This document provides an introduction to a study on the influence of metacognitive strategies and audience awareness on undergraduate writers' writing process. It discusses how writing is a complex process involving cognitive and metacognitive elements. The study aims to determine ESL writers' writing behaviors, metacognitive strategies used, and audience awareness during the writing process. It reviews relevant literature on the cognitive processes involved in writing, metacognitive strategies, and audience awareness. The introduction outlines the research objectives, questions, operational definitions, and significance of better understanding how these elements influence writers.
Research Design and Methodology, Dr. W.A. Kritsonisguestcc1ebaf
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Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
TSDP tells you about the types of titles used in a manuscript and their impact on publication of articles. For Publication medical writing training, contact: hello@turacoz.in.
Research Design and Methodology, Dr. W.A. Kritsonisguestcc1ebaf
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Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
TSDP tells you about the types of titles used in a manuscript and their impact on publication of articles. For Publication medical writing training, contact: hello@turacoz.in.
SOARES, DORIS DE A. Developing critical writing skills in L2. BRAZ-TSOL Newsl...Doris Soares
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Teaching L2 writing skills entails much more than simply setting a topic, collecting and correcting studentsâ writing and giving it back hoping that learners will write better texts next time. Therefore, we must help our students reflect upon all the elements involved in the making of a text. In other words, we must empower them to critically assess writing tasks and to critically read their own productions in order to improve them.
Introduction
Summary of the article/Dissertation
Critical Review on the Research
Organization, arguments and evidences in each part:
Abstract and Introduction
Literature review
Methodology
Results
and mechanics
Conclusion
evaluate existing methodological approaches
inconsistencies in results
Examining the Use of Metadiscourse Markers in Academic WritingPremier Publishers
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Acquiring proficiency in academic writing is becoming increasingly important for academics, irrespective of the academic discipline, given that publications in highly rated, peer-reviewed international journals have a profound impact on how knowledge is constructed through the process of writing. In academic writing, the use of metadiscourse markers is fundamental since academic writers have to write in such a way that they are able to skilfully distinguish opinion from fact. At the same time, they have to assess their affirmations in suitable and convincing ways. Considering the afore-mentioned, this article examines the use of metadiscourse markers in academic writing in which special attention is paid to the use of hedges and boosters. It is a general analysis and mini-review of the use of metadiscourse markers in academic writing. One empirical research article, from the field of Applied Linguistics, is used for this purpose. An introduction is given about academic writing and the need to use metadiscourse markers. Literature review based on metadiscourse markers in academic writing, with particular emphasis on hedges and boosters, is presented and discussed. The methodology of the study is outlined. The results show that there is a greater use of interactives than interactionals: with regard to interactive markers, transitional/logical connectives were most used, followed by endophoric markers, evidentials, and code glosses; with respect to interactional markers, hedges and boosters were the most used in this category with more hedges used as compared to boosters. Finally, concluding remarks are made about the analysis conducted.
The four resources model by Luke and Freebody (1999) includes:
i. Breaking the code of texts (code breaker);
ii. Participating in the meanings of text (meaning maker or text participant);
iii. Using texts functionally (text user); and
iv. Critically analysing and transforming texts (text analyst or text critic).
Based on the four resources model by Luke and Freebody, (1999), I would conclude by saying that whenever a teacher is engaging his/her students in a reading activity or other literacy activities, the teacher must ask himself certain questions. These are but a few of them:
i. Am I using a range of texts or sources in my classroom?
ii. Am I imposing the meaning of the text on the students or allowing them to come out with their own interpretations?
iii. Are the students allowed time to analyse everyday texts?
iv. Do I use a context in my teaching that is actually relevant to the needs of my students today?
v. Am I providing support to ensure that students engage with all the four resources model?
The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of critical thinking level on Iranian EFL learnersâ choice of language learning strategies. The participants were 93 male and female B.A. level Iranian students majoring in English language teaching and English translation at Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin; Zanjan University; and Kar non-profit University in Qazvin. Data were collected using the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), and Peter Honeyâs Critical Thinking Scale. The participants were divided into three levels (High, Mid, Low) of critical thinking based on their scores on the critical thinking questionnaire. The participantsâ strategy use in the three groups was compared using six separate one-way ANOVA procedures. The results showed that the level of critical thinking significantly influenced studentsâ choice of memory, cognitive, metacognitive and social strategies, but had no significant effect on the choice of compensation and affective strategies. The findings of this study may have both theoretical and pedagogical implications for learners, teachers, and syllabus designers.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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Research Proposal (Chapter 1) - Draft 2
1. THE INFLUENCE OF METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES AND AUDIENCE
AWARENESS ON UiTM PASIR GUDANG UNDERGRADUATES' WRITING
PROCESS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Writing, in general, is important due to its value of communicating with others (Khaki
& Hessamy, 2013). Compared to speaking, writing helps people to communicate better as it
can convey the intended message without changing the original structure. Writing is a
complex process that writers undergo and often when the finished text is completed, the
writers themselves are not able to trace how they completed the task or how they made the
mistakes that they did. Past researches have suggested cognitive and metacognitive strategies
to be taught to writers in order to improve their writing. Past studies have looked at strategies
writers use while they write through the use of think aloud protocols and structured
interviews.
2. 1.1 Background of the Research
Writing is an activity that involves a whole process. According to Galbraith and Trent
(2009), writing is not simply a matter of translating preconceived ideas into text. It also
involves creating content and ensuring the message in the content reaches the audience the
way it was initially intended by the writer. Writing involves a wide range of processes and it
demands cognitive processing from the writer to the audience (reader). The famous study of
writing by Flower and Hayes (1981) revealed the Cognitive theory of writing and it involves
four important aspects. They are; (a) writing consists of a set of distinct process, (b) the
writing processes are hierarchical, (c) writing is goal-oriented, and (d) writersâ create goals
and sub-goals-and these goals develop sense of purpose, revising goals or establishing new
goals based on what is learned through writing.
