Malabsorption occurs when the small intestine does not properly absorb nutrients from food. It can be caused by issues with gastric mixing, intestinal motility, the intestinal epithelium, or nutrient transport. Common symptoms include diarrhea, weight loss, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis involves testing for deficiencies and analyzing stool samples. Treatment focuses on correcting fluid/nutritional imbalances, managing underlying causes like celiac disease or pancreatic insufficiency, and using supplements. Homeopathic remedies aim to address specific symptom patterns that may arise from malabsorption.
This document discusses constipation, including its causes, symptoms, types, and treatment options. Some key points include:
- Constipation is difficulty passing stool and results from factors like low fiber intake, dehydration, medication side effects, medical conditions, smoking cessation, and surgery.
- Symptoms include pain, bloating, infrequent bowel movements, and hard stool that is difficult to pass.
- Treatment focuses on increasing fiber and water intake, exercise, homeopathy, and addressing any underlying medical issues. Lifestyle changes like diet and staying hydrated are emphasized as the first approach to relieving constipation.
This document discusses constipation, including its causes, symptoms, types, and treatment options. Some key points include:
- Constipation is difficulty passing stool and results from factors like low fiber intake, dehydration, medication side effects, medical conditions, smoking cessation, and surgery.
- Symptoms include pain, bloating, infrequent bowel movements, and hard stool that is difficult to pass.
- Treatment focuses on increasing fiber and fluid intake, exercise, homeopathy, and addressing any underlying medical issues. Lifestyle changes like diet and staying hydrated are emphasized.
Motility OF SMALL INTESTINE, Malabsorbtion and diarrhoea.pptxWallerianDegenration
The small intestine has two main functions: to mix chyme with bile and pancreatic juices to aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients, and to propel intestinal contents toward the large intestine. Around 10 liters of fluid reach the small intestine daily, of which only 1-2 liters pass into the large intestine as the rest is absorbed. The small intestine exhibits various motility patterns like pendular, segmental, peristaltic and antiparistaltic movements to help with mixing and propulsion of contents. When the lumen is empty between meals, motility changes to the interdigestive migrating motor complex. Malabsorption can result from issues that impair these motor, secretory, digestive or absorpt
This document summarizes information about anti-diarrheal drugs. It defines diarrhea and describes its causes such as diet, infection, drugs, and stress. It classifies diarrhea as acute or chronic and discusses causes of infectious diarrhea. Treatment principles focus on rehydration therapy with oral or intravenous fluids. Specific anti-diarrheal drugs are discussed like opioids, anticholinergics, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, and octreotide. Management of inflammatory bowel diseases with drugs targeting TNF-alpha and immunosuppressants is also covered. The role of probiotics and specific antimicrobial drugs for different infections is summarized.
Approach and Management of Malaria patientssolankiumesh45
Chronic diarrhea is defined as diarrhea lasting more than 4 weeks. The document discusses the various types, causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment of chronic diarrhea. Key causes include inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, tropical sprue, bacterial overgrowth, and malabsorption. The evaluation involves stool exams, imaging, endoscopy with biopsies, and tests of absorptive capacity. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include dietary changes, medications, or surgery.
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
This document discusses constipation, including its causes, symptoms, types, and treatment options. Some key points include:
- Constipation is difficulty passing stool and results from factors like low fiber intake, dehydration, medication side effects, medical conditions, smoking cessation, and surgery.
- Symptoms include pain, bloating, infrequent bowel movements, and hard stool that is difficult to pass.
- Treatment focuses on increasing fiber and water intake, exercise, homeopathy, and addressing any underlying medical issues. Lifestyle changes like diet and staying hydrated are emphasized as the first approach to relieving constipation.
This document discusses constipation, including its causes, symptoms, types, and treatment options. Some key points include:
- Constipation is difficulty passing stool and results from factors like low fiber intake, dehydration, medication side effects, medical conditions, smoking cessation, and surgery.
- Symptoms include pain, bloating, infrequent bowel movements, and hard stool that is difficult to pass.
- Treatment focuses on increasing fiber and fluid intake, exercise, homeopathy, and addressing any underlying medical issues. Lifestyle changes like diet and staying hydrated are emphasized.
