black Nationalism. Those strains are Cultural Black Nationalism., Religious Black Nationalism, Political Black Nationalism, and Economic Black Nationalism. We will explore what has been described as the three periods of Black Nationalism. The first period was pre-classical African Nationalism or what has been called Pan-Negro Nationalism.
After the Revolutionary War the second period occurred which was characterized by a critical mass of Africans brought to New England and Pennsylvania by the European Colonizers. This period witnessed the development of the Free African Society, African Masonic Lodges and Black Churches. These institutions were founded and developed by individuals such as Prince Hall and Richard Allen. The Post-Reconstruction Era marked the third period of Black Nationalism which was associated with the flowering of a variety of African American clergy circles. This period ushered in what has been described as modern-day Black Nationalism. Indeed, the term “Black Nationalism” has been used in American History to describe a body of social thought, attitudes, and actions ranging from the simplest expressions of ethnocentrism and racial solidarity to the comprehensive and sophisticated ideologies of Pan-Negroism to Pan-Africanism.” We will trace the development of Black Nationalism through the thinking of people such as Richard Allen, Marcus Garvey, George Padmore, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammad, Reverend Albert Cleage and the phenomenon know as Black Power.
Malcolm X's autobiography illustrates his life journey and aims to impress upon readers the need to be self-reliant and break social constraints. It was co-written by Malcolm X and published in 1965 by Grove Press during the civil rights movement. The autobiography details Malcolm's experiences growing up in Nebraska and Michigan, his time in prison which led him to join the Nation of Islam, and his later split from that group.
The document summarizes the origins and development of Black Power ideology from the 1960s. It discusses the legacies of Malcolm X in fueling Black nationalism and empowerment. It describes the formation of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization and their use of the black panther symbol. Stokely Carmichael popularized the phrase "Black Power" during the 1966 March Against Fear in Mississippi. The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 in Oakland with a platform advocating for Black self-defense against police violence and community social programs. Their armed protests generated controversy but also drew new members to their cause of Black empowerment and liberation.
Similar to Marxism vs. Pan Africanism: A Scholarly Debate (13)
Dr. Clarke In His Own Words_ African Education At the Crossroads. RBG Communiversity
This document provides an autobiographical account from Dr. John Henrik Clarke reflecting on his life and work as an historian, author, and activist. Some key points:
- Clarke was born in 1915 in Alabama and grew up in a sharecropping family, working various jobs from a young age to support himself and his education.
- He had a passion for history from a young age and left the South to pursue further education and a career focused on researching and teaching African history.
- Throughout his life, Clarke authored hundreds of works on African history and the African diaspora. He also founded or helped establish numerous organizations focused on African and African American studies.
- Clarke dedicated his career to
Political Report to the 7th Congress of the African People's Socialist Party USARBG Communiversity
The document is the political report from the chairman of the African People's Socialist Party to the party's Seventh Congress. It discusses the party's role as the vanguard and advanced detachment of the African revolution. It provides the party's history and achievements over its 45+ year existence. It emphasizes the party's goal of seizing state power in Africa to liberate the continent from imperialism and establish socialism under the leadership of the African working class.
Dr. Amos N. Wilson_The Battle Must Be Joined | A Revolutionary PoemRBG Communiversity
This document calls for joining the battle against racism through direct action and confrontation. It states that true change requires risking defeat, fighting "hand to hand" through institutions and traditions, and creating a new world order through rebuilding and restoring what has been destroyed. The battle must be fought through the mind, spirit, will, money, technology, and physical confrontation if needed. Ultimately, change depends on ordinary people taking up the challenge and making this new world their own.
The Revolutionary Psychology of Dr. Amos N. Wilson_text only versionRBG Communiversity
1) The passage discusses the revolutionary psychology of Dr. Amos N. Wilson and emphasizes the need to join the battle for liberation through concrete action and building new institutions.
2) It criticizes assimilationist leadership that seeks integration into white systems of power and calls for a true nationalist movement that works to replace oppressive systems with Afrocentric alternatives through entrepreneurship and future-oriented work.
