Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology that uses the magnetocaloric effect to attain low and refrigerator temperatures. It was discovered in the 1930s by Weiss, Piccard, Debye, and Giaque through the observation that applying or removing a magnetic field to certain materials causes a temperature change. The magnetocaloric effect is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which the temperature of a suitable material changes with exposure to a changing magnetic field. Gadolinium alloys are commonly used as they heat up in a magnetic field.
Magnetic refrigeration has been viewed as primarily a cryogenic technology because the necessary high magnetic fields are most easily provided by superconducting magnets.
Magnetic refrigeration has been viewed as primarily a cryogenic technology because the necessary high magnetic fields are most easily provided by superconducting magnets.
Principle and mechanism for generating cooling effect using the magnet..
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Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.05.12
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
● Introduction
● History and Developments
● Physical Phenomenas
● Thermodynamics of Magnetic Refrigeration
● Magnetocaloric Materials
● Future of Magnetic Refrigeration
● Developments
● Usage Areas
● Conclusion
Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.06
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
Refrigeration technology has an important role over various areas such as medicine, food, manufacturing, and it is a very important element for a comfortable life for the society. It directly affects the people’s life by permiting to store the medicines and foods for long times, manufacturing with very high accuracy, air conditioning applications, etc.
Although refrigeration technology have lots of benefits which has been mentioned above, conventional vapor compression/expansion systems have some weaknesses. Refrigerant fluids that are used in the traditional cooling/refrigeration applications have important effects over the global warming and ozone depletion. To be able to overcome these disadvantages of the refrigeration applications, new thecnologies which does not use harmful matirals such as traditional refrigerants are investigated. One of these developing technologies is magnetic refrigeration systems.
Magnetic refrigeration systems are commonly used in the low temperature applications and it also has usage in air conditioning applications, aerospace technologies and telecommunication technologies.
Magnetic refrigeration has lots of advantages such that:
1. It uses very small amount of energy compared to compressor work inlet of a similar size vapor compression/expansion system.
2. It is highly more compact and makes less noise than the traditional systems.
3. It has a lower operating and maintenance cost.
4. It is environment friendly and does not cause the global warming or ozone depletion.
Although the magnetic refrigeration has lots of benefits which have been described above, because of its high initial cost and need of the very rare materials in the system, it is not very common recent days, however, it has a high potential for the future.
seminar on Magnetic Refrigeration - Solid refrigerantVishal Talape
for most common and probable questions asked in interviews
like share and subscribe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyh53wr_XfY
Magnetic refrigeration, or adiabatic demagnetization, is a cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect, an intrinsic property of magnetic solids.
A strong magnetic field is applied to the refrigerant, forcing its various magnetic dipoles to align and putting these degrees of freedom of the refrigerant into a state of lowered entropy.
What Is Magnetic refrigeration
he magnetocaloric effect (MCE, from magnet and calorie) is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a temperature change of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to a changing magnetic field. This is also known by low temperature physicists as adiabatic demagnetization. In that part of the refrigeration process, a decrease in the strength of an externally applied magnetic field allows the magnetic domains of a magnetocaloric material to become disoriented from the magnetic field by the agitating action of the thermal energy (phonons) present in the material. If the material is isolated so that no energy is allowed to (re)migrate into the material during this time, (i.e., an adiabatic process) the temperature drops as the domains absorb the thermal energy to perform their reorientation. The randomization of the domains occurs in a similar fashion to the randomization at the curie temperature of a ferromagnetic material, except that magnetic dipoles overcome a decreasing external magnetic field while energy remains constant, instead of magnetic domains being disrupted from internal ferromagnetism as energy is added.
One of the most notable examples of the magnetocaloric effect is in the chemical element gadolinium and some of its alloys. Gadolinium's temperature increases when it enters certain magnetic fields. When it leaves the magnetic field, the temperature drops. The effect is considerably stronger for the gadolinium alloy (Gd
5Si
2Ge
2).[8] Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (PrNi
5) has such a strong magnetocaloric effect that it has allowed scientists to approach to within one milliKelvin, one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero.[9]
The magnetic refrigeration at room temperature is an emerging technology that has
attracted the interest of researchers around the world (Bouchekara, 2008). Such a technology
applies the magnetocaloric effect which was first discovered by Warburg (Bohigas, 2000;
Zimm, 2007).
Adiabatic de-magnetization, process by which the removal of a magnetic field from certain materials serves to lower their temperature. Milli Kelvin temperatures could be achieved.
Magnetic refrigeration is a technology that has proven to
be environmentally safe. Computer models have shown
25% efficiency improvement over vapor compression
systems.
