Java Manual with 60+ Programs

Java Manual
Manual of JAVA 2
This manual contains more than 60 programs of JAVA 2
2014
Farwa Ansari
NFC, FSD
8/10/2014

2
Table of Contents
Program 1:...................................................................................................................................................12
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................12
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................13
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................13
Program 2:...................................................................................................................................................13
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................13
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................14
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................15
Program 3:...................................................................................................................................................15
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................15
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................17
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................17
Program 4:...................................................................................................................................................17
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................17
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................19
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................19
Program 5:...................................................................................................................................................19
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................19
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................21
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................21
Program 6:...................................................................................................................................................22
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................22
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................23
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................23
Program 7:...................................................................................................................................................24
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................24
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................25
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................25
Program 8:...................................................................................................................................................25
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................25
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................26

3
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................27
Program 9:...................................................................................................................................................27
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................27
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................29
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................29
Program 10:.................................................................................................................................................30
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................30
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................32
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................32
Program 11:.................................................................................................................................................32
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................32
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................33
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................34
Program 12:.................................................................................................................................................34
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................34
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................35
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................36
Program 13:.................................................................................................................................................36
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................36
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................37
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................38
Program14:..................................................................................................................................................38
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................38
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................41
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................41
Program 15:.................................................................................................................................................42
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................42
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................43
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................43
Program 16:.................................................................................................................................................43
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................43
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................46

4
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................46
Program 17:.................................................................................................................................................46
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................46
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................48
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................48
Program 18:.................................................................................................................................................48
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................48
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................50
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................50
Program 19:.................................................................................................................................................50
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................50
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................52
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................52
Program 20:.................................................................................................................................................52
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................52
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................55
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................55
Program 21:.................................................................................................................................................55
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................55
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................57
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................58
Program 22:.................................................................................................................................................58
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................58
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................60
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................60
Program 23:.................................................................................................................................................60
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................61
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................63
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................63
Program 24:.................................................................................................................................................63
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................63
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................66

5
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................66
Program 25:.................................................................................................................................................66
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................66
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................69
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................69
Program 26:.................................................................................................................................................69
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................69
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................71
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................71
Program 27:.................................................................................................................................................71
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................71
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................73
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................73
Program 28:.................................................................................................................................................73
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................73
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................76
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................76
Program 29:.................................................................................................................................................76
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................76
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................78
Discussion: ..................................................................................................................................................78
Program 30:.................................................................................................................................................78
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................78
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................79
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................79
Program 31:.................................................................................................................................................80
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................80
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................81
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................81
Program 32:.................................................................................................................................................81
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................81
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................83

6
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................83
Program 33:.................................................................................................................................................83
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................83
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................84
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................84
Program 34:.................................................................................................................................................85
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................85
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................88
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................88
Program 35:.................................................................................................................................................88
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................88
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................90
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................90
Program 36:.................................................................................................................................................91
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................91
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................94
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................94
Program 37:.................................................................................................................................................94
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................94
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................96
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................96
Program 38:.................................................................................................................................................96
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................96
Output: ........................................................................................................................................................98
Discussion:..................................................................................................................................................98
Program 39:.................................................................................................................................................99
Solution:......................................................................................................................................................99
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................101
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................101
Program 40:...............................................................................................................................................101
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................101
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................103

7
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................103
Program 41:...............................................................................................................................................103
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................103
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................105
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................105
Program 42:...............................................................................................................................................105
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................105
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................107
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................107
Program 43:...............................................................................................................................................107
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................107
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................110
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................110
Program 44:...............................................................................................................................................110
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................110
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................111
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................111
Program 45:...............................................................................................................................................112
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................112
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................113
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................113
Program 46:...............................................................................................................................................113
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................113
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................114
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................114
Program 47:...............................................................................................................................................115
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................115
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................116
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................116
Program 48:...............................................................................................................................................116
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................116
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................117