3) A true nationalist educates both children and adults, builds international networks, and delegates power rather than being obsessed with the past or destroyed civilizations. Nationalism requires concrete progress.
Imperialism 101_ Chapter 1 of Against Empire by Michael ParentiRBG Communiversity
This document provides an overview and analysis of imperialism. It discusses how imperialism has shaped world history over the past few centuries through the colonization and oppression of indigenous peoples. While imperialism has had massive impacts, it is often ignored or sanitized in mainstream discourse. The document examines the economic drivers of capitalist imperialism, how it has exploited the land, labor and resources of the global south for profit. It also debunks common myths used to justify imperialism, such as the notion that colonized regions were inherently poor or culturally backward.
This document outlines standards and guidelines for members of the African People's Socialist Party. It discusses that Party members must be committed to serving the people and struggling for African liberation, unity, and socialism. The Party aims to educate the masses and lead them in struggles to solve their problems and undermine the imperialist system. The document explains the Party's revolutionary strategy and role in developing the political consciousness of the people through organizing struggles. It emphasizes the importance of discipline and subordinating individual interests to serve the Party and liberation movement.
This document contains multiple quotes from Malcolm X on a variety of topics:
1) Malcolm X criticizes those in the black community who are too comfortable with their current situation and unwilling to push for further progress and change.
2) He expresses that while he is against racism and discrimination, he does not view himself as an American due to the oppression black people face in the U.S.
3) Malcolm X emphasizes the importance of black unity before trying to unite with other groups, and calls for greater understanding between black people to overcome divisions.
This document summarizes key points from Dr. Amos Wilson's book "Blueprint for Black Power" regarding economics and Afrikan nationalism. It discusses Wilson's argument that an African American/Caribbean/Pan-African bloc could generate significant black power to counter white and Asian power networks. It also analyzes potentially powerful black institutions and advocates for greater use of financial tools and institutions to promote economic empowerment. Wilson asserts that true black power requires ownership and control over critical resources like property, wealth, and organization, rather than just political offices. The responsibility of the African American community is to ensure Africa's economic development and invest in rebuilding Africa.
The 14-Point Platform of the African People's Socialist Party outlines their core beliefs and goals. The key points are:
1) They believe African people in the US experience colonial domination and oppression, and seek peace, dignity, and self-determination.
2) They believe the capitalist system exploits African labor and want rights to economic development and jobs that benefit their people.
3) They do not believe African people have meaningful political representation, so do not want to pay taxes to the US government.
4) They want freedom of speech and association to organize for liberation without fear of imprisonment or harm.
5) They view all African people as part of a single entity, and want the
From: Chairman Omali Yeshitela , Ch. 3. The Theory of African Internationalism. In: An Uneasy Equilibrium - Commemorative Edition: The African Revolution Versus Parasitic Capitalism, Burning Spear Uhuru Publications, 2014.
Chinweizu_ Marcus Garvey and Black Power (Parts 1 through 6)RBG Communiversity
Garvey argued that the Black race will be exterminated if it does not build a Black superpower in Africa by the end of the century. He summarizes Marcus Garvey's legacy, including his institution building, profound ideas, and projects for successors. Key aspects of Garvey's legacy were his establishment of political, business, social, and paramilitary institutions through the UNIA; ideas like race first, racial autonomy, self-reliance, nation building, and industrialization; and his dramatization of Black power that inspired future leaders despite attempts to discredit him.
Decolonizing the African Mind: Further Analysis and Strategy_Dr. Uhuru HotepRBG Communiversity
This document provides an overview and framework for discussing the psychology of African liberation. It discusses how Europeans perfected methods of psychological manipulation and control over Africans through processes of colonization, deculturalization, and mis-education. These processes aim to strip Africans of their culture and replace it with European culture in order to manipulate and control them. The document outlines the history of European colonialism in Africa and how it led to the colonization of African lands, knowledge, and minds. It discusses how deculturalization and mis-education have affected African Americans and aims to brainwash them. The document concludes by discussing the need to decolonize the African mind through reversing these processes and embracing African concepts and orientations.