Principle and mechanism for generating cooling effect using the magnet..
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.05.12
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
● Introduction
● History and Developments
● Physical Phenomenas
● Thermodynamics of Magnetic Refrigeration
● Magnetocaloric Materials
● Future of Magnetic Refrigeration
● Developments
● Usage Areas
● Conclusion
Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.06
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
Refrigeration technology has an important role over various areas such as medicine, food, manufacturing, and it is a very important element for a comfortable life for the society. It directly affects the people’s life by permiting to store the medicines and foods for long times, manufacturing with very high accuracy, air conditioning applications, etc.
Although refrigeration technology have lots of benefits which has been mentioned above, conventional vapor compression/expansion systems have some weaknesses. Refrigerant fluids that are used in the traditional cooling/refrigeration applications have important effects over the global warming and ozone depletion. To be able to overcome these disadvantages of the refrigeration applications, new thecnologies which does not use harmful matirals such as traditional refrigerants are investigated. One of these developing technologies is magnetic refrigeration systems.
Magnetic refrigeration systems are commonly used in the low temperature applications and it also has usage in air conditioning applications, aerospace technologies and telecommunication technologies.
Magnetic refrigeration has lots of advantages such that:
1. It uses very small amount of energy compared to compressor work inlet of a similar size vapor compression/expansion system.
2. It is highly more compact and makes less noise than the traditional systems.
3. It has a lower operating and maintenance cost.
4. It is environment friendly and does not cause the global warming or ozone depletion.
Although the magnetic refrigeration has lots of benefits which have been described above, because of its high initial cost and need of the very rare materials in the system, it is not very common recent days, however, it has a high potential for the future.
seminar on Magnetic Refrigeration - Solid refrigerantVishal Talape
for most common and probable questions asked in interviews
like share and subscribe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyh53wr_XfY
Magnetic refrigeration, or adiabatic demagnetization, is a cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect, an intrinsic property of magnetic solids.
A strong magnetic field is applied to the refrigerant, forcing its various magnetic dipoles to align and putting these degrees of freedom of the refrigerant into a state of lowered entropy.
What Is Magnetic refrigeration
he magnetocaloric effect (MCE, from magnet and calorie) is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a temperature change of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to a changing magnetic field. This is also known by low temperature physicists as adiabatic demagnetization. In that part of the refrigeration process, a decrease in the strength of an externally applied magnetic field allows the magnetic domains of a magnetocaloric material to become disoriented from the magnetic field by the agitating action of the thermal energy (phonons) present in the material. If the material is isolated so that no energy is allowed to (re)migrate into the material during this time, (i.e., an adiabatic process) the temperature drops as the domains absorb the thermal energy to perform their reorientation. The randomization of the domains occurs in a similar fashion to the randomization at the curie temperature of a ferromagnetic material, except that magnetic dipoles overcome a decreasing external magnetic field while energy remains constant, instead of magnetic domains being disrupted from internal ferromagnetism as energy is added.
One of the most notable examples of the magnetocaloric effect is in the chemical element gadolinium and some of its alloys. Gadolinium's temperature increases when it enters certain magnetic fields. When it leaves the magnetic field, the temperature drops. The effect is considerably stronger for the gadolinium alloy (Gd
5Si
2Ge
2).[8] Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (PrNi
5) has such a strong magnetocaloric effect that it has allowed scientists to approach to within one milliKelvin, one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero.[9]
The magnetic refrigeration at room temperature is an emerging technology that has
attracted the interest of researchers around the world (Bouchekara, 2008). Such a technology
applies the magnetocaloric effect which was first discovered by Warburg (Bohigas, 2000;
Zimm, 2007).
Adiabatic de-magnetization, process by which the removal of a magnetic field from certain materials serves to lower their temperature. Milli Kelvin temperatures could be achieved.
Magnetic refrigeration is a technology that has proven to
be environmentally safe. Computer models have shown
25% efficiency improvement over vapor compression
systems.
It is a technolgy by which we can produce cooling Effect Using MAgnets and Magnetic Materials......
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
This presentation shows the difference between transcription and translation and how to get cheap and affordable transcription services in a timely manner on Fiverr.
This presentation defines the difference between translation and transcription. It also tells you where to get cheap, affordable and fast transcription services online.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
4. •It is a cooling technology based on
magnetic caloric effect
•Used to attain extremely low
temperature as well as the ranges
used in common refrigerators
5.
6. •Descovered by: P.Weiss & A.Piccard
• Fundamental principle suggested:P
Debye & W Giaque
•First working magnetic refrigerators
were constructed by several groups
beginning in 1933