8
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................117
Program 49:...............................................................................................................................................118
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................118
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................119
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................119
Program 50:...............................................................................................................................................119
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................119
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................120
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................120
Program 51:...............................................................................................................................................120
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................120
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................122
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................122
Program 52:...............................................................................................................................................122
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................122
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................123
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................123
Program 53:...............................................................................................................................................124
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................124
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................124
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................125
Program 54:...............................................................................................................................................125
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................125
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................126
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................126
Program 55:...............................................................................................................................................127
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................127
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................127
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................128
Program 56:...............................................................................................................................................128
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................128
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................129

9
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................130
Program 57:...............................................................................................................................................130
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................130
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................131
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................131
Program 58:...............................................................................................................................................131
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................131
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................132
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................132
Program 59:...............................................................................................................................................132
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................133
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................133
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................134
Program 60:...............................................................................................................................................134
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................134
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................135
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................135
Program 61:...............................................................................................................................................135
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................136
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................136
Discussion:................................................................................................................................................136
Program 62:...............................................................................................................................................137
Write a program of interface.....................................................................................................................137
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................137
Output:......................................................................................................................................................139
Description:...............................................................................................................................................140
Program 63:...............................................................................................................................................140
Write a program in which one interface can extend another. ...................................................................140
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................140
Output: ......................................................................................................................................................141
Description:...............................................................................................................................................142
Program 64:...............................................................................................................................................142

10
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................142
Output:......................................................................................................................................................143
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................143
Program 65:...............................................................................................................................................143
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................143
Output:......................................................................................................................................................144
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................144
Program 66:...............................................................................................................................................144
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................144
Output:......................................................................................................................................................146
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................146
Program 67:...............................................................................................................................................146
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................146
Output:......................................................................................................................................................147
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................147
Program 68:...............................................................................................................................................148
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................148
Output:......................................................................................................................................................149
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................149
Program 69:...............................................................................................................................................149
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................149
Output:......................................................................................................................................................151
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................151
Program 70:...............................................................................................................................................151
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................151
Output:......................................................................................................................................................153
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................153
Program 71:...............................................................................................................................................153
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................153
Output:......................................................................................................................................................154
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................154
Program 72:...............................................................................................................................................155

11
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................155
Output:......................................................................................................................................................155
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................156
Program 73:...............................................................................................................................................156
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................156
Output:......................................................................................................................................................158
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................158
Program 74:...............................................................................................................................................158
Solution:....................................................................................................................................................158
Output:......................................................................................................................................................159
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................159

12
Program 1:
Write a simple program that explains the syntax of java code or
demonstrate how to write it.
Solution:
class Example {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and Example is the
name of this class. Opening curly brace { shows that form here a class’ definition is going to
begin */
// Your program begin with a call to main.
public static void main(String args[]) {
/*this line of code shows that public is an access specifier that allows a programmer to control
its visibility or access, means this class is accessible out of the class in which it is declared i.e
anyone publically can access it. Static is a keyword that allows the main() method to be execute
without instantiating an instance of that class. Void means this main() method has no return
type. In parenthesis a parameter args[], an array of type String is declared. Then opening curly
brace { shows that form here the method’s definition is going to begin */
System.out.println("This is a simple java program.");
/* System is a built in function used to give access to the system. Out is used for the output.
Println is used to print or display the string passed to it & ln is used to goto the next line.
Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line */
} // closing curly brace } is used to close the definition of main() method
} // closing curly brace } is used to close the definition of class

13
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name Example is declared then its definition starts. Its
definition is enclosed between the opening and closing of curly braces {}. Then main
method of no return type is declared. This method is static and public. Its definition is
enclosed between the opening and closing curly braces {}. This program simply displays
the string that is “This is a simple java program”.
Program 2:
Write a program that initializes a variable and display it times two.
Solution:
class Example2 {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and Example2 is the
begin */
public static void main (String args[]) {

14
int num; // a variable of type integer is declared
num = 100; // a variable num is initialized to 100
System.out.println("num: " + num);
Println is used to print or display the string passed to it & ln is used to goto the next line. This
statement of code prints the value of num variable of type int i.e 100*/
num = num * 2;
/*increases the value of num variable by 2. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
System.out.println("num * 2: " + num);
statement of code prints the value of num times 2 i.e 200. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line */
Output:

