Oral presentation made at EUROMAT 2013. Describes the work done about a magnetic sensor based on DW movement. The sensors tracks the movement of a DW using anisotropic magnetoresistance. DW dynamics can be affected by externar magnetic fields like the ones created by magnetic nanobeads.
This document discusses optical detectors and receivers. It describes how optical receivers convert optical signals to electrical signals using devices like p-n junction diodes, p-i-n junction diodes, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs). It explains the process of photodetection involving the absorption of photons, generation of electron-hole pairs, transportation of carriers, and collection of photocurrents. It also covers topics like quantum efficiency, internal quantum efficiency, responsivity, and comparisons of p-n junction photodiodes and p-i-n junction photodiodes. APDs are noted as having higher sensitivity due to avalanche gain but also higher operating voltages and non-linear output.
The document discusses optical transmitters, specifically lasers and LEDs. It describes how lasers use stimulated emission to convert electrical signals to coherent, monochromatic light, while LEDs use spontaneous emission to produce incoherent, polychromatic light. The document also covers the differences between lasers and LEDs in terms of driving current needs, power conversion efficiency, numerical aperture, response time, junction area, lifetime, spectrum width, and cost.
Analysis and Design of a Reconfigurable Antenna for CR ApplicationsFer Lopez M
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The paper proposes polarization reconfigurable antenna that can change its polarization from Left Hand Circular Polarization(LHCP) to Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) by using patch rotation technique. This antenna resonates at 5.65 GHz with a return loss of -17.86dB,-18.61, gain of 8.4dB and 5.7dB,axial ratio of 1.76dB and 2.25dB and VSWR of 1.29 and 1.26 for LHCP antenna and RHCP antenna respectively. The antenna can be used for RFID application.
The paper proposes polarization reconfigurable antenna that can change its polarization from Left Hand Circular Polarization(LHCP) to Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) by using patch rotation technique. This antenna resonates at 5.65 GHz with a return loss of -17.86dB,-18.61, gain of 8.4dB and 5.7dB,axial ratio of 1.76dB and 2.25dB and VSWR of 1.29 and 1.26 for LHCP antenna and RHCP antenna respectively. The antenna can be used for RFID application.
Simulation of AlGaN/Si and InN/Si ELECTRIC –DEVICESijrap
In this work, efficient solar-blind metal-semiconductor photodetectors grown on Si (111) by
molecular beam epitaxy are reported. Growth details are described,the comparison enters the
properties electric of InN/Si and AlGaN/Si photodectors with 0.2 μm of AlGaN and InN layers.
Modeling and simulation were performed by using ATLAS-TCAD simulator. Energy band
diagram, doping profile, conduction current density,I-V caracteristic , internal potential and
electric field were performed.
Organic compounds containing an electronegative atom or electron-withdrawing group bonded to a carbon undergo substitution or elimination reactions. Alkyl halides specifically undergo SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions. SN1 and E1 are unimolecular reactions that proceed through a carbocation intermediate, while SN2 and E2 are bimolecular reactions. The type of reaction depends on factors like the nucleophile strength and leaving group ability.
This document is a thesis submitted by Aad Vijn to the Delft University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Applied Mathematics. The thesis investigates inverse modeling techniques to predict the magnetic signature of naval ships based on onboard measurements of the magnetic field and an accurate description of the ship's steel geometry. The thesis first derives the relevant forward and inverse problems and discusses the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. It then presents methods for discretizing and solving the inverse problem, including regularization techniques. The performance of the resulting prediction model is analyzed using both simulated and real measurement data obtained from a measurement campaign on a mock-up model. While initial results are promising, the thesis identifies several
This document discusses optical detectors and receivers. It describes how optical receivers convert optical signals to electrical signals using devices like p-n junction diodes, p-i-n junction diodes, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs). It explains the process of photodetection involving the absorption of photons, generation of electron-hole pairs, transportation of carriers, and collection of photocurrents. It also covers topics like quantum efficiency, internal quantum efficiency, responsivity, and comparisons of p-n junction photodiodes and p-i-n junction photodiodes. APDs are noted as having higher sensitivity due to avalanche gain but also higher operating voltages and non-linear output.
