The protection of vessels both internally and externally. The areas from which ships and maritime operations need protecting include terrorism, piracy, cyber attacks, robbery, illegal trafficking of goods and people, illegal fishing and pollution etc.

1. Maritime Security and Piracy
Name: Chinazor Henry, Mmeje
Matric No: 5311721
Course: Maritime Economics
Date: 15.01.2024

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Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB 2
Table of Contents
Introduction
Piracy
Maritime Terrorism
Cyber Security
Sources

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Introduction
Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB
PIRACY
MARITIME TERRORISM
CYBER SECURITY
https://www.reddit.com/r/policeporn/comments/1498eve/tai
wan_coast_guard_stf_during_a_maritime/
https://maritimefairtrade.org/maritime-piracy-still-high-risk-
despite-drop-in-cases/
https://www.sqlearn.com/maritime-cyber-security/

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Piracy as a Maritime Challenge
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Piracy
Understanding Maritime Piracy
 What it means​? – illegal acts and threats; broadly defined as a robbery on the high
seas.
Significance of Piracy Threats
• Disrupts shipping routes​
• Endangers the life of seafarers​
• Substantial economic cost on industries relying on seaborne trades​
• Extends across national borders.​
Key Challenges Posed by Piracy
• Pirates exploit vulnerable vessels
• navigate through congested waterways
• operate in regions with weak governance
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1. Conventional Strategies: Navy Patrols, Combined Tasked Forces, etc.
2. Crew Training Programs: Enhancing the skills and preparedness of seafarers, Crews are
trained in crisis management.
3. Innovative Strategies: Satellite tracking, drones, and automated identification systems (AIS),
Provide real-time situational awareness, Enables prompt response, Enhances the ability to
track and intercept pirate activities.
4. International Collaborations: Information sharing, joint patrols, and coordinated responses
between nations foster a united front against piracy. E.g. Yaoundé Code of Conduct in West
and Central Africa.
The Yaoundé Code of Conduct for the Repression of Acts of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships and Illicit Maritime
Activities in West and Central Africa was adopted in 2013 by the Gulf of Guinea States as well as the Maritime Safety and
Security Architecture of the Gulf of Guinea, which was established by ECCAS, ECOWAS and the Gulf of Guinea
Commission.
5. Diplomatic Efforts: Engaging with coastal states to strengthen governance, promote
economic development, and enhance legal frameworks.
Maritime Piracy Mitigation Strategies
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• Piracy incidents in high-risk areas, such as the Gulf of Aden, have witnessed a significant
decline
• Collaborative efforts and technological advancements have demonstrated their efficacy in
deterring pirates and responding swiftly to emerging threats.
• Crews are better prepared, vessels are more secure, and the maritime industry has adapted
to the evolving nature of piracy
Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB
Overall Impact of Mitigation Measures

8. Understanding Maritime Terrorism
Threats on high seas
How much security is enough?
Countermeasures

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History/Definition
Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB
• Maritime Terrorism ?
• All definitions of terrorism have several
common elements that must exist
• First, there must be actual or threatened
violence. Second, a political motive is involved
• Finally, the acts must be directed at and
intended to influence a targeted audience.

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There is no universally accepted definition
but the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP)
Working Group has offered an extensive definition for maritime
terrorism:
“…the undertaking of terrorist acts and activities within the maritime
environment, using or against vessels or fixed platforms at sea or in
port, or against any one of their passengers or personnel, against
coastal facilities or settlements, including tourist resorts, port areas and
port towns or cities.”
Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB
What is Maritme Terrorism definition?

