Chapter 2 provides a content and contextual analysis of selected primary Philippine historical sources, including accounts from Pigafetta, de Plasencia, Jacinto, Aguinaldo, and others. This analysis highlights their historical significance, authors' backgrounds, and main arguments, illustrating key events in Philippine history such as Magellan's voyage, the customs of the Tagalogs, and the Philippine revolution. It serves as a comprehensive overview of the socio-political landscape during these periods, emphasizing the importance of these texts in understanding Philippine history.

1. Content and Contextual
Analysis of selected
Primary Sources

2. Chapter 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of
selected Primary Sources
• “First Voyage Around the World” by Antonio Pigafetta
• “Customs of the Tagalogs” by Fray Juan de Plasencia
• “Kartilya ng Katipunan” by Emilio Jacinto
• “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” by Emilio Aguinaldo
• “Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino” by
Ambrosio Bautista

3. • “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
American Era” by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces
• “Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood” by
Commission on Independence
• “President Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before the U.S.
Congress (September 18, 1986)”
• “Raiders of the Sulu Sea (Film)”
• “Works of Luna and Amorsolo (paintings)”

4. 1. Content Analysis
• Identification of the historical importance of the
text
Title of
Primary
Source
Background
of the Author
Reason/s of
writing this
Primary
Source

5. 2. Contextual Analysis
• Examination of author’s main argument or point of
view
Title of
Primary
Source
Summary of
the
Background
of the Source
Cite the
Meaning
and
Relevance
of the
Source
Importance in
Understanding
Philippine
History

6. “First Voyage Around the
World”
(“Primer Viaje en Torno del Globo”)

8. SPAIN PORTUGAL

9. Historical background
• Written by Antonio Pigafetta
in one of the five ships that
first circumnavigate the world
• It covers the time when
Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet
“Armada de Molucca” started
the voyage (1519) until it was
successfully went back to Spain

10. • The copies of this account was presented by
Pigafetta to Pope Clement VII, King Francis I’s
mother, etc.
• His original diary was lost and
not known in what language
it was written
• Survived in 4 manuscript
versions; 1 Italian
(Carlo Amoretti) and
3 French

11. MARCH 17, 1521 (originally March 16)
• Arrival in “Zamal” (Samar) particularly in the island
of “Humunu” (Homonhon)
• Magellan called it “Acquada da li buoni Segnialli”
(Watering place of God Signs)
• The district was called “Las Islas de San Lazaro”
(Islands of Saint Lazarus)

12. MARCH 18, 1521 (originally March 17)
• Magellan and his men landed in Humunu and saw
by native boatmen from Suluan Island who gave
them foods.
• Transaction made through Magellan’s slave
interpreter, “Enrique” (of Malacca)
MARCH 22, 1521 (originally March 21)
• The boatmen return to Magellan’s location and
gave two boats of foods
Magellan at Malacca
(1505)
Magellan went back to
Portugal with Enrique (1511)

13. MARCH 30 (originally March 29)
“Umangkla ang barko namin sa isla ng Mazaua, malapit
sa bahay ng Rajah nito (Rajah Siagu) at umakyat ng barko
ang Rajah at sila Magellan kung saan sila’y nagpalitan ng
regalo.
Nag-almusal at ipinasyal ni Magellan ang Rajah sa paligid
ng kanyang barko at ipinakita ang kanyang mga armas.
Gayundin ako at isang kasama ay sumama sa Rajah at sa
Balanghai, kami ay pinakain ng baboy, pinainom ng alak
at pinakita ng hari ang kanilang palasyo at nagpakain
pa.”
MARCH 31 (originally March 30)
“Bumalik kami sa aming mga barko kasama ang kapatid
ng Rajah ng Mazaua, ang Rajah ng Butuan-Calagan na si
Colambu, ang pinakamaayos na lalaking nakita namin.”