15
Discussion:
In this program a class of name Example2 is declared then its definition starts. Its
definition is enclosed between the opening and closing of curly braces {}. Then main
method of no return type is declared. This method is static and public. Its definition is
enclosed between the opening and closing curly braces {}. This program declares a
variable called num then assigns the value to num that is 100 and then it displays the
value of num by multiplying it by 2
Program 3:
Write a program that demonstrate the use of “ if ” statement in java.
Solution:
class ifsample {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and ifsample is the
begin */
int x , y;
/*two variables of type int are declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
x = 10;
y = 20;
// variables x & y are initialized. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
if(x < y)
/*in this line of code an if statement with a condition is declared, that if x is less than y then the
next statement will be interpret. The next statement will be interpret because this condition is
true*/

16
System.out.println (" 'X' is less than 'Y' ");
statement of code will print out that 'X' is less than 'Y' only if the above statement is true which
is true. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line */
x = x * 2;
/* increase the value of x from 10 to 20 and stores it in x. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
if(x == y)
/* an if statement with a condition is declared, that if x == y then the next statement will be
interpret or displayed or execute. So the above condition is true because now x is equal to y i.e
20*/
System.out.println (" 'X' is equal to 'Y' ");
statement of code will print out that 'X' is less than 'Y' only if the above statement is true which
is true already. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line */
x = x * 2;
/* increase the value of x from 20 to 40 and stores it in x. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
if(x == y)
/*an if statement with a condition is declared, that if x == y then the next statement will be
interpret but here it is not true because x is not equal to y, it is greater than y*/
System.out.println (" You won't see anything ");
/*System is a built in function used to give access to the system. Out is used for the output.
statement of code will not print anything because the above if statement is not true so it will exit.

17
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name ifsample is declared then its definition starts. Its
definition is enclosed between the opening and closing of curly braces {}. Then main method of
no return type is declared. This method is static and public. Its definition is enclosed between the
opening and closing curly braces {}. This program declares & defines two variables then it
checks if x is less than y then it displays “x is less than y”. x is incremented x times 2 it will
become equal to y so it displays that “x is now equal to y”. it again incremented x and checks if x
is greater than y and displays it.
Program 4:
Write a program that demonstrate the use of “ for ” loop in java.
Solution:
/* Demonstrate the for loop. Call this file "fortest.java*/
class fortest {
/*this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and fortest is the
begin */
public static void main( String args[]) {

18
/* this line of code shows that public is an access specifier that allows a programmer to control
int x;
// a variable x of type int is declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
for(x=0; x<10; x=x+1)
/*a for loop is declared here it contains three parts initialization i.e initializes x to 0, condition
i.e x is less than 10, iteration i.e increment of x. Firstly loop initialize x to zero and then it will
check the condition that either it is true or not, if it is true then the next statement will be
compiled, after that control/system will pass to the iteration process then it will check the
condition if it is fulfilled then the statement given below will be executed again i.e it will go on
increasing the value of x by 1 until the condition is not satisfied*/
System.out.println("This is x: " + x);
statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of x until it
is less than 10 i.e it will print it out only if the condition of for statement is true. Semicolon is
used to terminate the statement/line */

19
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name fortest is declared then its definition starts. Its definition
is enclosed between the opening and closing of curly braces {}. Then main method of no return
type is declared. This method is static and public. Its definition is enclosed between the opening
and closing curly braces {}. This class displays the value of x 10 times using for loop
Program 5:
Write a program that uses a block of code as the target of a “for” loop.
Solution:
class blocktest {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and blocktest is the
begin */

20
int x, y;
// two variables x and y of type int are declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line
y = 20;
// variable y is initializes to 20. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
for ( x=0; x<10; x++) {
increasing the value of x by 1 until the condition is not satisfied i.e x<10. Opening curly brace {
will separate the block of code of for loop i.e it means begin of block*/
System.out.println ("This is X: " + x);
System.out.println ("This is y: " + y);
Println is used to print or display the string passed to it & ln is used to goto the next line. These
statements of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of x and y.
y = y - 2;
/* here Y will be decreased by 2 and then the control passes to iteration portion in for loop and
then the portion below that loop will be displayed until the condition will be less than 10 i.e it
will print it out only if the condition of for statement is true i.e x<10. It after displaying them
once check the decrement of Y by 2 and goes on further until x<10. Semicolon is used to
terminate the statement/line */

21
} /* closing curly brace } is used to close the definition of for loop.
Closing curly brace { will separate the block of code of for loop i.e it means end
of block*/
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name blocktest is declared then its definition starts. Its
definition is enclosed between the opening and closing of curly braces {}. In this code the target
of for loop is the block of code not just the statement of code.