Motility OF SMALL INTESTINE, Malabsorbtion and diarrhoea.pptxWallerianDegenration
The small intestine has two main functions: to mix chyme with bile and pancreatic juices to aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients, and to propel intestinal contents toward the large intestine. Around 10 liters of fluid reach the small intestine daily, of which only 1-2 liters pass into the large intestine as the rest is absorbed. The small intestine exhibits various motility patterns like pendular, segmental, peristaltic and antiparistaltic movements to help with mixing and propulsion of contents. When the lumen is empty between meals, motility changes to the interdigestive migrating motor complex. Malabsorption can result from issues that impair these motor, secretory, digestive or absorpt
This document summarizes information about anti-diarrheal drugs. It defines diarrhea and describes its causes such as diet, infection, drugs, and stress. It classifies diarrhea as acute or chronic and discusses causes of infectious diarrhea. Treatment principles focus on rehydration therapy with oral or intravenous fluids. Specific anti-diarrheal drugs are discussed like opioids, anticholinergics, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, and octreotide. Management of inflammatory bowel diseases with drugs targeting TNF-alpha and immunosuppressants is also covered. The role of probiotics and specific antimicrobial drugs for different infections is summarized.
Approach and Management of Malaria patientssolankiumesh45
Chronic diarrhea is defined as diarrhea lasting more than 4 weeks. The document discusses the various types, causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment of chronic diarrhea. Key causes include inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, tropical sprue, bacterial overgrowth, and malabsorption. The evaluation involves stool exams, imaging, endoscopy with biopsies, and tests of absorptive capacity. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include dietary changes, medications, or surgery.
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
- Diarrhea can be acute (short-term), chronic (lasting over 4 weeks), or functional (no clear cause). Common causes include bacteria, viruses, parasites from contaminated food/water. Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the lactase enzyme.
- The small intestine absorbs water and electrolytes like sodium through villi. Secretory diarrhea occurs when absorption is impaired while chloride secretion continues, causing fluid loss. Chronic diarrhea can result from malabsorption, infections, cancers, or conditions like Addison's disease. Carcinoid tumors often cause diarrhea, flushing, and intestinal blockage. Alcohol abuse can lead to gastrointestinal inflammation and impaired water absorption.
Chronic diarrhea can be caused by osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, or malabsorptive etiologies. A thorough history, physical exam, and testing are needed to determine the underlying cause. Key tests include stool studies, blood work, imaging, and endoscopy. Treatment depends on the identified cause but may include medications to reduce diarrhea, replace lost nutrients, address underlying infections or inflammatory conditions, and treat any structural abnormalities.
Common adult diseases of small and colon(diarrhea and.pptxEthelBwendo
This document summarizes common causes of diarrhea in adults. It discusses the normal physiology of fluid and nutrient absorption in the small and large intestines. The main types of diarrhea are then outlined based on their mechanisms: osmotic, secretory, motility disorders, and exudative. Causes of acute and chronic diarrhea are distinguished. Specific diseases that can cause diarrhea through invasive bacterial infection, toxin production, or malabsorption are then listed.
This document discusses acute diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea and lists its leading causes as enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive bacteria like Shigella and Salmonella, rotavirus, Vibrio cholerae, and Giardia lamblia. It describes the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause diarrhea and outlines their clinical presentations. The document also covers factors that increase susceptibility to diarrhea, effects of dehydration, evaluation of patients, management of rehydration, and treatment for specific causes.
The document discusses cholelithiasis (gallstone disease). It describes the anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder, including its structure and function of storing and releasing bile. Gallstones form when there is a change in the composition of bile leading to precipitation of cholesterol, calcium, or bilirubin crystals. Risk factors include hereditary factors, obesity, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. Treatment options include medical management with pain medications or stone dissolution agents, or surgical removal of the gallbladder via laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
This document discusses diarrhea and constipation. It defines constipation as difficulty in defecation resulting in infrequent and hard stools. Common symptoms include abdominal bloating and discomfort. Causes include poor diet, medications, and lifestyle factors. Treatment focuses on increasing fiber and fluid intake. Diarrhea is defined as loose, watery stools occurring three or more times daily. Acute diarrhea usually lasts less than two weeks while chronic diarrhea lasts over four weeks. Causes can be infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and parasites or non-infectious conditions. Treatment depends on the identified cause but often involves rehydration and antibiotics.
Acute diarrheal disease is a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age, responsible for 1.3 million episodes and 4 million deaths annually. The key mechanisms of diarrhea include osmotic diarrhea caused by poorly absorbed substances in the gut, and secretory diarrhea caused by impaired sodium absorption and continued chloride secretion. Proper management includes oral rehydration therapy to correct fluid and electrolyte losses. ORT is a safe and effective treatment that has significantly reduced diarrhea mortality worldwide. Nutritional management emphasizes continued feeding during diarrhea to prevent malnutrition.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and absorption of nutrients. It describes the stages of digestion that occur in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Key parts of the digestive tract and their functions are identified. The document also discusses absorption of end products of digestion and their transport through the blood and lymph systems. Several common digestive problems and malabsorption syndromes are described along with dietary recommendations.