The document discusses optical transmitters, specifically lasers and LEDs. It describes how lasers use stimulated emission to convert electrical signals to coherent, monochromatic light, while LEDs use spontaneous emission to produce incoherent, polychromatic light. The document also covers the differences between lasers and LEDs in terms of driving current needs, power conversion efficiency, numerical aperture, response time, junction area, lifetime, spectrum width, and cost.
Analysis and Design of a Reconfigurable Antenna for CR ApplicationsFer Lopez M
This document analyzes and designs a reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications that can operate in both the 2400 MHz ISM band and 1850 MHz GSM band. A square spiral monopole microstrip antenna was designed using a 0.702 mm Rogers 3003 substrate. The antenna consists of a microstrip λ/4 feedline and λ/2 resonator. Analysis shows that a discrete inductor element is needed to reconfigure the antenna to operate at 1850 MHz. Simulations demonstrate the antenna achieves resonance frequency changes and maintains radiation patterns when the inductor value is varied. The designed antenna meets requirements for cognitive radio applications and offers reconfiguration without increasing physical length.
The paper proposes polarization reconfigurable antenna that can change its polarization from Left Hand Circular Polarization(LHCP) to Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) by using patch rotation technique. This antenna resonates at 5.65 GHz with a return loss of -17.86dB,-18.61, gain of 8.4dB and 5.7dB,axial ratio of 1.76dB and 2.25dB and VSWR of 1.29 and 1.26 for LHCP antenna and RHCP antenna respectively. The antenna can be used for RFID application.
The paper proposes polarization reconfigurable antenna that can change its polarization from Left Hand Circular Polarization(LHCP) to Right Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) by using patch rotation technique. This antenna resonates at 5.65 GHz with a return loss of -17.86dB,-18.61, gain of 8.4dB and 5.7dB,axial ratio of 1.76dB and 2.25dB and VSWR of 1.29 and 1.26 for LHCP antenna and RHCP antenna respectively. The antenna can be used for RFID application.
Simulation of AlGaN/Si and InN/Si ELECTRIC –DEVICESijrap
In this work, efficient solar-blind metal-semiconductor photodetectors grown on Si (111) by
molecular beam epitaxy are reported. Growth details are described,the comparison enters the
properties electric of InN/Si and AlGaN/Si photodectors with 0.2 μm of AlGaN and InN layers.
Modeling and simulation were performed by using ATLAS-TCAD simulator. Energy band
diagram, doping profile, conduction current density,I-V caracteristic , internal potential and
electric field were performed.
Organic compounds containing an electronegative atom or electron-withdrawing group bonded to a carbon undergo substitution or elimination reactions. Alkyl halides specifically undergo SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions. SN1 and E1 are unimolecular reactions that proceed through a carbocation intermediate, while SN2 and E2 are bimolecular reactions. The type of reaction depends on factors like the nucleophile strength and leaving group ability.
This document is a thesis submitted by Aad Vijn to the Delft University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Applied Mathematics. The thesis investigates inverse modeling techniques to predict the magnetic signature of naval ships based on onboard measurements of the magnetic field and an accurate description of the ship's steel geometry. The thesis first derives the relevant forward and inverse problems and discusses the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. It then presents methods for discretizing and solving the inverse problem, including regularization techniques. The performance of the resulting prediction model is analyzed using both simulated and real measurement data obtained from a measurement campaign on a mock-up model. While initial results are promising, the thesis identifies several
This document contains the syllabus, course outcomes, textbook information, and lecture slides for the ECCDLO 5011 MICROELECTRONICS course taught by Prof. Abhishek Ajit Kadam. The course aims to teach students about basic MOS transistor fabrication, MOS characteristics, integrated circuit biasing using MOSFETs, and designing active load amplifiers. The lectures cover topics such as MOSFET physics, I-V characteristics of MOSFETs in different regions of operation, and the history and development of microelectronics technology.
This study characterized magnetic switching in synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) structures using two experimental methods. Static measurements using a tunnel diode oscillator constructed critical curves showing magnetic switching points of the SAF samples at different field angles. Dynamic measurements using ferromagnetic resonance found the angular variation of resonance absorption in the SAF structures. The results demonstrate using different measurement techniques to understand magnetic behavior in SAF thin film samples consisting of ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer.
