The document discusses plans for building a human civilization on Mars. It describes how materials available on Mars like soil, sulfur and carbon dioxide can be used to produce concrete, oxygen, and electricity. Concrete can be made from Martian soil and molten sulfur without needing water. A device called MOXIE will produce oxygen from the carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. Electricity could come from the planetary core through graphene conductors in a project called Limitless Energy. Food would need to be grown on Mars through sustainable agriculture once colonies are established. The document outlines necessary innovations and resources to build shelters, life support systems, and a self-sufficient infrastructure for human settlements on Mars.

1. BUILDING FUTURE
IN MARS
HIMANSHU AGRAWAL

2. ABSTRACT
Among extraterrestrial bodies in our solar system,
Mars is one of the planets which possesses all the raw
materials required to support not only life, a new
branch of human civilization. This uniqueness is
illustrated most clearly if we contrast Mars with the
Earth’s Moon, the most frequently cited alternative
location for extraterrestrial human Colonization.

3. INTRODUCTION
After the Earth, Mars is the most habitable planet in our solar system due to several reasons:
 Its soil contains water to extract
 It isn’t too cold or too hot
 There is enough sunlight to use solar panels
 Gravity on Mars is 38% that of our Earth's, which is believed by many to be sufficient for the human body
to adapt to
 It has an atmosphere (albeit a thin one) that offers protection from cosmic and the Sun's radiation
 The day/night rhythm is very similar to ours here on Earth: a Mars day is 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35
seconds

4. INNOVATION
Graphene – The wonder material
Here, Innovation is all about the material which will be used to make the civilization
possible, and the first and the most important material is Graphene.
Graphene is a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is
the building-block of Graphite (which is used, among others things, in pencil tips), but
graphene is a remarkable substance on its own - with a multitude of astonishing
properties which repeatedly earn it the title “wonder material”.
Graphene is the thinnest material known to man at one atom thick, and also incredibly
strong - about 200 times stronger than steel. On top of that, graphene is an excellent
conductor of heat and electricity and has interesting light absorption abilities. It is truly a
material that could change the world, with unlimited potential for integration in almost any
industry.

5. • Thanks to new innovation now we have concrete that can be used to build structures in Mars now. The
researching team at the Northwestern University, has created concrete that can be made with the materials
available on Mars.
• We have concrete that can be used to build structures in Mars now. The new concrete also doesn’t require water
as an ingredient to be formed. With the scarcity of water as a source, this crucial benefit can make this innovation
truly beneficial for the development of structures in Mars. In order to make the Martian concrete, Sulphur is heated
at 240° Celsius which melts it into a liquid. The Martian soil then acts as an aggregate and once it cools down, we
get Martian concrete! According to the researching team, the ratio of Martian soil and Sulphur needs to be 1:1.
• There’s another advantage of Martian concrete over Earth concrete, too. On Earth, concrete production is the
third biggest contributor of CO2 emissions, largely because of how much concrete we use. And recycling concrete
doesn’t help curb that production, because while we’re tearing down concrete structures all the time, it’s time-
consuming and resource-intensive to reuse. But on Mars, the concrete could literally just be re-heated until the
sulfur melts, and the entire concrete block becomes malleable again. That means any Martian concrete will be
almost infinitely reusable, without taking the same toll on Mars as it took on Earth.
MARTIAN CONCRETE

6. METHOD
First of all, the percentage of oxygen on Mars is
0.16% so we need to create the force field or
something shell like structure to capture the
artificial oxygen.
MOXIE (Mars OXygen In situ resource
utilization Experiment) is an exploration technology
experiment that will produce a small amount of
pure oxygen from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) in a process called solid oxide electrolysis.
The main objective is to produce molecular oxygen (O2)
from the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the
atmosphere at 96%. Scientists will record the efficiency of
the O2 production rate, and the resulting oxygen and
carbon monoxide will be vented out after measurements
are done
Then after oxygen it comes to shelter for the
humans so that they can protect them from the
heavy dust storms, its climate and other
situations.
Like Earth concrete, the Martian version is made from a gravel
aggregate and a binding agent. However, rather than the
gravel, cement and water used on Earth, the team used
Martian soil as simulated by NASA as an aggregate, and
molten Sulphur, which exists in abundance on Mars, as a
binding agent.
Sulphur concrete has some significant advantages. It only
takes 2 to 3 hours to fully set, unlike Earth concrete, which
takes 28 hours, which means it could work very well with
construction-sized 3D printers.

7. After Food now we can observe that electricity is
also one of the essential things which we are
using in our daily life.
Pollution-free energy could come from the Mars core
Just below the Mars surface there’s enough energy to power
the world without fossil fuels and without pollution. The
Billions in Change movement is developing a safe, effective
way to harness this energy and bring it to the surface using
graphene in a project called Limitless Energy.
Graphene is a substance made out of graphite. The
substance is far superior to copper as a conductor because it
can harness energy at point A and transfer it to point B no
matter the distance in between. It’s lighter than air and
stronger than steel. “It transfers heat really efficiently”.
Limitless Energy
After Shelter we required food to live in Mars.
Preparations are already underway for missions that will
land humans on Mars in a decade or so. But what would
people eat if these missions eventually lead to the
permanent colonization of the red planet?
Once (if) humans do make it to Mars, a major challenge for
any colony will be to generate a stable supply of food. The
enormous costs of launching and resupplying resources
from Earth will make that impractical.
Humans on Mars will need to move away from complete
reliance on shipped cargo, and achieve a high level of self-
sufficient and sustainable agriculture.
The recent discovery of liquid water on Mars – which adds
new information to the question of whether we will find life
on the planet – does raise the possibility of using such
supplies to help grow food.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/moxie
/
• https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/news/articles/201
6/01/building-concrete-shelters-on-mars.html
• https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120126100
639.html
• https://www.mars-one.com/faq/mission-to-mars/why-mars-
and-not-another-planet