This document discusses Mucous Colitis and lesser known homeopathic remedies for its treatment. It defines Mucous Colitis as a gastrointestinal disorder involving abnormal gut contractions and sensitivity causing abdominal pain, mucus in stool, and irregular bowel movements. It lists the clinical features and commonly indicated homeopathic medicines such as Aloe, Ant-c, Arg-n, and Arnica. It then discusses several lesser known remedies for dysentery and their characteristics, including Alumen, Ammonium Mur, Asafoetida, Asarum, and Boletus Laricis.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient presenting with diarrhea. It defines diarrhea and outlines the main pathophysiological causes. It emphasizes taking a thorough history, examining the patient, considering differential diagnoses, and appropriate use of laboratory tests and imaging. Mild to moderate dehydration is typically managed with oral rehydration, while more severe cases may require IV fluids. Antibiotics are only recommended for specific invasive bacterial infections. Overall treatment focuses on rehydration with oral or IV fluids as the mainstay.
The alimentary canal is a long, muscular tube that includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it passes through these structures. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and waste is stored in the rectum before exiting through the anus. Gastrointestinal disorders like GERD, gastritis, PUD, IBS, hemorrhoids, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can affect digestion and cause various symptoms. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications and surgery.
10. ac. diarrhoea, vomiting & rec abd painWhiteraven68
Diarrhea is defined as 3 or more loose stools per day. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. There are different types of diarrhea including acute and chronic. Common causes of acute diarrhea include gastroenteritis, food poisoning, and antibiotics. Chronic diarrhea has causes such as lactose intolerance and inflammatory bowel disease. Assessment of diarrhea involves history, physical exam, and testing to identify dehydration and the underlying cause. Management depends on the degree of dehydration and may include oral rehydration, IV fluids, and antibiotics for severe cases.
Malabsorption refers to the disruption of digestion and nutrient absorption. Steatorrhea describes voluminous, foul-smelling stool that floats due to high fat content. Tests for malabsorption include screening tests to identify nutrient deficiencies, quantitative tests to measure nutrient absorption, and diagnostic tests. Small intestinal biopsy can diagnose conditions causing malabsorption such as celiac disease, tropical sprue, and Whipple's disease by examining villous architecture and inflammatory cells. Management involves treating the underlying cause, correcting nutritional deficiencies, and managing diarrhea.
This document discusses childhood diarrhoea, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in developing countries. It defines diarrhoea and classifies it according to cause, duration, and mechanism. The epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, assessment, complications, management, prevention and control of childhood diarrhoea are outlined. Management involves rehydration, correcting electrolyte imbalances, providing adequate nutrition, and administering antibiotics or other treatments when indicated to prevent worsening outcomes like malnutrition.
This document discusses acute and chronic diarrhea, their causes and management. Acute diarrhea is usually short-lived and self-limiting, often resulting from food poisoning or bacterial infection. Chronic diarrhea lasts longer than 2 weeks and requires investigation to determine the cause, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes, or infections. Malabsorption is defined as the defective absorption of nutrients and can result in deficiencies. Causes of malabsorption discussed include celiac disease, tropical sprue, bacterial overgrowth, and surgical resections.
Indigestion — also called dyspepsia or an upset stomach — is discomfort in your upper abdomen. Indigestion describes certain symptoms, such as belly pain and a feeling of fullness soon after you start eating, rather than a specific disease.
Malabsorption syndrome is a clinical term that encompasses defects occurring during the digestion and absorption of food nutrients by the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by defective absorption of fats, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, and water. Malabsorption can be caused by issues with intraluminal digestion, terminal digestion, transepithelial transport, or lymphatic transport. Common causes include celiac disease, tropical sprue, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis involves tests for steatorrhea, Schilling tests, D-xylose tests, imaging
This document provides an overview of gallbladder disease in children. It discusses gallbladder physiology, bile formation, and the pathophysiology of gallbladder disease including cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Risk factors for gallbladder disease in children include prolonged parenteral nutrition, obesity, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions or medications. Gallbladder abnormalities that may be seen in children include sludge, polyps, septation, and changes in size or wall thickness. The document also presents data on 211 children evaluated for changes in BMI and fatty liver disease who were subsequently found to have gallbladder abnormalities.