A rectangular patch antenna design is presented that operates at 10 GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular metallic patch on top of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. Quarter-wave transformer impedance matching is used between the microstrip feedline and patch to address impedance mismatching. Key dimensions of the patch and matching circuit are calculated and optimized in simulation software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 10 GHz with 25dB efficiency and has typical electric and magnetic field distributions and radiation pattern for a rectangular patch antenna.
Microwave power transmission via solar satellite uses solar panels on satellites to generate electricity, which is then converted to microwaves and transmitted to receiving antennas on Earth. The technology has four main steps: 1) Solar energy is converted to electricity on satellites, 2) Microwaves are generated and transmitted from the satellites, 3) The microwaves are received by rectifying antennas on Earth, and 4) The received electricity is fed into utility grids. While this technology could provide a renewable and lossless power transmission solution, challenges include high initial launch costs and potential health and interference issues.
Efficient charge transfer induced organic/inorganic based hybrid heterojunction of Ppy/GaN nanorods for high-performance self-powered UV photodetection
Presentation of PhD Thesis: "A perspective on metasurfaces, circuits, holograms and invisibility". Carlo Andrea Gonano, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 26 January 2016.
In this work, the performances of a solar cell based on InGaN were simulated under the illumination conditions of one sun by employing SILVACO software.
WorleyParsons has extensive experience in the global nuclear industry spanning over 55 years and 18 nuclear units as engineer of record. After the Fukushima accident in 2011, WorleyParsons performed stress tests of nuclear power plants in Europe to evaluate safety, participated in international review missions, and developed hardened containment vents for boiling water reactors as recommended by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The company also has nuclear centers of excellence in Europe, Canada, and the USA focused on all phases of nuclear power plant projects from pre-project to decommissioning.
This document provides an overview of the Institute of Nanoscience and its research activities related to semiconductor nanostructures and their applications. The institute has over 250 researchers studying the fundamental properties and manipulation of nanoscale systems through synthesis, fabrication, experimental and theoretical studies of nanostructures and devices. Key areas of research include semiconductor nanowires for applications in electronics, optoelectronics and spintronics. Heterostructured nanowires of InAs, InSb and InP are investigated for high mobility transistors and terahertz detectors. Strain-driven self-assembly is used to create 3D nanostructures for applications in sensing, energy harvesting and photonics.
Accelerators and Applications- Summer Training in Physics 16Kamalakkannan K
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This document discusses several projects related to plasma physics and nuclear physics that the author has worked on. It includes projects studying nuclear reactions in metals using deuterium absorption, characterizing electric arcs using electrical probes, using inductively coupled plasma for optical manufacturing, producing nanoparticles via laser ablation, and using neutron and gamma interrogation for security screening of luggage and parcels. Diagrams and images from various experiments and equipment are provided.
solar power satellite & microwave power transmissionbhavisha patel
In this seminar topic,I included all the things related SPS system & how microwave power transmission can done through magetron,retro directive beam controlling scheme & all.I also mentioned the design of optical rectenna & economic evolution of the topic.
This document discusses research on reducing the radar cross section (RCS) of slot antennas using characteristic mode theory (CMT) analysis and metasurfaces. It provides background on metasurfaces and metasurface antennas, explains CMT and the software used. The research gap identified is a lack of antenna designs using CMT to enhance parameters like RCS reduction. The objective is RCS reduction of antennas using metasurfaces through CMT analysis. Work done includes designing a T-shaped microstrip patch antenna in CST software. Results show the modal significance of antenna modes, characteristic angles of modes, and minimum RCS achieved at 3GHz.
This document discusses the study of optical characteristics of nano-antennas. It begins by introducing metallic optical nano-antennas and how their properties depend on geometry and materials. Nano-antennas have potential applications in nanophotonics by confining electromagnetic waves at metal-dielectric interfaces at scales smaller than the light wavelength. Different types of nano-antennas are presented, including dipole antennas and spiral antennas. The document discusses several key optical properties of nano-antennas including their polarization sensitivity, directional sensitivity, and applications in areas like plasmonic sensing and biochemical detection. In conclusions, nano-antennas represent an area of light detection where both technological and fundamental problems need to be addressed through further research.