22
Program 6:
Write a program that calculates the distance traveled by light in
thousand days using long variables.
Solution:
class Light {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and Light is the
begin */
int lightspeed = 186000;
/*approximate light speed in miles per second. Lightspeed is a variable of type int. Semicolon is
used to terminate the statement/line*/
long seconds, days, distance;
/*three variables of type long are declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
days = 1000;
/*specify number of days here i.e initializes days to 1000. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line of code*/
seconds = days * 24 * 60 * 60;
// convert to seconds. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
distance = lightspeed * seconds ;
/* calculating distance by multiplying lightspeed & seconds. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
System.out.print("In " + days);

23
statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of days.
System.out.print(" days light will trevel about ");
System.out.println(distance + " miles");
Println is used to print or display & ln is used to goto the next line. These statements of code
will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of miles written in 2nd
one.
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name Light is declared then its definition starts. Its
opening and closing curly braces {}. It computes distance light travels using 3 long variables.
Then stores approximate speed of light in miles per second and specify number of days then
convert to seconds and compute distance and displays it.

24
Program 7:
Write a code to calculate area using double variables
Solution:
class Area {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and Area is the name
of this class. Opening curly brace { shows that form here a class’ definition is going to begin */
double pi, r , a;
/* three variables of type double are declared . Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
r = 10.8;
// radius of circle . Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
pi = 3.1416;
/*approx. value of pi. Pi is declared . Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
a = pi * r * r;
//area’s formula to calculate area . Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
System.out.println("Area of circle is " + a);
statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of a .

25
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name Area is declared then its definition starts. Its
opening and closing curly braces {}. It compute area of circle
Program 8:
Write a program that demonstrate the use of char data type
Solution:
class CharDemo {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and CharDemo is
the name of this class. Opening curly brace { shows that form here a class’ definition is going
to begin */

26
char ch1, ch2;
// two variables of type char(character). Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
ch1 = 88;
/* code for X i.e ch1 variable is defined . Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
ch2 = 'Y';
//2nd
character is defined to y. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
System.out.println("ch1 and ch2: " + ch1 + " and " + ch2);
Println is used to print or display & ln is used to goto the next line. This statement of code will
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of ch1 and ch2 . Semicolon is
Output:

27
Discussion:
In this program a class of name CharDemo is declared then its definition starts. Its
opening and closing curly braces {}. It demonstrate char data type ch1 is assigned the value 88
which is ASCII letter that correspond to letter X
Program 9:
Write a program that demonstrates how char variables behave like
integers.
Solution:
class CharDemo2 {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and CharDemo2 is
to begin */
char ch1 = 'X';
//a variable X of char type is declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
char ch2 = 'A';
//a variable A of char type is declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
System .out.println("ch1 contains " + ch1);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of ch1. Semicolon is used to
terminate the statement/line*/

28
ch1++;
/*an increment operator is used here to increase the value of ch1. Semicolon is used to terminate
the statement/line*/
System.out.println("Now ch1 contains " +ch1);
System.out.println("ch2 contains " + ch2);
System.out.println(" ~~~ LOOP ~~~ ");
print the string written in brackets. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line */
for (int i = 0; i<25 ; i++) {
/*a for loop is declared here it contains three parts initialization i.e initializes i to 0, condition
i.e i is less than 25, iteration i.e increment of i. Firstly loop initialize i to zero and then it will
increasing the value of i by 1 until the condition is not satisfied i.e x<25. Opening curly brace {
ch2 ++;
// ch2 is incremented by 1
System.out.println("Now value of ch2 is " +ch2);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of ch2 */
}// closing curly brace } is used to close the definition of for loop

29
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name CharDemo2 is declared then its definition starts.
Its definition is enclosed between the opening and closing of curly braces {}. Then main method
of no return type is declared. This method is static and public. Its definition is enclosed between
the opening and closing curly braces {}. In this code ch1 is first given the value X. then it is
incremented. Then it displays the incremented value of ch1 i.e the character in ASCII sequence.