Diarrhea is defined as stool weight over 200g per day. It can be caused by increased osmotic load, secretions, or decreased contact time in the intestines. Complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Evaluation of diarrhea includes history of symptoms, physical exam noting dehydration, and stool testing. Treatment focuses on fluid and electrolyte replacement. Antidiarrheals may help watery diarrhea without signs of toxicity but should be avoided in bloody diarrhea until causes are ruled out.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
- Diarrhea can be acute (short-term), chronic (lasting over 4 weeks), or functional (no clear cause). Common causes include bacteria, viruses, parasites from contaminated food/water. Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the lactase enzyme.
- The small intestine absorbs water and electrolytes like sodium through villi. Secretory diarrhea occurs when absorption is impaired while chloride secretion continues, causing fluid loss. Chronic diarrhea can result from malabsorption, infections, cancers, or conditions like Addison's disease. Carcinoid tumors often cause diarrhea, flushing, and intestinal blockage. Alcohol abuse can lead to gastrointestinal inflammation and impaired water absorption.
Chronic diarrhea can be caused by osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, or malabsorptive etiologies. A thorough history, physical exam, and testing are needed to determine the underlying cause. Key tests include stool studies, blood work, imaging, and endoscopy. Treatment depends on the identified cause but may include medications to reduce diarrhea, replace lost nutrients, address underlying infections or inflammatory conditions, and treat any structural abnormalities.
Common adult diseases of small and colon(diarrhea and.pptxEthelBwendo
This document summarizes common causes of diarrhea in adults. It discusses the normal physiology of fluid and nutrient absorption in the small and large intestines. The main types of diarrhea are then outlined based on their mechanisms: osmotic, secretory, motility disorders, and exudative. Causes of acute and chronic diarrhea are distinguished. Specific diseases that can cause diarrhea through invasive bacterial infection, toxin production, or malabsorption are then listed.
This document discusses acute diarrhea in children. It defines diarrhea and lists its leading causes as enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive bacteria like Shigella and Salmonella, rotavirus, Vibrio cholerae, and Giardia lamblia. It describes the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause diarrhea and outlines their clinical presentations. The document also covers factors that increase susceptibility to diarrhea, effects of dehydration, evaluation of patients, management of rehydration, and treatment for specific causes.
The document discusses cholelithiasis (gallstone disease). It describes the anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder, including its structure and function of storing and releasing bile. Gallstones form when there is a change in the composition of bile leading to precipitation of cholesterol, calcium, or bilirubin crystals. Risk factors include hereditary factors, obesity, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. Treatment options include medical management with pain medications or stone dissolution agents, or surgical removal of the gallbladder via laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
This document discusses diarrhea and constipation. It defines constipation as difficulty in defecation resulting in infrequent and hard stools. Common symptoms include abdominal bloating and discomfort. Causes include poor diet, medications, and lifestyle factors. Treatment focuses on increasing fiber and fluid intake. Diarrhea is defined as loose, watery stools occurring three or more times daily. Acute diarrhea usually lasts less than two weeks while chronic diarrhea lasts over four weeks. Causes can be infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and parasites or non-infectious conditions. Treatment depends on the identified cause but often involves rehydration and antibiotics.
Acute diarrheal disease is a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age, responsible for 1.3 million episodes and 4 million deaths annually. The key mechanisms of diarrhea include osmotic diarrhea caused by poorly absorbed substances in the gut, and secretory diarrhea caused by impaired sodium absorption and continued chloride secretion. Proper management includes oral rehydration therapy to correct fluid and electrolyte losses. ORT is a safe and effective treatment that has significantly reduced diarrhea mortality worldwide. Nutritional management emphasizes continued feeding during diarrhea to prevent malnutrition.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system and absorption of nutrients. It describes the stages of digestion that occur in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Key parts of the digestive tract and their functions are identified. The document also discusses absorption of end products of digestion and their transport through the blood and lymph systems. Several common digestive problems and malabsorption syndromes are described along with dietary recommendations.
This document discusses Mucous Colitis and lesser known homeopathic remedies for its treatment. It defines Mucous Colitis as a gastrointestinal disorder involving abnormal gut contractions and sensitivity causing abdominal pain, mucus in stool, and irregular bowel movements. It lists the clinical features and commonly indicated homeopathic medicines such as Aloe, Ant-c, Arg-n, and Arnica. It then discusses several lesser known remedies for dysentery and their characteristics, including Alumen, Ammonium Mur, Asafoetida, Asarum, and Boletus Laricis.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient presenting with diarrhea. It defines diarrhea and outlines the main pathophysiological causes. It emphasizes taking a thorough history, examining the patient, considering differential diagnoses, and appropriate use of laboratory tests and imaging. Mild to moderate dehydration is typically managed with oral rehydration, while more severe cases may require IV fluids. Antibiotics are only recommended for specific invasive bacterial infections. Overall treatment focuses on rehydration with oral or IV fluids as the mainstay.