Past studies have looked to the metacognitive strategies that writers go thorugh when
they write. Wenden (1998) ##Check Yayan (2010) summarized metacognitive strategies as:
(a) part of a learnerâs store of acquired knowledge, (b) relatively stable and statable, (c) early
developing, (d) a system of related ideas, (e) an abstract representation of a learnerâs
experience. In addition to that, Flavell (1985), reported that metacognitive knowledge
involves three distinct and highly interactive knowledge variables , (a) person knowledge, (b)
task knowledge and (c) strategic knowledge. Person knowledge may include cognitive and
affective variables such as age, language aptitude , motivation, and specific acquired
knowledge. Task knowledge involves three aspects â (a)learnersâ knowledge about the task
purpose and how it will meet their learning needs and goals, (b) knowledge about the nature
of the particular task identified through the classification process, and (c) skills needed to
complete the task.
3. Next, studies have also been conducted to prove the importance of audience
awareness in the writing process. Flower (2000) suggested that writer analyzes the audience
of their text. She suggested that writers gauge the distance between them and the audiences
such as age and background. These differences fall into three areas; (a) the readersâ
knowledge about the topic, (b) his or her attitude toward it, and (c) the writerâs and the
audiencesâ personal and professional needs. Furthermore, Cheng (2010) said that writers who
are able to think of their audience before, during and after their writing process are reported
to be more efficient writers.
Therefore, this research focuses on how the writing process that writers undergo when
they write, the metacognitive strategies that they use and their audience awareness when they
write.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In the writing process, writers may face problems every now and then. This problem
is labelled as -rhetorical problem (Flower and Hayes, 1981). While the writer is writing,
he/she may face ârhetorical problemâ. This is a complex process and includes (a)the
rhetorical situation, (b)the audience and (c)the writerâs goal. In summary, Flower and Hayes
looked at the writing process being chained (inter related) by three major aspects-the written
task (rhetorical situation), the reader (audience) and the thinking process of the writer
(writerâs goal). These three aspects are not easy to teach by writing teachers and more so-not
at all easy strategies to master by the writers at whatever level.
Writers are reported to undergo many strategies when they write. One of these
strategies is metacognitive strategies. These strategies involve the planning before the writing
4. process, monitoring throughout the writing task and then reviewing the written text
completed. Traditional classrooms skipped these main stages and somehow assumed writers
would âpick up the skillâ as they practice more essays. Contrary to popular past beliefs, these
metacognitive starategies is a taught skill by the writing teachers and the ability (or disability)
of the writers to use these strategies is what separates the good and weak writers.
Past studies have proven the influence of audience awareness in the writing process.
Cheng(2010) conducted a research to look into the audience strategies by EFL college writers
and found that audience awareness is a strategy used by proficient writers.
1.3 Research Objectives
The three research objectives are:
i. To determine ESL writers' writing behaviour during the writing process.
ii. To determine the meta-cognitive strategies used by ESL writers' during the
writing process.
iii. To determine ESL writers' audience awareness during the writing process.
1.4 Research Questions
The three research questions are:
i. How does writing behaviour influence ESL writers during the writing process?
ii. How does meta-cognitive strategies used influence ESL writers during the writing
process?
iii. How does audience awareness influence ESL writers during the writing process?
5. 1.5 Operational Definitions
1.5.1 Writing Process
Flower and Hayes (1981)-####the act of writing involves 3 major elements- (a) Task
environment, (b) writersâs long term memory, (c) composing processor. Within the
composing processor are three operational processes to generate the written text and
they are ((i) planning, (ii) translating, and (iii) reviewing.
1.5.2 Types of Writers
skilled vs less skilled, good vs weak writers (Flower and Hayes, Bereiter and
Scardamanlia)
1.5.3 Metacognitive Strategies
According to OâMalley and Chammot (1990) tabled Metacognitive Strategies
###(check
https://dea.lib.unideb.hu/dea/bitstream/handle/2437/79665/de_1447.pdf?sequence=1&
isAllowed=y for referencing)
Metacognitive Strategies (Oâ Malley and Chamot, 1990)
(a) Planning (Advance Organization)
(b) Directed Attention
(c) Selective Attaention
(d) Functional Planning
6. (d) Self-Management
(e) Monitoring
(f) Problem Identification
(g) Self-evaluation
1.5.4 Audience Awareness
According to Cheng (2010) audience awareness involves 4 basic moves and they are:
(a) Naming moves, refers to writersâ recognition of an audience existence by direct
and indirect reference
(b) Context moves, refer to strategies that writers use to establish context and provide
background information to the reader
(c) Strategy moves, refer to implementing tactics that recognize readersâ traits by
appealing to readersâ interest
(d) Response moves, refers to writersâ awareness of readersâ questions, objections,
such as stating readersâ concerns or giving reasons for these concerns
(e) Negative moves, involve writersâ references to the audience that would impair the
writer-reader relationship by giving reasons that were not adequately explained
1.6 Limitation of the Study
This study is done within certain limitations:
(a) the writers are ESL learners doing Diploma in Engineering and Diploma in Business
7. (b) the writers undergo ESL classes twice a week with the lecturers
(c) although the categories of weak and good writers can be clearly defined by research, these
writers entered the university with (i) past SPM English scores that shows their English
proficiency and (ii) have had writing problems even in their first language (Bahasa Melayu).
1.7 Significance of the Study
The results of the study is useful for teachers teaching writing. It can help in the
designing of strategies to be taught in writing class.