The document summarizes the SCI-HI experiment which aims to observe hydrogen during the Cosmic Dawn period using the 21-cm emission line. The experiment has deployed a preliminary instrument on Isla Guadalupe to collect data. Analysis of the initial data involved calibration using a Milky Way galaxy model and foreground removal through polynomial fitting. Further improvements to the instrument are planned, such as using a gas generator instead of batteries and deploying to more remote sites, to help better understand the signal from the first stars.
This document summarizes research on modeling the effects of adding a rectangular slot to a microstrip patch antenna. The researchers developed an analytical model to predict how the resonant frequency changes based on the slot's length, width, and position. They conducted simulations varying the slot parameters and found that the resonant frequency generally follows a harmonic behavior similar to an antenna without a slot. Experimental antenna prototypes were fabricated and tested, finding good agreement with simulation results. Mathematical functions are presented that can describe how the slot affects specific antenna characteristics.
The document summarizes recent progress in piezoelectric materials for MEMS applications. It discusses advances in processing lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films with reduced composition gradients to improve piezoelectric properties. Applications explored include bulk acoustic wave devices, piezoelectric micro-machined structures in deflective mode like ultrasonic transducers, and future work on domain engineering of thin films.
Indirect DM Search: Current Status and ReportYen-Hsun Lin
1) Current indirect dark matter search experiments focus on high energy neutrinos from dark matter annihilation in the Sun. However, soft neutrino spectra in the MeV range produced via pion multiplication from hadronic showers may be detectable.
2) Estimates show JUNO could detect around 0.39 neutrino events per year from dark matter annihilation for a 10 GeV dark matter particle, via its sensitivity to MeV neutrinos.
3) Further detailed calculations of neutrino cross sections, backgrounds, and detector response are still needed to fully evaluate JUNO's potential sensitivity to soft neutrino spectra from dark matter annihilation in the Sun.
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
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This document contains the syllabus, course outcomes, textbook information, and lecture slides for the ECCDLO 5011 MICROELECTRONICS course taught by Prof. Abhishek Ajit Kadam. The course aims to teach students about basic MOS transistor fabrication, MOS characteristics, integrated circuit biasing using MOSFETs, and designing active load amplifiers. The lectures cover topics such as MOSFET physics, I-V characteristics of MOSFETs in different regions of operation, and the history and development of microelectronics technology.
This study characterized magnetic switching in synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) structures using two experimental methods. Static measurements using a tunnel diode oscillator constructed critical curves showing magnetic switching points of the SAF samples at different field angles. Dynamic measurements using ferromagnetic resonance found the angular variation of resonance absorption in the SAF structures. The results demonstrate using different measurement techniques to understand magnetic behavior in SAF thin film samples consisting of ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer.
A rectangular patch antenna design is presented that operates at 10 GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular metallic patch on top of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. Quarter-wave transformer impedance matching is used between the microstrip feedline and patch to address impedance mismatching. Key dimensions of the patch and matching circuit are calculated and optimized in simulation software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 10 GHz with 25dB efficiency and has typical electric and magnetic field distributions and radiation pattern for a rectangular patch antenna.
Microwave power transmission via solar satellite uses solar panels on satellites to generate electricity, which is then converted to microwaves and transmitted to receiving antennas on Earth. The technology has four main steps: 1) Solar energy is converted to electricity on satellites, 2) Microwaves are generated and transmitted from the satellites, 3) The microwaves are received by rectifying antennas on Earth, and 4) The received electricity is fed into utility grids. While this technology could provide a renewable and lossless power transmission solution, challenges include high initial launch costs and potential health and interference issues.
Efficient charge transfer induced organic/inorganic based hybrid heterojunction of Ppy/GaN nanorods for high-performance self-powered UV photodetection
Presentation of PhD Thesis: "A perspective on metasurfaces, circuits, holograms and invisibility". Carlo Andrea Gonano, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 26 January 2016.
In this work, the performances of a solar cell based on InGaN were simulated under the illumination conditions of one sun by employing SILVACO software.
WorleyParsons has extensive experience in the global nuclear industry spanning over 55 years and 18 nuclear units as engineer of record. After the Fukushima accident in 2011, WorleyParsons performed stress tests of nuclear power plants in Europe to evaluate safety, participated in international review missions, and developed hardened containment vents for boiling water reactors as recommended by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The company also has nuclear centers of excellence in Europe, Canada, and the USA focused on all phases of nuclear power plant projects from pre-project to decommissioning.