The alimentary canal is a long, muscular tube that includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it passes through these structures. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and waste is stored in the rectum before exiting through the anus. Gastrointestinal disorders like GERD, gastritis, PUD, IBS, hemorrhoids, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can affect digestion and cause various symptoms. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications and surgery.
10. ac. diarrhoea, vomiting & rec abd painWhiteraven68
Diarrhea is defined as 3 or more loose stools per day. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. There are different types of diarrhea including acute and chronic. Common causes of acute diarrhea include gastroenteritis, food poisoning, and antibiotics. Chronic diarrhea has causes such as lactose intolerance and inflammatory bowel disease. Assessment of diarrhea involves history, physical exam, and testing to identify dehydration and the underlying cause. Management depends on the degree of dehydration and may include oral rehydration, IV fluids, and antibiotics for severe cases.
Malabsorption refers to the disruption of digestion and nutrient absorption. Steatorrhea describes voluminous, foul-smelling stool that floats due to high fat content. Tests for malabsorption include screening tests to identify nutrient deficiencies, quantitative tests to measure nutrient absorption, and diagnostic tests. Small intestinal biopsy can diagnose conditions causing malabsorption such as celiac disease, tropical sprue, and Whipple's disease by examining villous architecture and inflammatory cells. Management involves treating the underlying cause, correcting nutritional deficiencies, and managing diarrhea.
This document discusses childhood diarrhoea, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in developing countries. It defines diarrhoea and classifies it according to cause, duration, and mechanism. The epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, assessment, complications, management, prevention and control of childhood diarrhoea are outlined. Management involves rehydration, correcting electrolyte imbalances, providing adequate nutrition, and administering antibiotics or other treatments when indicated to prevent worsening outcomes like malnutrition.
This document discusses acute and chronic diarrhea, their causes and management. Acute diarrhea is usually short-lived and self-limiting, often resulting from food poisoning or bacterial infection. Chronic diarrhea lasts longer than 2 weeks and requires investigation to determine the cause, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes, or infections. Malabsorption is defined as the defective absorption of nutrients and can result in deficiencies. Causes of malabsorption discussed include celiac disease, tropical sprue, bacterial overgrowth, and surgical resections.
Indigestion — also called dyspepsia or an upset stomach — is discomfort in your upper abdomen. Indigestion describes certain symptoms, such as belly pain and a feeling of fullness soon after you start eating, rather than a specific disease.
Malabsorption syndrome is a clinical term that encompasses defects occurring during the digestion and absorption of food nutrients by the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by defective absorption of fats, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, and water. Malabsorption can be caused by issues with intraluminal digestion, terminal digestion, transepithelial transport, or lymphatic transport. Common causes include celiac disease, tropical sprue, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis involves tests for steatorrhea, Schilling tests, D-xylose tests, imaging
This document provides an overview of gallbladder disease in children. It discusses gallbladder physiology, bile formation, and the pathophysiology of gallbladder disease including cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Risk factors for gallbladder disease in children include prolonged parenteral nutrition, obesity, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions or medications. Gallbladder abnormalities that may be seen in children include sludge, polyps, septation, and changes in size or wall thickness. The document also presents data on 211 children evaluated for changes in BMI and fatty liver disease who were subsequently found to have gallbladder abnormalities.
Diarrhea is defined as stool weight over 200g per day. It can be caused by increased osmotic load, secretions, or decreased contact time in the intestines. Complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Evaluation of diarrhea includes history of symptoms, physical exam noting dehydration, and stool testing. Treatment focuses on fluid and electrolyte replacement. Antidiarrheals may help watery diarrhea without signs of toxicity but should be avoided in bloody diarrhea until causes are ruled out.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
2. Definition
Clinical term that encompasses defects occurring during
the digestion and absorption of food nutrients.
Disorders of absorption constitutes a broad spectrum of
condition with multiple etiologies and varied clinical
manifestations.
These problems are associated with diminished intestinal
absorption of one or more dietary nutrients and are
often referred to as the malabsorption syndrome.