14. APRIL 1, 1521 (originally March 31)
• First mass in the Philippines was happened in
“Mazaua”
• Attended by Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Rajah Siagu
(Siaui) and local islanders

15. APRIL 8, 1521
• Magellan went to Zubu (Cebu) and met Rajah
Humabon
• The rajah wanted Magellan and his men to pay
tribute to them but told his translator Enrique that
they are working for King of Spain and threatened
him a war

16. APRIL 15, 1521 (original April 14)
• Held a mass on Humabon’s place where attended
by 800 local members
• Magellan gave Hara Humamay an image of Sto.
Niño
• Humabon became “Carlos” and Humamay became
“Juana”

17. APRIL 27, 1521 (originally April 26)
• Rajah Zula told Magellan that Matan’s (Mactan)
chieftain Cilapulapu (Lapulapu) refused to obey the
King of Spain
• Zula requested Magellan to send him only one
boatload of men to fight Cilapulapu but Magellan

18. APRIL 28, 1521 (originally April 27)
• 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed with corselets
and helmets and 20-30 Balanhais loaded by Rajah
Humabon’s men went to Matan to attack Cilapulapu
• The local islanders had lances of bamboo and
stakes hardened with fire
• “Battle of Mactan”
happened

19. “Organisado ang paglusob ng mga tiga-Mactan habang
nagsisigawan. Isang grupo kada tagiliran ng mga Espanyol at
isa sa harap na tila tatsulok. Nang magpaputok ng mga kanyon
at riple ang mga Espanyol, nakahanda na ang mga kalasag ng
mga ito. Gayundin, kanya-kanyang tago ang mga mandirigma
upang makaiwas, malinaw na malinaw na sila’y handa sa
atake. Hindi nakayanan ng mga Europeo ang mga pana, sibat,
putik at bato na dumapo sa kanila.
At matapos nito’y iniutos ni Magellan na magsunog ng mga
bahay ng mga taga-Mactan na siyang lalong ikinagalit ng mga
ito. At natutunan ng mga mandirigmang taga-Mactan na
puntiryahin sa paa ang mga kalabang nakabaluti.
Tinamaan si Magellan ng panang may lason sa kanang binti,
pero sinabi nitong bumalik na sa mga barko. Sa katapusan ng
laban si Magellan ay tinamaan ng sibat sa mukha ngunit
nakalaban pa, nasugatan pa braso at nakampilan pa sa
kaliwang binti. Sa kanyang pagbagsak, pinagtulungan na siya
ng mga tiga-Mactan. At nang makita ng mga kasama na patay
na si Magellan, sila’y nagsiatrasan, dala-dala ang iba pang mga
sugatan.”

20. Other contents of Pigafetta’s manuscript:
• Lifestyle of early Filipinos in Visayas
• First vocabulary of Visayan words ever penned by a
European
• Description of early Visayan music
• Evidence that the world is round
• Re-discovery of Pacific Ocean

21. “Redencion presupone
virtud, virtud sacrificio,
sacrificio amor!”
(Redemption presupposes virtue; virtue sacrifice,
sacrifice, love!)
-Padre Florentino (El Filibusterismo, 1891)

22. “Customs of the
Tagalogs”
(Relacion de las Costumbres de Los
Tagalos)

23. Historical background
• Written by Fray Juan de Plasencia in 1589
• Currently kept in Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain.
• Its English version appeared on Volume VII of Blair and
Robertson’s collection of Spanish documents
• Contains extensive information about political and socio-cultural
history of Tagalog region

24. • It discusses the early Tagalog:
1. Social Classes
Datu, Maharlika, Timawa, Alipin
(Namamahay and Saguiguilir)
2. Houses
made of bamboo, wood and
nipa palm
3. Ornaments
adds distinction to a person
(Kalumbiga and Agimat)

25. 4. Dressing
Male: Putong, Kangan,Bahag
Female: Baro, Saya
5. Government
Barangay system
(30-100 families)
6. Marriage
Paninilbihan, Bigay-kaya,
Panghihimuyat, Bigay-suso

26. 7. Religious beliefs (Paganism/Animism)
Badhala (Supreme being), Idayanale
(agriculture), Sidapa (death), Agni (fire),
Balangaw (raibow), Mandarangan (war),
Lalahon (harvest), Siginaguran (hell)
8. Economic life
agriculture, fishing, hunting, shipbuilding,
foreign trades
9. Language
Baybayin

27. 10. Burials
Normal people buried beside their house,
Datu buried under a porch after a four-day
mourning
Mourning was accompanied by drinking
11. Witchcraft
Mancocolam, Hocloban, Manggagauay,
Tigbalang, Patianac

30. How Intramuros/Fort Santiago was made?

31. “Hindi natin mamahalin ang bansang hindi
natin kilala;
Mahirap paglingkuran ang bansang hindi natin
mahal;
Bago natin mahalin at paglingkuran ang ating
bayan, siguraduhin muna nating kilala natin
ito.”