30
Program 10:
Write a program that demonstrate the use of Boolean values.
Solution:
class BoolTest {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and BoolTest is the
begin */
boolean b;
//booleab b is declared . Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
b = false;
/* bolean of varable b is initialized to false. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
System.out.println("b is: " + b);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of b */
b = true;
//now Boolean is initialized to true. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
System.out.println("b is: " + b);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of b*/
if(b)

31
// a boolean value can control the if statement
System.out.println("This statement is executed ");
print the string written in brackets */
b = false;
//now Boolean is initialized to false. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
if(b)
// a boolean value can control the if statement.
System.out.println("This statement is not executed ");
print the string written in brackets which will not be displayed because the above if statement is
not fulfilled. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line */
System.out.println("10 > 9 is " + (10 > 9));
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of 10 > 9 and outcome of this
relational operator is a boolean value. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line */

32
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name BoolTest is declared then its definition starts. Its
opening and closing curly braces {}. It demonstrate the Boolean values it can control the if
statement. Then it displays the outcome of a relational operator i.e a Boolean value
Program 11:
Write a program that demonstrate the use of dynamically initialized
values.
Solution:
class DynInit {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and DynInit is the
begin */

33
double a = 3.0, b = 4.0;
/*initialized two variables of type double. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b);
/* c is dynamically initialized. Math.sqrt is used to take the square root of value which we get
after multiplying a to a and b to b then adding them we get square root. Semicolon is used to
System.out.println("Hypotenuse is: " + c);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of c*/
Output:

34
Discussion:
In this program three local variables a, b and c are declared. C is dynamically initialized
that is by calling the function of square root i.e Math.Sqrt. at the end it displays the value of
hypotenuse that is stored in c.
Program 12:
Write a program that demonstrate the scope of block
Solution:
class Scope {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and Scope is the
begin */
int x = 10;
/* a variable x of type int is initialized to 10. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line */
if(x == 10) {
/* start new scope followed by the if condition if it is true then next code will be executed.
Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
int y = 20;
/*initializes a variable of type int known only to this block. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
System.out.println("X and Y: " + x + " and " + y);

35
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of x and y. x and y both known here
*/
x = y * 2;
// x will store the value twice of y. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
} // end of block scope
y = 100;
/* Error y not known here because y is initialized after the block scope as it is declared inside the
block scope. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
System.out.println("x is " + x);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of x. x is still known here because it
is declared outside the block scope*/
Output:

36
Discussion:
In this program the scope of a variable is described. Firstly a variable x of type int is
declared that is known to all code within main. Then it is initialized. Then another scope of if
statement is started. Then a variable y is declared that is known only to the block of if. Then their
values are displayed. Then the block is closed. After that y is again initialized but it will display
error that y is not known here but x is still known here because it is declared within the main not
in the block of if.
Program 13:
Write a program that demonstrate the life time of variable.
Solution:
class LifeTime {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and LifeTime is the
begin */
int x;
//a variable x of type int is declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
for(x = 0; x<3; x++) {
increasing the value of x by 1 until the condition is not satisfied i.e x<10. Opening curly brace {
int y = -1; // y is initialized each time block is entered;

37
System.out.println("Y is : " + y);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of y */
y = 10; // changes the value of y by 10 i.e its life time is
changed
System.out.println("Y is now: " + y);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of y */
} // closing curly brace } is used to close the definition of for loop
Output:

38
Discussion:
In this program a class of name LifeTime is declared then its definition starts. Its
opening and closing curly braces {}. It demonstrate the lifetime of a variable. Variable x is
declared in the main but the 2nd
variable y is initialized each time block is entered. In the block of
for loop value of y can be changed and displayed not outside it.
Program14:
Write a code that demonstrate the basic arithmetic operators.
Solution:
class BasicMath {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and BasicMath is
to begin */
int a = 1 + 1;
/* addition arithmetic operation using integers. Variable a of type int is declared and initialized.
int b = a * 3;
/* multiplication arithmetic operation using integers. Variable b of type int is declared and
initialized. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line*/
int c = b / 4;
/* division arithmetic operation using integers. Variable c of type int is declared and initialized.