3. ETIOLOGY
Malabsorption has many causes.
➔ Inadequate gastric mixing, rapid
emptying, or both
➔ Insufficient digestive agents
➔ Abnormal motility of the
intestine
➔ Abnormal epithelium
➔ Impaired transport
4. ➔ Inadequate gastric
mixing, rapid emptying,
or both
Billroth II gastrectomy
Gastrocolic fistula
Gastroenterostomy
➔ Insufficient digestive
agents
atrophic gastritis
Biliary obstruction and cholestasis
Cirrhosis
Chronic pancreatitis
Cystic fibrosis
Lactase deficiency
Pancreatic cancer
5. ➔ Abnormal motility of the
intestine
Abnormal motility secondary to
diabetes, systemic sclerosis,
hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
(eg, due to blind loops, diverticula in
the small intestine)
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (low
duodenal pH)
➔ Abnormal epithelium
Amyloidosis, Celiac disease, Crohn
disease
Ischemia, Radiation enteritis,Tropical
sprue, Whipple disease
➔ Impaired transport
Addison disease
Blocked lacteals due to lymphoma or
tuberculosis
Intrinsic factor deficiency (as in
pernicious anemia)
6. Pathophysiology
Malabsorption results from abnormalities of
the three processes that are essential to
normal digestion::
➔ INTRALUMINAL MALDIGESTION
➔ MUCOSAL MALABSORPTION
.
➔ POST MUCOSAL LYMPHATIC
OBSTRUCTION
7. Intraluminal hydrolysis of fats, proteins and carbohydrates by
enzymes- bile salts enhance the solubilization of fat in this
phase.
Unabsorbed fats trap fat- soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) and
some minerals, causing deficiency.
Bacterial overgrowth results in deconjugation and
dehydroxylation of bile salts, limiting absorption of fats.
Unabsorbed bile salts → stimulate → → water secretion
from colon →→→ CAUSING DIARRHOEA.
INTRALUMINAL MALDIGESTION
8. Pancreatic enzyme amylase and
brush border enzymes ( on microvilli)
lyse carbohydrates into constituents
(monosaccharides).
Colonic bacteria ferment
unabsorbed carbohydrates → forms
CO2, methane and hydrogen. → →
→ Causes BLOATING and
ABDOMINAL DISTENTION.
INTRALUMINAL MALDIGESTION
9. MUCOSAL MALABSORPTION
Small bowel resection or
conditions (damaging small
bowel) → depleting area for
absorption.
POST MUCOSAL LYMPHATIC
OBSTRUCTION
Prevents uptake and transport of
absorbed lipids into lymphatic vessels
→ causes increase in pressure within
the vessels → leaking in intestinal
lumen → lead to PROTEIN LOSING
ENTEROPATHY.
10. How will you suspect a case of
weight loss to be of
malabsorption?
11. Diarrhoea and weight loss in a
patient with a normal diet are
likely to be caused due to
malabsorption.
14. Poor wound
healing (Vit
C, protein,
zinc
deficiency)
Purpura and
bruising (vit c, vit k
deficiency)
Distention,
steatorrhoea,
Watery
diarrhoea
15. Complications
Complications depend upon the
severity of the underlying condition.
Malabsorption syndrome can lead to:-
➔ Weight loss
➔ Failure to thrive
➔ Impaired wound healing
➔ Deficient immune system
➔ Decreased energy levels
16. Diagnosis
Diagnosis is clinically done
A detailed patient history
Blood tests to screen for
consequences of malabsorption
Stool fat testing to confirm
malabsorption (if unclear)
Cause diagnosed with endoscopy
17. It is suspected in a patient
with chronic diarrhoea,
weight loss and anaemia.
Patients with malabsorption due to
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS usually have had
prior bouts of acute pancreatitis.
Patients with CELIAC DISEASE can present with
classic lifelong diarrhea exacerbated by gluten
products and may have dermatitis
herpetiformis
18. History taking
If history suggests a
specific cause, testing
should be directed to that
condition.
If no cause is apparent,
blood test can be used as
screening tools.
Patients with cirrhosis
and pancreatic cancer
can present with
jaundice.
Abdominal distention,
excessive flatus, and
watery diarrhea occurring
30 to 90 minutes after
carbohydrate ingestion
suggest deficiency of a
disaccharidase enzyme,
usually lactase.
19. Investigations
Breath tests can be used
to test for lactose intolerance.
Lactose (gut, not being absorbed)
→ bacteria breaks it and produces
hydrogen → excessive hydrogen is
being absorbed (intestine →
bloodstream → lungs)--> hydrogen
is exhaled.