32. “Kartilya ng Katipunan”

35. Historical background
• Written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896
• Codified document listing the
duties and responsibilities of
every Katipunan member
• Chose by Bonifacio instead
of his “Katungkulang Gagawin
ng mga Z. Ll. B.” (Dekalogo)

36. • It was influenced by:
Age of Enlightenment
French Revolution
Masonry
Propaganda Movement
La Liga Filipina

37. 1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong
makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili,
at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di
kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang
pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa
yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.

38. 5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa
pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban
inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang
nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong
nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang
umaapi.

39. 9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat
sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang
patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay
tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan
din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na
libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga
kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang
inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid,
ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.

40. 13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa
tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing
kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng
lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat
at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at
puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong
magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na
sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa
kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis
niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t
magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga
ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis
nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng
nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga
tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod
nito.

41. “Ang kasaysayan ay hindi basta-basta
kuwento, mayroon itong metodo.
Magtanong…
Mag-imbestiga…
Magkumpara…”
-Prof. Xiao Chua

42. “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan”

43. Historical background
• Written by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
• The first volume of this memoirs
was produced between 1928 and
1946
• It includes the accounts from his birth and early years until the
signing of the Biak-na-Bato Treaty in 1897.

44. • This was based on Aguinaldo’s diary, documents
from himself and his relatives.
• End of 1963, decided to publish this memoirs and
translated in Tagalog by Dr. Luz C. Bucu of
University of the East in 1967.
• Ambeth Ocampo pressumed that the second
volume of this memoirs (2nd phase of Philippine
Revolution against Spain until Philippine-American
War).

45. The following contents of “Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan” were from the sixth chapter of Nick
Joquin’s “A Question of Heroes.”

46. • Aguinaldo had a rich family (Carlos Aguinaldo and
Trinidad Famy)
• Aguinaldo studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran
but stopped because of father’s death
• Aguinaldo became Cabeza de Barangay of
Binakayan (1895) because of Maura Law
• Aguinaldo became the
first Capitan Municipal
of Cavite Viejo (Kawit)

47. • Did not attend the August 24 Balintawak meeting of
Katipunan, instead he was represented by his
brother Crispulo (in this meeting Bonifacio
announced that the revolution will be started on
August 29)
• The August 29 plot did not happen because
Bonifacio in Manila was attacked by Spaniards from
Caloocan
• Aguinaldo started the revolt in Cavite on August 31
(together with Bacoor, Imus, and other Cavite
Capitan Municipals)

48. • Aguinaldo became successful in different battles in
Cavite that caused some issues in Katipunan
• The Katipunan in Cavite split into two: “Magdalo”
(Pro-Aguinaldo) and “Magdiwang” (Pro-Bonifacio)
• Bonifacio wanted to solve the rivalry in a December
1896 meeting in Imus (resulted into a decision to
dissolve the Katipunan and to have a formal
election for the new revolutionary government)

49. • Aguinaldo became the president of Philippine
Revolutionary Government in March 22, 1897
through Tejeros Convention
• Bonifacio did not accept the results of the
election, then, he wrote the “Acta de Tejeros”
(March 23, 1897) and held the “Naic Military
Agreement” (April 19, 1897)

50. • Aguinaldo ordered the arrest and trial of Bonifacio
(and his brother Procopio)
• Further, Aguinaldo decided to sentence the
brothers into death penalty on May 10, 1897

51. • Aguinaldo agreed to be in a peace pact in Biak-Na-
Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan with the
Spaniards that led his exile to Hong Kong in
1897