2017 African People's Socialist Party Plenary Putting Revolution Back On the ...RBG Communiversity
The document discusses an African People's Socialist Party plenary meeting to assess progress on implementing the goals established at the party's sixth congress five years prior. It describes the imperialist crisis exacerbating political instability in the US and challenges facing the African liberation movement. The party sees itself as providing revolutionary leadership for the African working class to achieve socialist liberation and unification against neocolonial forces promoting dependency.
African People’s Socialist Party 14-Point Platform Study-GuideRBG Communiversity
The document provides an overview of the 14-Point Platform of the African People's Socialist Party, which was adopted in 1981. It states that studying the 14 points equips members to understand the Party's theory of African Internationalism and take action to liberate Africa and African people everywhere. The 14 points are considered the basic political education course for understanding the Party's ideology and practice. The document urges members to memorize and internalize the 14 points and use them daily in organizing Africans to liberate Africa and their people.
ATTICA PRISON UPRISING 101-A SHORT PRIMER By Mariame Kaba, Project NIARBG Communiversity
This document provides background information on the 1971 Attica Prison uprising in three pages. It summarizes that tensions were rising at Attica due to overcrowding, poor conditions, and racial segregation. On September 8th, 1971, two prisoners were sent to solitary confinement ("the box") after an altercation, sparking outrage among the inmate population. The next day, prisoners took control of the facility, taking guards as hostages. After four days of negotiations, state police stormed the prison, killing 39 people in the process and ending the uprising. The document aims to provide context on the conditions and circumstances that led up to the rebellion.
Believing that white domination is too powerful to defeat has led to living in fear, frustration, bitterness and disappointment, which are covered up with self-destructive behaviors like alcohol, drugs and sexual perversions. Overcoming this belief that we cannot liberate ourselves and make the world better is needed to avoid these negative thoughts and behaviors.
This quote from Epicurus argues that if God exists and wants to abolish evil, he would be able to, but evil still exists, so either God is not all-powerful or he does not want to abolish evil, making him unworthy of being God. The document notes that for the author, this quote shows that God does not exist.
BEPAA-Integrated Health Sciences (IHS) STEM Curriculum Tools Access DEMONSTRA...RBG Communiversity
The document provides information about an integrated health sciences program for high school students interested in health careers. The 120-hour program covers anatomy and physiology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, and medical microbiology through 40 lessons across four 10-week modules. The curriculum is aligned with New York state and national STEM standards. Students will learn through classroom lessons, online resources, videos, and assignments designed to provide an engaging introduction to various health fields.
Best Practices in Afrikan-centered Web 2.0 Education, by FROLINAN ScholarRBG Communiversity
This document discusses best practices for using social networking and web 2.0 technologies in Afrikan-centered education. It covers topics like exploring social networking applications, microblogging, Twitter, blogs, podcasting and why educators should utilize these tools. The key takeaways are that social media can be used to improve instruction through global collaboration, sharing resources and discussions. Educators are encouraged to keep content professional, think carefully about their digital footprint, develop policies for social media use, and leverage these platforms for communication, public relations, professional growth and branding opportunities.
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdfEdouardHusson
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"ScyllaDB
Yichen Wei and Adam Drennan share the architecture and technical requirements behind "user watch status" for a major global media streaming service, what that meant for their database, the pros and cons of the many options they considered for replacing DynamoDB, why they ultimately chose ScyllaDB, and their lessons learned so far.
17062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
16062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
Shark Tank Jargon | Operational ProfitabilityTheUnitedIndian
Don't let fancy business words confuse you! This blog is your cheat sheet to understanding the Shark Tank Jargon. We'll translate all the confusing terms like "valuation" (how much the company is worth) and "royalty" (a fee for using someone's idea). You'll be swimming with the Sharks like a pro in no time!
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
1. Saturday, October 30, 2010
Marxism vs. Pan-Africanism
Communist workers movement versus
Pan-Africanist socialism, an exchange
Following is an exchange between Sobukwe Shukura and Steve Clark on issues raised
in an article in the June 21 issue of the Militant.
