This is a summary description of a medical mission sponsored by WWSL. WWSL is an NGO that is committed to providing free medical care, elementary school education, and
Anayasa değişikliği ve 12 Eylül 2010 tarihinde yapılacak halk oylamasına ilişkin kamuoyu araştırması. Türkiye'nin sesini ve düşüncelerini bulabileceğiniz tarafsız bir araştırma.
Women for Women of Sierra Leone provides free medical care, micro-credits, and elementary school education for the victims of the decade long armed conflict that resulted in more than 80 percent of the population being displaced and traumatized psychologically and/or physically. This is a report of the medical mission to provide an opportunity for psychiatric interventions in the context of a primary care delivery model.
Anayasa değişikliği ve 12 Eylül 2010 tarihinde yapılacak halk oylamasına ilişkin kamuoyu araştırması. Türkiye'nin sesini ve düşüncelerini bulabileceğiniz tarafsız bir araştırma.
Women for Women of Sierra Leone provides free medical care, micro-credits, and elementary school education for the victims of the decade long armed conflict that resulted in more than 80 percent of the population being displaced and traumatized psychologically and/or physically. This is a report of the medical mission to provide an opportunity for psychiatric interventions in the context of a primary care delivery model.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These individuals were civilians traumatized by the rebel forces that moved through the country from the border of Liberia to ultimately enter the Freetown and assumed power in a shared arrangement after peace negotiations. The arrangement failed after the people demonstrated against continued atrosites committed by the then security forces. The were fired upon and 18 people were killed during a peaceful demonstration. The UN Peacekeepers intervened and the fomer rebel leader went into hiding to escape arrest and charges of human rights violation. He was captured inprisoned and died after going insane in prison.
The Truth and Reconciliation effort has provided victims the opportunity to confront those guilty of these atrosites. This is a national effort to promote healing. Many people speak of forgiving these abuses. However there is still ambivalent feeling as one would expect.
One man who had been a driver all his life having been taught to drive by his father, was now unable to pursue his trade because he has only a stump on his left upper limb. He was fitted with a prosthesis by an NGO in Freetown and given two weeks of functional assessment but no transitional work placement. He is now in the resettlement camp without gainful employment. His vocational rehabilitation is a necessary aspect of his overall medical and psychiatric treatment plan. The ideal rehabilitation effort would be to arrange for robotic prosthesis combine with micro-loans to restore functional and economic productivity.
The restoration of pre-morbid functioning is the ideal and ultimate goal. This would require complete reintegration of the war wounded , especially the amputees , into the general community. Currently they reside in camps that were established to mitigate against the psychological stress of marginalization and stigmatization by providing a group support system.
The pictures above reflect the current and historical resilience and hardiness of the people of Sierra Leone. The picture on the right is of the symbolic Cotton Tree in Freetown planted by the early settlers to reflect their freedom. The opposite picture reflects the basic tenacity and diligence of the people in the village of Yele.
The demographics of the victims reflected the plurality of the general population. The psychosocial stressors in the ambient environment derived from the poverty traps in the rural and urban areas was confounded by the functional disability resulting from the amputations. The need or vocational rehabilitation in the context of a micro-credits economic structure is critical to restore the health and reduce morbidity and mortality. For example people are unable to afford medicine under the cost recovery system.
The above represent a cross section of the clinical experience during the very limited 10 day medical mission. The need for systematic screening in both the Yele Village and the Makenie Camp for hypertension. Obesity , hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, elevated blood sugar is apparent from the high prevalence of hypertension and the high starch content of the diet.Immunization efforts for the young and old were reflected in the presence of preventable conditions like tetany.Smoking cessation interventions are indicated. The provision of cataract removal and hernia repair is an extremely important and needed service.
The co-morbid psychiatric disorders and sub-clinical symptoms are masked by the cultural and socioeconomic priorities, Anxiety manifests as gastro-esophageal reflux.Pain is the most common chief complaint and one has to determine if it is psychic pain or physical. In most cases it is both.