Stool tests (72-hour
stool collection)
These tests are the most reliable
because fat is usually present in the
stool of someone with malabsorption
syndrome.
Blood tests such as:
Vitamin B12, vitamin
D,folate, iron, calcium,
carotene, phosphorus,
albumin
22. MANAGEMENT
Once diagnosed, management depends upon the
cause.
1. Assure the patient.
2. Complications of malabsorption (such as
dehydration, nutritional deficiencies) must
be corrected first by replacing fluids and IV.
3. Proper fluid intake in order to avoid
dehydration.
4. Proper nutrient dense- diet should be
followed, nutrients which are lacking should
be more in diet.
5. Infections and parasites can be eliminated by
medications.
6. For celiac disease → advice gluten free diet
7. For pancreatic insufficiency → usage of oral
enzymes.
8. Vitamin deficiency → supplements.
24. ABROTANUM
Southernwood (compositae)
Alternate constipation and diarrhoea; lineteria.
Marasmus of children with marked emaciation,
especially of legs (Iod., Sanic., Tub.)
In marasmus head weak, cannot hold it up. (Aeth.).
Marasmus of lower extremities only.
Ravenous hunger; loosing flesh while eating well (Iod.,
Nat. m., Sanic., Tub.).
Rheumatism following checked diarrhśa
Ill effects of suppressed conditions especially in gouty
subjects.
Food passes undigested.
Pain in stomach; worse at night; cutting, gnawing pain.
Stomach feels as if swimming in water; feels cold.
Gnawing hunger and whining. Indigestion, with
vomiting of large quantities of offensive fluid.
Modalities.--Worse, cold air, checked secretions. Better,
motion.
25. ALUMINA
Pure clay
Constipation: no desire for and no ability to pass stool until
there is a large accumulation (Melil.); great straining, must
grasp the seat of closet tightly; stool hard, knotty, like laurel
berries, covered with mucus; of soft, clayey, adhering to parts
(Plat.). Inactivity of rectum, even soft stool requires great
straining (Anac., Plat., Sil., Ver.).
Diarrhoea when she urinates. Has to strain at stool in order to
urinate.
Talking fatigues; faint and tired, must sit down.
No desire to eat. Can swallow but small morsels at a time.
Constriction of śsophagus.
Diarrhśa on urinating. Evacuation preceded by painful urging
long before stool, and then straining at stool.
Modalities.-- Worse, in morning on awaking; warm room.
Better, in open air; from cold washing; in evening and on
alternate days. Better damp weather.
26. ALOE
SOCOTRINA
Socotrine Aloes (Liliaceae)
Diarrhoea: has to hurry to closet immediately after
eating and drinking (Crot. t.); with want of confidence
in sphincter ani; driving out of bed early in the morning
(Psor., Rum., Sulph.).
Colic: cutting, griping pain in right lower portion of
abdomen; excruciating, before and during stool; all
pains cease after stool, leaving profuse sweating and
extreme weakness; attacks preceded by obstinate
constipation.
Sense of insecurity in rectum, when passing flatus.
Uncertain whether gas or stool will come.
Stool passes without effort, almost unnoticed.
Lumpy, watery stool. Jelly-like stools, with soreness
in rectum after stool. A lot of mucus, with pain in
rectum after stool.
Modalities.--Worse early morning; summer; heat; in
hot, dry weather; after eating or drinking. Better
from cold, open air.
27. IODIUM
Iodine
Ravenous hunger; eats freely and well, yet loses flesh all
the time (Abrot., Nat. m., Sanic., Tub.).
Rapid metabolism: Loss of flesh great appetite.
Hungry with much thirst. Better after eating. Great debility,
the slightest effort induces perspiration.
Throbbing at pit of stomach. Ravenous hunger and much
thirst. Empty eructations, as if every particle of food were
turned into gas. Anxious and worried if he does not eat
(Cina; Sulph). Loss flesh, yet hungry and eating well (Abrot)
Diarrhśa, whitish, frothy, fatty. Constipation, with
ineffectual urging; better by drinking cold milk.
Constipation alternating with diarrhśa (Ant cr).
Suffers from hunger, must eat every few hours; anxious and
worried if he does not eat (Cina, Sulph.); feels > while eating
or after eating, when stomach is full.
Aggravation. - Warmth; wrapping up the head (reverse
of, Hep., Psor.)
28. LYCOPODIUM
Club moss; Wolf’s foot
Emaciation. Debility in morning.