Written by Clark, the article was titled, “Communist workers movement versus Pan-
Africanist socialism.” It addressed the divergent views expressed by Shukura and Clark
at a panel discussion in Atlanta last May of the book Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and
the Road to Workers Power by Jack Barnes. The event was hosted by the Auburn
Avenue Research Library of African American Culture and History.
The Militant invited Shukura to reply to Clark’s article. We also invited Clark to write a
further reply for this week’s paper. Both are included here so readers have the full
exchange in the same issue.
Source: http://marxistupdate.blogspot.com/2010/10/marxism-vs-pan-africanism.html
Marxism vs. Pan-Africanism
2. Page 1 of 9
In defense of Pan-Africanism
BY SOBUKWE SHUKURA
In June there appeared in the Militant an article by Steve Clark on a book talk at the
Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History in Atlanta
that featured the latest Malcolm X offering from Pathfinder Books, Malcolm X, Black
Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power. Steve Clark and myself had very different
readings on the book. This article gives us revolutionary Pan-Africanists a second
chance to publicly address questions raised at the library discussion and in the Militant.
Page 344 of Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and The Road to Workers Power, written by
Jack Barnes and edited by Steve Clark, in the first full sentence says, “Malcolm was on
the road to becoming a communist.” He goes on to say on page 345, “Recognizing and
embracing the world-class political leadership of revolutionists who are Black—whether
an African American such as Malcolm X, or leaders such as Maurice Bishop and
Thomas Sankara—doesn’t lead militant workers and youth in the political direction of
nationalism or Pan-Africanism.”
These statements say volumes about first, Jack’s arrogant dismissal of revolutionary
Pan-Africanism, and second, his attempts to rewrite and appropriate the history of El
Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X). We will deal with El Hajj Malik El-Shabazz first.
Let’s make it clear, he built two organizations when he left the Nation of Islam: The
Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) and the Muslim Mosque, Inc. The OAAU
was the political organization he formed, but Jack Barnes tells us on the bottom of page
357 that we should ignore the “Statement of Basic Aims and Objectives” from 1964 and
the ‘’Basic Unity Program” of 1965.
Both documents call for unity between Africans in the West, and Africans in Africa. Even
if we were to ignore Malcolm’s own organizational documents, we have to listen to his
speeches that call for not only unity among Africans in the U.S., but for Unity for
Africans (Afro-Americans) in the Western Hemisphere. He states that what will advance
African peoples’ struggles in the U.S. “is the independence of Africa.”
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Malcolm X and communism
On the night we reviewed the book, what is not mentioned in the article is that I played a
recording of El Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X) in his own words, a speech “You
Can’t Hate the Roots of a Tree.” It emphasized the importance of African identity and
other concepts of Pan-Africanism. He called Ghana the fountainhead of Pan-Africanism.
Yet, nowhere does he call himself a communist. In fact, his last statement on
communism, recorded in his final interview, was a negative one, placing it one step
above Zionism. So if he were to evolve toward communism it would most probably have
been through revolutionary Pan-Africanism.
Steve Clark, the editor of the book who penned the article in the June 21 Militant, again
attacks Pan-Africanism. He first inaccurately accuses Mangaliso Sobukwe of creating
the slogan “One Settler, One Bullet,” a slogan used by some of the armed wing of the
Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa). Sobukwe died in 1978 and the slogan
was coined in the ’80s and was never an official slogan of the Party, no more than was
the African National Congress’s (ANC) slogan after the death of Chris Hani, “Kill the
Boer, Kill the Farmer.”
Mangaliso Sobukwe, who said “that there is one race, the human race,” challenged the
Freedom Charter promoted by the ANC, which said the land belongs to all who live
there, negating the European minority settler/colonial occupation that took 80 percent of
the land. In contrast, Mangaliso Sobukwe upheld that The Land Belongs to the African
People. Malcolm would support this. It’s Malcolm who informed us that the basis of
revolution is land. Today after 14 years of freedom-charter politics, 93 percent of the
farmland still belongs to the European Settlers.