This document provides an overview of the Institute of Nanoscience and its research activities related to semiconductor nanostructures and their applications. The institute has over 250 researchers studying the fundamental properties and manipulation of nanoscale systems through synthesis, fabrication, experimental and theoretical studies of nanostructures and devices. Key areas of research include semiconductor nanowires for applications in electronics, optoelectronics and spintronics. Heterostructured nanowires of InAs, InSb and InP are investigated for high mobility transistors and terahertz detectors. Strain-driven self-assembly is used to create 3D nanostructures for applications in sensing, energy harvesting and photonics.
Accelerators and Applications- Summer Training in Physics 16Kamalakkannan K
Particle accelerators are used to study nuclear structure by providing high energies needed to see subatomic details. They work by using electric fields to accelerate charged particles, gaining kinetic energy. Accelerators are essential for understanding materials through techniques like Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) which uses ion beams and detection of backscattered ions to determine thickness, composition, and depth profiling of materials. Key applications of accelerators include ion implantation to dope materials, cancer treatment, materials characterization using techniques like RBS, and transmuting nuclear waste.
This document discusses several projects related to plasma physics and nuclear physics that the author has worked on. It includes projects studying nuclear reactions in metals using deuterium absorption, characterizing electric arcs using electrical probes, using inductively coupled plasma for optical manufacturing, producing nanoparticles via laser ablation, and using neutron and gamma interrogation for security screening of luggage and parcels. Diagrams and images from various experiments and equipment are provided.
solar power satellite & microwave power transmissionbhavisha patel
In this seminar topic,I included all the things related SPS system & how microwave power transmission can done through magetron,retro directive beam controlling scheme & all.I also mentioned the design of optical rectenna & economic evolution of the topic.
This document discusses research on reducing the radar cross section (RCS) of slot antennas using characteristic mode theory (CMT) analysis and metasurfaces. It provides background on metasurfaces and metasurface antennas, explains CMT and the software used. The research gap identified is a lack of antenna designs using CMT to enhance parameters like RCS reduction. The objective is RCS reduction of antennas using metasurfaces through CMT analysis. Work done includes designing a T-shaped microstrip patch antenna in CST software. Results show the modal significance of antenna modes, characteristic angles of modes, and minimum RCS achieved at 3GHz.
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The document summarizes the SCI-HI experiment which aims to observe hydrogen during the Cosmic Dawn period using the 21-cm emission line. The experiment has deployed a preliminary instrument on Isla Guadalupe to collect data. Analysis of the initial data involved calibration using a Milky Way galaxy model and foreground removal through polynomial fitting. Further improvements to the instrument are planned, such as using a gas generator instead of batteries and deploying to more remote sites, to help better understand the signal from the first stars.
This document summarizes research on modeling the effects of adding a rectangular slot to a microstrip patch antenna. The researchers developed an analytical model to predict how the resonant frequency changes based on the slot's length, width, and position. They conducted simulations varying the slot parameters and found that the resonant frequency generally follows a harmonic behavior similar to an antenna without a slot. Experimental antenna prototypes were fabricated and tested, finding good agreement with simulation results. Mathematical functions are presented that can describe how the slot affects specific antenna characteristics.
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Magnetic pinning geometry for sensing with magnetic domain walls
1. Magnetic pinning geometry for
sensing with magnetic domains walls
Héctor Corte-León1
, Vahid Nabaei2,3
, Alessandra Manzin2
, Jon Fletcher1
,
Patryck Kryzstecko4
, Hans Schumacher4
, and Olga Kazakova1
1
National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
2
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Torino, I-10135, Italy
3
Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, I-10129, Italy
4
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, D-38116, Germany
2. Project motivation and objectives
Design and fabrication
Identification of stable states
Electrical transport
State space
Conclusion
3. Project motivation and objectives
Design and fabrication
Identification of stable states
Electrical transport
State space
Conclusion
4. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
4
Project motivation and objectives
DW electronics
Magnetization carries the information.
Practically no heating.
Very stable states.
Simpler designs
D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong, C. C. Faulkner, D. Atkinson, D. Petit, R. P.