39
int d = c - a;
/* subtraction arithmetic operation using integers. Variable d of type int is declared and
int e = -d;
/*variable e of type int is initialized and stores the negative value of d. Semicolon is used to
System.out.println("a = " + a);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of a */
System.out.println("b = " + b);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of b */
System.out.println("c = " + c);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of c */
System.out.println("d = " + d);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of d */
System.out.println("e = " + e);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of e */
double da = 1 + 1;
/* addition arithmetic operation using double. Variable da of type double is declared and
double db = da * 3;

40
/* multiplication arithmetic operation using double. Variable db of type double is declared and
double dc = db / 4;
/* division arithmetic operation using double. Variable dc of type double is declared and
double dd = dc - a;
/* subtraction arithmetic operation using double. Variable dd of type double is declared and
double de = -dd;
/*variable de of type int is initialized and stores the negative value of dd. Semicolon is used to
System.out.println("da = " + da);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of da */
System.out.println("db = " + db);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of db */
System.out.println("dc = " + dc);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of dc */
System.out.println("dd = " + dd);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of dd */
System.out.println("de = " + de);

41
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of de */
Output:
Discussion:
This program performs the basic arithmetic operations of multiplication, division,
subtraction and addition using variables of type double and int and displays them.

42
Program 15:
Write a program that demonstrates the use of modulus operator.
Solution:
class modulus {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and modulus is the
begin */
public static void main ( String args[]) {
int x = 42;
double y = 42.25;
/* variables x and y of type int & double are initialized and declared respectively. Semicolon is
System.out.println("x mod 10 = " + x % 10);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of x % 10 */
System.out.println("y mod 10 = " + y % 10);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of y % 10 */

43
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name modulus is declared then its definition starts. Its
opening and closing curly braces {}. It displays the value of x and y’s modulus 10.
Program 16:
Write a program that demonstrates the use of assignment operator.
Solution:
class OpEquals {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and OpEquals is the
begin */

44
int a = 1;
/* a variable a of type int in initialized and declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
int b = 2;
/* a variable b of type int in initialized and declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
int c = 3;
/* a variable c of type int in initialized and declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
int d = 4;
/* a variable d of type int in initialized and declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
int e = 5;
/* a variable e of type int in initialized and declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
int f = 5;
/* a variable f of type int in initialized and declared. Semicolon is used to terminate the
statement/line*/
a += 5;
// increment in a by 5. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
b *= 4;
// multiply b by 4. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
c /= 6;
// divide c by 6. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
d %= 8;
// modulus of d by 8. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
f -= 10;

45
// decrement in f by 5. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
e += d * c;
// increment in e by d * c. Semicolon is used to terminate the statement/line
System.out.println(" a = " + a);
print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of a. Semicolon is used to
System.out.println(" b = " + b);
/* This statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of b.
System.out.println(" c = " + c);
/* This statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of c.
System.out.println(" d = " + d);
/* This statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of d.
System.out.println(" e = " + e);
/* This statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of e.
System.out.println(" f = " + f);
/* This statement of code will print the string written in brackets and also print out the value of f.

46
Output:
Discussion:
In this program a class of name OpEquals is declared then its definition starts.
Its definition is enclosed between the opening and closing of curly braces {}. Then main method
of no return type is declared. This method is static and public. Its definition is enclosed between
the opening and closing curly braces {}. It demonstrate several assignment operators i.e += , *=,
%= and displays their values
Program 17:
Write a program that demonstrates the use of increment operator.
Solution:
class IncDec {
/* this line contains a keyword class that shows that a class is going to start and IncDec is the
begin */

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