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Maritme Terrorism Scenarios
 Scenario 1 (the sea as a transport route)
 Scenario 2 (ships being used as weapons against
targets at sea or on land)
 Scenario 3 (terrorist attacks against objects at sea)
 Scenario 4 (weapons of mass destruction or
dangerous materials)
 And many others

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Dominant Region/Weapon kinds
 The dominant regions for Maritime
terrorism, are Southeast Asia, the
Middle East and North Africa and Sub-
Saharan Africa
• Fire Arms
• Explosives
• Sabotage equipment
• Others, unknown
Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB

13. Targets Tactics
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Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB
 Hijacking
 Hostage/Taking
 Suicide Attacks
 Use of Explosive devices

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Motivation
Maritime terrorism is driven by
• Political ambitions.
• Religious ambition
However, inciting fear in order intimidate or force government people or group is
another goal of maritime terrorism.
Consequences of Maritime Terrorism
 Human Impacts (loss of life and injuries Sustained)
 Economic Impacts (Financial burden could lead to bankruptcy and a loss of
numerous jobs.
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Counter-terrorsim Measures
 Convention on Suppression of the unlawful Act commited against Maritime
Navigation (SUA)
 ISPC Code
 Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
 Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)
 Container Security Initiative (CSI)
Alternative Approaches
 Stricter regulations for the registration of ships
 Increased port security for incoming ships.
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Cyber Security
https://www.market-advice.eu/2020/06/11/buzzword-marketing/
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Cyber Security – definitions
Oxford
measures that are
taken to protect
against the criminal
use of electronic data
Cambridge
ways of protecting
computer
systems against
threats such
as viruses
Maritime
maritime
cybersecurity is the
collection of tools,
policies, security
concepts, security
safeguards,
guidelines, risk
management
approaches, actions,
training, best
practices, assurance,
and technologies
used to protect
maritime
organizations, their
vessels, and their
cyber environment
https://s39613.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/encouraging-students-to-use-dictionary-820x394-1.jpg
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Cyber Security – incidents
INCIDENT: Unrecognised virus in an ECDIS delays sailing
INCIDENT: Ship agent and shipowner ransomware incident
INCIDENT: In 2017, one of the most widespread and devastating cyberattacks was
perpetrated against worldwide shipping giant Maersk
INCIDENT: Bunker surveyor’s access to a ship’s administrative network
https://www.dnv.com/maritime/insights/topics/maritime-cyber-security/index.html
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Cyber Security – threat actors
The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships version 4
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Cyber Security – categories of threat
UNTARGETED attacks
Tools/techniques used:
- malware;
- water holing;
- scanning;
- typosquatting.
TARGETED attacks
Tools/techniques used:
- social engineering;
- brute force;
- credential stuffing;
- denial of service (DoS);
- phishing;
- subverting the supply chain.

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Cyber Security - Maritime Cyber Risk Management
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Cyber Security - Cyber Risk Management Approach
Source: “The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships version 4”
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References
1. The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships Version 4
2. https://unoca.unmissions.org/en/unowas-unoca-and-unodc-support-development-
action-plans-evaluation-code-conduct-and-architecture-1
3. https://www.eurasiareview.com/11052023-piracy-on-the-seas-the-great-security-
challenge-of-the-21st-century-analysis/
4. JOHRI, S., & KRISHNAN, S. (2019). Piracy And Maritime Security: REGIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS AND POLITICAL, LEGAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS. World
Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 23(3), 80–101
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/48531052)
5. Bluebook 21st ed. Jason Power, Maritime Terrorism: A New Challenge for National
and International Security, 10 BARRY L. REV. 111 (2008).
6. Romero, J. (2003). Prevention of Maritime Terrorism: The Container Security
Initiative. Chicago Journal of International Law, 4(2), p.21.
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References
7. Otto, L. ed., (2020). Global Challenges in Maritime Security. Advanced Sciences and
Technologies for Security Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34630-0.
8. Şakir, B., Gazi, Ü., Misafir, Ö. and Görevlisi, E.-M. (2018). MARITIME SECURITY:
PREVENTION OF MARITIME TERRORISM BY INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT SECURITY (ISPS)
CODE. Araştırma Makalesi, [online] 13/3. doi:https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13080
9. Otto, L. ed., (2020). Global Challenges in Maritime Security. Advanced Sciences and
Technologies for Security Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34630-0.
10. Şakir, B., Gazi, Ü., Misafir, Ö. and Görevlisi, E.-M. (2018). MARITIME SECURITY:
PREVENTION OF MARITIME TERRORISM BY INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT SECURITY (ISPS)
CODE. Araştırma Makalesi, [online] 13/3. doi:https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13080.
Maritime Security and Piracy ©HSB

25. Questions?
Thank you for your attention