52. “Acta de la Proclamacion de la
Independencia del Pueblo
Filipino”

54. • It’s declaration was accompanied by playing of the
Philippine national anthem composed by Julian
Felipe through the band, “San Francisco de
Malabon”
• The declaration was
signed by 97 Filipinos
and an American
official, Col. M.L. Johnson
• The text of declaration reminisced the start of 1896
Revolution in Caloocan and the eight provinces
who joined the Katipunan

55. “Sa huli, napagkasunduan ng lahat na ang Bayang
ito, na malaya na mula sa araw na ito, ay dapat
gamitin ang watawat na dati nang ginagamit nito,
na may disenyo at kulay na inilalarawan sa
inilakip na guhit: Ang tatlong panig na makikita
rito ay tiyak na sumasagisag sa puting tatsulok na
simbolong nagbibigay-pagkakakilanlan sa bantog
na kapisanang “Katipunan,” na sa pamamagitan
ng sanduguan ay nagpasiklab sa pag-aalsa ng
masa; ang tatlong bituin na kumakatawan sa
tatlong pangunahing isla ng Arkipelago – Luzon,
Mindanao, at Panay kung saan nagsimula ang
mapanghimagsik na kapatiran;

56. ang araw na representasyon ng mga
dambuhalang hakbang na isinagawa ng mga
anak ng bayan sa landas ng kaunlaran at
kabihasnan; ang walong sinag na sumisimbolo
sa walong probinsiya–Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, at
Batangas–na nagdeklara ng digmaan, nang
unang masindihan ang mitsa ng himagsikan;
at ang mga kulay na bughaw, pula, at puti, na
lahat ay nagsisilbing paggunita sa watawat ng
Estados Unidos sa Hilagang Amerika, bilang
pagpapakita ng malalim na pasasalamat sa
Dakilang Bansa na nagkaloob at nagkakaloob
ng walang pag-iimbot na pagtatanggol. At sa
ganang ito, inihaharap ngayon itong watawat
sa mga Ginoong nagtitipon.”

57. “Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricature of the American Era”

59. Historical background
• Written by Alfred McCoy and
Alfredo Roces
• American period in the
Philippines provided leeway
in the publication of independent
newspapers but in strict manner.
• The censorship loosened when
civil government was established in 1901.

60. • Many Filipino artists made us of cartoons as
political commentaries to expose the ills of the
American colonial government.
• McCoy provided an analysis of the issues during
American period through cartoons and Roces
compiled these cartoons on a book.

61. Newspapers that included political cartoons:
• “The Philippine Free Press” (featured investigative
articles regarding country’s development)
• “The Independent” (forum for the discussion of
political issues in the country weekly)
• “Bag-Ong Kusog” (highlighted the conditions in
Cebu prior to WW2 and differences of Spanish and
American colonization)

62. • “Lipag-Kalabaw” (Tagalog and Spanish newspaper
with satiric cartoons)
• “El Renacimiento” (campaigned for the right of free
press)
• “La Vanguardia” (survived until WW2 and one of
Manila’s leading newspapers)

64. “Filipino Grievances Against
Governor Wood”

65. Historical background
• Written by Gregorio Zaide and
was approved by Commission
on Independence as Document
No. 608 on November 17,
1926
• It was served as a protest for an
Impeachment request for
Gov. Leonard Wood

66. Gov. Leonard Wood’s political achievements:
• Arrived in the Philippines after his services in Cuba
during 1903
• Appointed as Governor of Moro province in
Mindanao
• Commissioned 1921 by US Pres. Warren Harding
with Gov. William Forbes to investigate if the
Philippines was ready to be given independence
after Francis Harrison’s “Filipinization Policy.”