Two facts were misquoted by the editor of Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to
Workers Power in the public discussion, and were repeated in the article. The notion
was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Sékou Touré of Guinea-Conakry were men who
simply led their national liberation struggles. Clark implies that they had no class
analysis and had not worked with the working class.
First off, Sékou Touré, a self-taught working-class clerk, was a union leader who helped
organize national strikes and helped merge the labor movement with the revolutionary
party. He led the party through several congresses and led the country toward a
socialist road to development. He wrote volumes—including works like Africa on the
Move, Strategy and Tactics of the Revolution, and United States of Africa, works on
dialects, etc., but most importantly on revolutionary Pan-Africanism.
Sékou Touré supported a unified socialist Africa, which we know no socialist or
communist could be against because that would sound like racism—unity is good for
the Soviets, but not good for Africa, hmmm. Guinea-Conakry gave bases to Amilcar
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Cabral and PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde),
and many other forces in Africa.
And Kwame Nkrumah began by saying that the independence of Africa was
meaningless without the liberation and Unity of Africa. He gave assistance to Algeria,
Guinea, Mali, etc. He wrote the line on revolutionary Pan-Africanism, including books
like Class Struggle in Africa, Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare, Neo-colonialism: The
Last Stage of Imperialism, Challenge of the Congo, and Dark Days in Ghana.
In Class Struggle in Africa Nkrumah wrote:
The total liberation and the unification of Africa under an All-African socialist
government must be the primary objective of all Black Revolutionaries throughout the
world. It is an objective which, when achieved, will bring about the fulfillment of the
aspirations of Africans and people of African descent everywhere. It will at the same
time advance the triumph of the international socialist revolution, and the onward
progress towards world communism, under which every society is ordered on the
principle of—from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.
In Jack Barnes’s book, El Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X), who never says he’s a
communist, is being portrayed as a communist. In Steve Clark’s Militant article, Kwame
Nkrumah, who says he is a communist, is portrayed as simply a nationalist. To minimize
the contributions of Kwame Nkrumah, Sékou Touré, and Mangaliso Sobukwe is
counterrevolutionary. To talk about Maurice Bishop, Thomas Sankara, and Ben Bella,
and to not see their contributions in the context of revolutionary Pan-Africanism is
criminal neglect. Revolutionary Pan-Africanism is Africa’s contribution toward
communism.
As Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) was fond of saying: Karl Marx did not invent
communism, no more than Newton invented gravity.
Response to Sobukwe Shukura
BY STEVE CLARK
What is remarkable about Sobukwe Shukura’s article on Malcolm X, Black Liberation,
and the Road to Workers Power by Jack Barnes is that it contains not a single word
about the responsibility—and ultimate test!—of revolutionists living, working, and
practicing politics in the United States.
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There’s not a word, not one, about building a revolutionary organization capable of
leading the working class—of all skin colors, sexes, and national origins—to conquer
state power from the exploiters and oppressors in the United States.
In contrast, Jack Barnes, national secretary of the Socialist Workers Party, in his
introduction to Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power, points out
that the book is “about the last century and a half of class struggle in the United State …
and the unimpeachable evidence it offers that workers who are Black will comprise a
disproportionately weighty part of the ranks and leadership of the mass social
movement that will make a proletarian revolution.”
It is a book, Barnes says, about why that new state power “provides working people the
mightiest weapon possible to wage the ongoing battle to end Black oppression and
every form of exploitation and human degradation” brought over from the imperialist
epoch.
It’s important to note the inaccuracy of Shukura’s statement that Malcolm X, Black
Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power is “the latest Malcolm X offering from
Pathfinder Books.” That’s false. Yes, Pathfinder is the only publisher that does keep
Malcolm’s speeches and writings in print and distributes them—in English, as well as a
growing number in Spanish, Farsi, and soon French.
But the title we’re discussing, like many published by Pathfinder, is a book by a leader
of the Socialist Workers Party and communist movement. And it doesn’t pretend to be
otherwise.
Shukura scolds Barnes for alleged “attempts to rewrite and appropriate the history” of
Malcolm X. In response to this falsification of the character of the book, I’d urge readers
to get a copy and judge for themselves.
