1. The aim of the study was to evaluate long-lasting hepatic adaptations in rats exposed to low and moderate doses of cadmium (Cd). 2. Five groups of rats were tested: a control group and four groups receiving single doses of Cd ranging from 0.67 to 1.1 mg/kg. Parameters like biomarkers, histopathology, and stereology were analyzed after 8 weeks. 3. The results showed increased antioxidant enzyme activities, collagen fibers, and liver damage in the Cd-exposed groups. Glycogen and capillaries were reduced compared to controls. Higher doses caused necrosis and edema. 4. Cd exposure even at low doses disrupts liver homeostasis and induces pathological remodeling,

1. Inglês Instrumental:
Marcadores Discursivos
PROFA. ARIANE FORTES

2. O que são marcadores discursivos?

3. OS MARCADORES DISCURSIVOS
Frequentemente representados por conjunções, são
termos utilizados para ligar orações e ideias, indicando
como elas se relacionam. Através desses elementos de
ligação, os autores mostram com maior clareza a
organização de suas ideias. Eles constituem, portanto,
importante recurso de coesão textual.
Os marcadores discursivos podem sinalizar: adição,
contraste, causa/consequência, tempo, sequência
cronológica, etc.

4. ADIÇÃO
and (e)
Futhermore,
In addition,
Moreover,
Besides
(além disso)
In addition
to...
As well as ...
(além de/
Bem como)
Also; too/
as well
(também)
Both... And
(tanto ...
quanto)
Not only ---
but also
(não
apenas...
Mas
também)

5. CONTRASTE
But (mas)
Yet/Still,/
Nevertheless,
Despite/ In spite
of...
(apesar disso/
apesar de)
Although,
Though
Even though
(embora)
On one other
hand
(por um lado)
On the other
hand
(por outro lado)
However
(Entretando,
porém)
Rather than...
Instead of...
(ao invés de/ em
vez de )
While/ whereas
(enquanto que/
Ao passo que)
In contrast (to/
with)
Unlike
Differently from...
(ao contráriode...)

6. TEMPO / SEQUÊNCIA
First(ly),
To start with
(Primeira-mente)
Second(ly)/
Thirdly)
(Em
segundo/terceiro
lugar)
Finally
(Finalmente/
Por fim)
Formerly
(no passado/
Anterior-mente)
Nowadays/
Currently
(atualmente)
Then, /Next,/
After that, /
Afterwards,
(A seguir)
Before/
Prior to
(antes de)
After...
(Depois que/
de)
The former
(o/a primeiro/a)
The later
(o/a segundo/a)
when
(quando)
while
(enquanto)

7. CAUSA/ CONSEQUÊNCIA
So
(por isso/assim)
Therefore, /Thus, Because of
this/that,
For this/that reason,
Consequently, / As a result
(logo, portanto)
Since
(visto que/ uma
vez que)
Because (porque/
por causa de)
So that
(a fim de que)

8. EXEMPLIFICAÇÃO CONCLUSÃO
For example / for instance/ e.g.
/
i. e.
( por exemplo)
Such as
(tal/tais como)
Like
(como)
In short / in conclusion/ In
summary/ Finally/ To sum up
(Finalmente, em resumo)

9. ÊNFASE COMPARAÇÃO
As a matter of fact, / In fact,
Actually, / Indeed
( de fato, /na verdade))
In the same way, /likewise,/
Similarly, / Correspondingly
(da mesma forma)

10. MARCADORES DISCURSIVOS NOS
GÊNEROS CIENTÍFICOS:
Reports
Articles
Reviews
Leaflets

11. Paragraph 1 INTRODUCTION: explain the aims and
objectives of the report
The aim of this report is to…
The objective of our survey was to…
This study was carried out with the purpose…
This report was writing because people…
We aimed with this research to show…

12. Paragraph 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS: describe the method
of finding information.
A sample of… was interviewed
Evaluating the samples
Groups of people were targeted
The research was conducted using a questionnaire
The method for the analysis

13. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: summarize the results of the findings
(referring to diagrams, graphs, tables if appropriate) and make
recommendations and conclude.
Briefly this table shows us that….
In summarize we can understand from these graphs…
Like a resume from this diagram it’s important to recognize that
The majority thought/said that
It seems that…

14. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: summarize the results of the findings
(referring to diagrams, graphs, tables if appropriate) and make
recommendations and conclude.
It would appear that…
The graph/The table shows that…
From data /diagram it can be seen
that…
A possible improvement would be…
Changes could be made…
Some recommendations are…
One solution is…
Overall and In future…

15. Prática - Reading

16. Abstract
Frequent exposure to cadmium (Cd) in low doses is common; however, the long-lasting effects of
this exposure are still poorly understood. Therefore in this study we have evaluated long-lasting
hepatic morphofunctional adaptations in rats exposed to low and moderate doses of Cd. Five
experimental groups were tested: control (0.9% saline) and other four receiving single
intraperitoneal doses of 0.67, 0.74, 0.86 and 1.1 mg of Cd/kg. The animals were killed after
eight weeks and the following parameters were analysed: biometrics, oedema, Cd bio-
accumulation, collagen, glycogen, lipid droplets, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
(CAT), serum transaminases, liver histopathology and stereology. In all groups exposed to Cd
there was significant increase in SOD and CAT activities, ALP levels, proportion of binucleated
hepatocytes, nuclei/cytoplasm ratio, macrophages (Kupffer cells) and collagen fibres. In these
groups, glycogen accumulation by hepatocytes and the proportion of sinusoidal capillaries were
significantly reduced compared with controls. The liver somatic index was increased, and liver
oedema was evident in animals exposed to higher dose of Cd. Areas of necrosis were found in
animals exposed to the three highest doses. These results indicate that Cd is an extremely toxic
bioactive heavy metal, which even at low doses is able to disrupt liver homeostasis. At low and
moderate doses, Cd exposure induces morphofunctional pathological remodelling of the hepatic
stroma and parenchyma, which remain active after eight weeks. In response to injury, the liver
tissue triggers a reactive process by enhancing activation of antioxidant enzymes and
collagenogenesis.
© 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Experimental Pathology © 2013 International
Journal of Experimental Pathology.
KEYWORDS:
fibrosis; heavy metal; hepatic injury; oxidative stress; toxicology

17. Identifique no abstract:
1. Introdução (qual o objetivo da pesquisa/
estudo)
2. Materiais e métodos
3. Resultados/ Discussões
4. Conclusão

18. Abstract
Frequent exposure to cadmium (Cd) in low doses is common; however, the long-lasting effects of
this exposure are still poorly understood. Therefore in this study we have evaluated long-lasting
hepatic morphofunctional adaptations in rats exposed to low and moderate doses of Cd. Five
experimental groups were tested: control (0.9% saline) and other four receiving single
intraperitoneal doses of 0.67, 0.74, 0.86 and 1.1 mg of Cd/kg. The animals were killed after
eight weeks and the following parameters were analysed: biometrics, oedema, Cd bio-
accumulation, collagen, glycogen, lipid droplets, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
(CAT), serum transaminases, liver histopathology and stereology. In all groups exposed to Cd
there was significant increase in SOD and CAT activities, ALP levels, proportion of binucleated
hepatocytes, nuclei/cytoplasm ratio, macrophages (Kupffer cells) and collagen fibres. In these
groups, glycogen accumulation by hepatocytes and the proportion of sinusoidal capillaries were
significantly reduced compared with controls. The liver somatic index was increased, and liver
oedema was evident in animals exposed to higher dose of Cd. Areas of necrosis were found in
animals exposed to the three highest doses. These results indicate that Cd is an extremely toxic
bioactive heavy metal, which even at low doses is able to disrupt liver homeostasis. At low and
moderate doses, Cd exposure induces morphofunctional pathological remodelling of the hepatic
stroma and parenchyma, which remain active after eight weeks. In response to injury, the liver
tissue triggers a reactive process by enhancing activation of antioxidant enzymes and
collagenogenesis.
© 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Experimental Pathology © 2013 International
Journal of Experimental Pathology.
KEYWORDS:
fibrosis; heavy metal; hepatic injury; oxidative stress; toxicology

19. ESTUDE NO IFRS
VOCÊ TAMBÉM!