67. Grievances against Governor Wood:
• Recommended the extension of US in the
Philippines after Wood-Forbes Mission
• Reversed the Filipinization Policy of Harrison when
he appointed as Governor of the Philippines in
1923.
• Issued Executive Order No. 37 that nullified laws
creating the Board of Control (composed of
Filipinos) and its functions
• Aimed his government to conduct business without
the consent of Philippine Legislature

68. • Disregarded the decision of Jose P. Laurel (Interior
Secretary) to suspend Ray Conley from his work as
a secret detective because of bribery and having
mistress, this caused the “Cabinet Crisis of 1923”
(Five Filipino Cabinet secretaries resigned led by
Laurel and followed by Senate Pres. Manuel Quezon
and House Speaker Manuel Roxas)
*Filipinos protested because of Gov. Wood’s defiance to the
Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law.

69. • The executive-legislative tension became more
intense when Gov. Wood vetoed several bills passed
by Philippine legislature.
• Gov. Wood did not finished his term because of his
death in August 7, 1927.

70. Thank you!
Yosef Eric C. Hipolito, LPT, MA
Bachelor of Arts in History
yosefhipolito19@gmail.com

71. “President Corazon Aquino’s
Speech Before the U.S. Congress”
(September 18, 1986)

72. Historical background
• Written by Corazon Aquino as she was invited by the US Congress
to convene a Joint Meeting for the purpose of hearing an address
from a foreign leader
• The speech was delivered
seven months after being
sworn into office under
revolutionary government

73. The speech targeted two goals:
1. To express gratitude towards US for helping
Filipinos regain freedom from Marcos’
dictatorship;
2. To seek help from US in restoring government,
considering her decision to honor the foreign
debts the Philippines incurred during
Marcos’ administration

75. “Raiders of the Sulu Sea”

76. Historical background
• Documentary produced by Oak3 Films in 2008 in
co-production agreement with the Media Authority
of Singapore and Korean Broadcasting Commission
• It depicts the slave-raiding activities by Balangingi
Samal, Ilanun and
Tausug tribes under the
command of Sultan of Sulu

77. • It also shows the Moro resistance to the Spanish
and American colonial Governments in Mindanao.
• The raids through the use of “Balanghai” in the
coastal areas of Spanish settlements were
sanctioned by the Sultans to retaliate against the
colonizers.
• The Spanish and American wars against Moros led
the
Christian-Muslim
conflict in the country.

78. Documentary’s key informants:
• Icelle D. Borja
• Samuel K. Tan, PhD
• Barbara W. Andaya, PhD
• Julius Bautista, PhD
• Margarita D. Cojuangco, PhD
• Halman Abubakar

79. Works of
Luna and Amorsolo

80. Historical background
Juan Luna’s paintings
• Illustrates literary and
historical scenes that
carried political commentaries
Fernando Amorsolo’s paintings
• Depicted life during late American period and Japanese occupation
in the country, and also other focused on rural landscapes

81. “La Muerte de Cleopatra”
• Won silver medal in 1881 Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in
Madrid, Spain
• Now located at the Museo del Prado, Spain

82. “The Battle of Lepanto”
• Won the gold medal in the 1888 Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes
in Madrid, Spain
• Located at present in Palacio del Senado, Spain

83. “The Parisian Life”

84. “Portrait of a Lady”

86. “Burning of Sto. Domingo”

87. “Rape of Manila”

88. “Rizal Avenue Ruins”

89. “Defense of a Filipino Woman’s Honor”

90. “Burning of Manila”

91. “Making of the
Philippine Flag”
“First Baptism”

92. Suggested readings for Chapter 2:
• “The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 ;Vol. 7” (pp. 165-187) by Emma Blair
and James Alexander Robertson (2004)
• “The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on Katipunan, 1892-1897”
by James Richardson (2013)
• “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” by Emilio Aguinaldo (1964)
• “Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence” by
National Historical Institute (1997)
• “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American era 1900-1941”
by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces (1985)
• “Documentary sources of Philippine History; Vol. 2” by Gregorio Zaide
(1990)
• “President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress (September
18, 1986)”

93. Suggested Websites for Primary
sources:
• Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
• Miguel de Benavidez UST Digital Library (http://digilib.ust.edu.ph)
• National Library of the Philippines TeknoAklatan
(http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph/TechnoAklatan.htm)
• Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
(https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/)
• Podkas.org (https://www.podkas.org)
• Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org)
• University of Michigan Digital Collection
(https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/sclphilimg)