“Since the day Malcolm was killed in February 1965, nobody can prove where he would
have gone next politically,” Barnes says. But SWP leaders were “convinced by
Malcolm’s course”—by Malcolm’s political course—”that he was moving toward
becoming a communist.”
What led them to that conclusion? “Politically [Malcolm] was converging with the Cuban
Revolution,” Barnes writes, “with the popular revolutionary government in Algeria led by
Ahmed Ben Bella (and with the course of the SWP), that is, with the historic line of
march of the working class toward power worldwide.”
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Pan-African socialism
Shukura’s second objection is Barnes’s supposed “arrogant dismissal of revolutionary
Pan-Africanism.” In Shukura’s view, any rejection by a communist of Pan-Africanism as
a road forward is “arrogant.”
In looking at the world that shaped Malcolm as a revolutionary leader, Shukura, unlike
Barnes, doesn’t begin with the victorious revolutions of those years. The Cuban and
Algerian revolutions not only overturned murderous capitalist regimes but destroyed the
old bourgeois state structures and replaced them with workers and farmers
governments. Malcolm saw those revolutions as examples of what the exploited and
oppressed need to do here in the United States.
Shukura complains that Barnes “minimizes the contributions” of three Pan-Africanist
political leaders of the time: Kwame Nkrumah, Sékou Touré, and Mangaliso Sobukwe.
Shukura goes so far as to call Barnes’s views of these figures “counterrevolutionary.”
(Smearing those you disagree with in working-class and national liberation struggles as
“counterrevolutionary” may be a practice Shukura picked up from Nkrumah and Touré.
Be that as it may, their teacher was Joseph Stalin and the Stalinist movement—which
has dealt as harsh blows to revolutionary and popular struggles in Africa as it has
everywhere else in the world.)
Pan-Africanism, Shukura says, “is Africa’s contribution toward communism.” But the
examples he gives represent a political course distinct from and counterposed to
proletarian internationalism and communism, not a contribution that enhances it.
Shukura seeks to assure us that Mangaliso Sobukwe, founding leader of the Pan-
Africanist Congress (PAC) of South Africa, said “there is one race, the human race.”
More important politically, however, Mangaliso Sobukwe opposed the slogan central to
the Freedom Charter of the African National Congress (ANC) that “South Africa belongs
to all who live in it, black and white.” In early 1959 he split from the ANC over that
course.
Addressing the PAC’s founding congress, he designated as “foreign minority groups”
not only all those of European origin but also those of Indian origin—whose forebears
had been forcibly transported to South Africa as indentured laborers.
The struggle in South Africa, Sobukwe said, must be organized by “an All-African
organization” with no interference from “minorities who arrogantly appropriate to
themselves the right to plan and think for Africans.”
As for Nkrumah and Touré, there’s no mystery as to the standing they once had among
working people across Africa and elsewhere. In face of the brutality of London and
Paris, they were central leaders of struggles resulting in the first independent nations in
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sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana in 1957 and Guinea the next year. They championed
anticolonial struggles across the continent and gave them concrete aid.
But the Nkrumah regime was not based on advancing the interests of peasants and
workers. To the contrary, its state apparatus and armed forces acted on behalf of rising
bourgeois and petty-bourgeois layers in Ghana. By the mid-1960s his increasingly
repressive and cultish regime was so alien to the toilers that there was virtually no
popular resistance to a reactionary 1966 coup by top army brass and privileged families,
aided and abetted by Washington and London.
Sékou Touré’s regime, too, was dominated by middle-class and professional layers and
emerging rural and merchant capitalists. At his death in 1984 Touré was aligned with
reactionary neocolonial regimes in Morocco and Saudi Arabia, as well as with Paris and
Washington.
Sankara: a different direction
Thomas Sankara, the leader of the popular revolutionary government in Burkina Faso in
West Africa from 1983 to 1987, described the class trajectory of such radical-talking
neocolonial regimes in a March 1985 interview with the New York-based socialist
magazine Intercontinental Press. It is reprinted in Thomas Sankara Speaks.