Constipation: since puberty; since last confinement;
with ineffectual urging, rectum contracts and protrudes
during stool, developing piles.
Gastric affections; excessive accumulation of flatulence;
constant sensation of satiety; good appetite, but a few
mouthfuls fill up to the throat.
he feels bloated; fermentation in abdomen, with loud
grumbling, croaking, especially lower abdomen (upper
abdomen, Carbo v. - entire abdomen, Cinch.); fulness
not relieved by belching (Cinch.).
Incomplete burning eructations rise only to pharynx there
burn for hours. Diarrhœa. Inactive intestinal canal.
Ineffectual urging. Stool hard, difficult, small,
incomplete.
Worse, right side, from right to left, from above
downward, 4 to 8 pm;, except throat and stomach which
are better from warm drinks. Better, by motion, after
midnight, from warm food and drink, on getting cold,
from being uncovered.
29. MAGNESIUM
CARBONICUM
Carbonate of Magnesia
When crude magnesia has been taken to "sweeten the
stomach;" if the symptoms correspond, the potentized
remedy will often relieve.
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, with marked acidity.
tendency to constipation after nervous strain
Eructations sour, and vomiting of bitter water.
Constipation after mental shock or severe nervous strain.
Inordinate craving for meat in children of tuberculous
parentage
Diarrhoea: preceded by cutting, doubling-up colic; occurs
regularly every three weeks; stools green, frothy, like scum of
a frog-pond; white, tallow-like masses are found floating in
stool; the milk passes undigested in nursing children
Aggravation. - Change of temperature; every three weeks;
rest; milk, during menses.
Amelioration. - Warm air, but worse in warmth of bed (Led.,
Mer. - better in warmth of bed, Ars.).
30. NATRUM
CARBONICUM
Carbonate of soda
Emaciation with pale face and blue rings around the
eyes, dilated pupils; dark urine; anaemic; milky,
watery skin and great debility.
Aversion to milk; diarrhoea from it.
Ill effects of drinking cold water when overheated.
Very weak digestion, caused by slightest error of
diet. Averse to milk. Depressed after eating. Bitter
taste. Old dyspeptics, always belching, have sour
stomach and rheumatism. Dyspepsia relieved by
soda biscuits.
Worse, sitting, from music, summer heat, mental
exertion, thunderstorm. Least draught, changes of
weather, sun. Better, by moving, by boring in ears
and nose
31. CUNDURANGO
Condor Plant
Stimulates the digestive functions and thus improves
the general health.
Allays the pain in gastralgia accompanying cancer of
stomach.
Painful cracks in corner of mouth is a guiding
symptom of this drug.
Stomach.--Painful affections of the stomach;
ulceration. Vomiting of food and indurations,
constant burning pain. Stricture of śsophagus, with
burning pains behind sternum, where food seems to
stick.
Vomiting of food, and indurations in left
hypochondrium with constant burning pain.
Skin.--Fissures form about the muco-cutaneous
outlets. Epithelioma of lips or anus.
32. ALFALFA
Alfalfa favorably influences nutrition, evidenced
in "toning up" the appetite and digestion
resulting in greatly improved mental and
physical vigor, with gain in weight.
Disorders characterized by malnutrition are
mainly within its therapeutic range.
Increased thirst.
Appetite impaired, but chiefly increased even to
bulimia. He must eat frequently, so that he
cannot wait for regular meals; hungry in
forenoon (Sul). Much nibbling of food and
craving for sweets.
33. SANICULA
AQUA
Mineral spring water
Emaciation, progressive; child looks old, dirty, greasy and
brownish
Constipation: no desire until a large accumulation; after
great straining stool partially expelled, recedes (Sil.,
Thuja); large evacuation of small dry, gray balls, must be
removed mechanically (Sel.).
Stool: hard, impossible to evacuate; of grayish-white
balls, like burnt lime; crumbling from verge of anus (Mag.
m.); with the odor of limburger cheese.
Diarrhoea: changeable in character and color; like
scrambled eggs; frothy, grass-green, turns green on
standing; like scum of a frog pond; after eating, must
hurry from table.
The odor of stool follows despite bathing (Sulph.).
Tongue large, flabby, burning; must protrude it to keep
cool.
Worse, moving arms backward.
34. 1. Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine 23rd Ed.
2. Malabsorption | Johns Hopkins Medicine
3. Overview of Malabsorption - Gastrointestinal Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)
4. Keynotes and characteristics-H C Allen
5. Homoeopathic materia medica by William Boericke
REFERENCE