“[I]n certain African countries,” he said, “these people talk of revolution, revolution,
revolution. But they have gold chains and fine ties. They are always in France buying
expensive clothes and big cars… . They give big salaries to the military, government
ministers, and the praetorian guard.” Referring to nearby Guinea, Sankara pointed to
“the situation under Sékou Touré, who talked about revolution” but never carried one
out.
It was Sankara’s determination to pursue an opposite course—one based on peasants,
artisans, and the small working class—that earned him the hatred not only of Paris and
Washington, but of exploiters in Burkina and bourgeois regimes in the Ivory Coast,
Liberia, and elsewhere. They not only welcomed, but many were involved in, the 1987
military coup that resulted in Sankara’s murder and destruction of the popular
government he had led.
When Sankara explained the roots and continuity of the political course he fought for in
Burkina, he didn’t point to Pan-Africanism. “We wish to be the heirs of all the revolutions
of the world and of all the liberation struggles of the peoples of the Third World,” he said
in an October 1984 address to the UN General Assembly.
“We draw the lessons of the American revolution… . The French revolution of 1789… .
The great October [Russian] revolution of 1917 transformed the world, brought victory to
the proletariat, shook the foundations of capitalism, and made possible the realization of
the Paris Commune’s dreams of justice.”
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What about Shukura’s claim that it is “criminal neglect” not to view the political
contributions of Maurice Bishop “in the context of revolutionary Pan-Africanism”? Bishop
was the central leader of the 1979-83 workers and farmers government in the
Caribbean island of Grenada
All one needs to do is read what the Grenadan revolutionary leader himself had to say,
easily found in another Pathfinder title, Maurice Bishop Speaks. In a 1977 interview,
published in Cuba’s Bohemia magazine two years before the Grenada revolution,
Bishop explained that the initial political inspiration for his organization, the New Jewel
Movement, came from “the ideas of ‘Black Power’ that developed in the United States
and the freedom struggle of the African people in such places as Angola, Mozambique,
and Guinea-Bissau.”
But it was the example of the Cuban Revolution, Bishop said, that “has been teaching
us, on the practical level of day-to-day political struggle, the relevance of socialism as
the only solution to our problems.” That’s when “our party began to develop along
Marxist lines,” Bishop said.
And in an interview with Bishop I conducted along with two other SWP members in July
1980, run in full in the Militant, the Grenadan revolutionary leader called on working
people in the United States of all skin colors to “get together and wage a consistent fight
against the real enemy. Don’t spend time fighting each other.”
How Bishop’s political course can be shoe-horned into “the context of revolutionary
Pan-Africanism” is, to say the least, difficult to discern.
In Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power, Barnes notes that
overcoming “national divisions in the working class—through mutual solidarity and
uncompromising struggles using any means necessary—remains the single biggest
task in forging the proletarian vanguard in this country.”
Revolution in the United States
Yet on this decisive question for the working class and oppressed in the United States,
including many millions of workers who are Black, Shukura has nothing to say.
Instead, he ends by quoting Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael), former chairman of the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the 1960s and a founder of the All-
African People’s Revolutionary Party of which Shukura is a longtime leader.
According to Shukura, Kwame Ture “was fond of saying: Karl Marx did not invent
communism, no more than Newton invented gravity.” Fortunately for humanity,
however, Newton did discover some fundamental laws of nature, just as Marx
discovered fundamental laws of the class struggle, capitalist social relations, and the
line of march of the proletariat, which is toward the conquest of political power.
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But that’s not the main reason Kwame Ture missed the point.
In his talk at Karl Marx’s gravesite in 1883, Frederick Engels, Marx’s closest comrade
and collaborator, noted, “Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic
nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history,” as well as “the
special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production.”
“Such was the man of science,” Engels said. “But this was not even half the man”—not
even half.
“For Marx was above all else a revolutionist,” Engels said. “His real mission in life was
to contribute … to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it
had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat… .
“Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success few
could rival.”
Since the founding in late 1847 of the Communist League and its adoption of the
Communist Manifesto, that has been the measure of a proletarian revolutionist. And that
is what Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power makes a
contribution toward realizing.
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