Cowburn, Science 309, 1688 (2005)
L. Thomas, S-H. Yang, K-S. Ryu, B. hughes, C. Rettner, D-S. Wang,
C-H Tsai, K-H. Shen, S. Parkin, IEDM, 24.2 (2011)
5. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Project motivation and objectives
P. Vavassori, Donolato et
al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93,
203502 (2008)
Biosensors and manipulators
Nanobead transport and detection.
Cell manipulation.
Standarization needed.
E. Rapoport, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 082401
(2012)
6. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
Proposed structure for nanobead detection
Domain Walls attract nanobeads.
Nanobead modifies local magnetic field.
Resistance is affected by Domain Wall through
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance effect.
6
Project motivation and objectives
Donolato et al, Nanotechnology 20 385501 (2009)
7. Project motivation and objectives
Design and fabrication
Identification of stable states
Electrical transport
State space
Conclusion
8. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Design and fabrication
L-shape nanostructure of
Py (Ni20Fe80)
Si/SiO2 substrate
Pt protective layer on top
of Py
Gold contacts
9. Project motivation and objectives.
Design and fabrication.
Identification of stable states.
Electrical transport.
State space.
Conclusion.
10. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Identification of stable states
Using a Magnetic Force Microscope and an electromagnetic coil we
are able to trap and remove DW in the corner of the device.
Magnetic Field
11. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Identification of stable states
4 States were identified at zero field.
12. Project motivation and objectives
Design and fabrication
Identification of stable states
Electrical transport
State space
Conclusion
13. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Transport measurements
Anisotropic magnetoresistance.
Resistance of a material depends on the interaction between
magnetization and electrical current.
R=R┴+∆Rcos2
θ
Magnetic
Material
14. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Transport measurements
Setup.
AC current,10µA.
Voltage across corner.
Measure ∆R
15. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
Magnetic Field
Transport measurements
15
B(mt)
16. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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State space
4 stable states identified at zero field.
Device is set into one of these 4 states.
Starting with a well defined state, measure
the evolution of the device when applying
magnetic field in different directions.
19. Project motivation and objectives
Design and fabrication
Identification of stable states
Electrical transport
State space
Conclusion
20. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Conclusion
Domain wall pining geometry has been tested with
AMR.
Stable states have been identified.
Low/high resistance states correspond to
presence/absence of the domain wall.
Complete state space map has been measured.
Noise analysis is used for determination of the best
working parameters.
21. NPL Management Ltd - InternalNPL Management Ltd - Internal
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Future experiments:
Bead Detection
Focus Ion Beam and
micromanipulators.
Beads placed manually
one by one.
Superparamagnetic
Dynal® beads.
Magnetic Nanobead
experiments will quantify
the sensing properties of
the structure.
Hello everybody. It’s a pleasure for me to be here today and be able to speak about my work. First of all, let me thank Force For Future for the grant to attend to this congress. And now, let me introduce my topic. Magnetic pinning geometry for sensing with magnetic domain walls. This is an experiment inside the project metmags and has been partially done at the National Physical laboratory in United kingdom. It’s a project for developing metrology magnetic sensors into industry.
I’m going to speak about the motivations of this project, what is the state of the art and what are the objectives we want to achieve. I’m going to describe the fabrication process of the nanostructure we have been working with, and the identification of magnetic states inside of it. Then I’m going to switch into electrical transport measurements which include state space measurements for characterizing the device and it’s application to nano bead detection.
Conclusion
In this project ,we are focusing in magnetic domain wall technology. In the last few years, it has been a huge development in this area, and new devices have arise quite fast. In this slide we can see some of them dedicated to electronics. The main idea is substitute standard electronics with magnetic ones that operate on domain walls. In the table of the right, we can see an immediate improvement, dw electronics are simpler and in some cases easier to fabricate than the actual technology. That represents an improvement in space. But there is also an improvement in power. The picture below is an scheme of a dw based memory. It’s principal advantage is that power is needed only for moving the dw, not for maintain the information, so the heat generation is very low compared to electrical memories.
But not only electronics. Here we can see two applications of dw to biology. The big picture on the right represent a nanowire that has been curled to trap dw on it and allow them to move only one curl at a time. In the picture we can see how a nanobead is attracted by one of the dw and how it can be moved along the wire just pushing the dw. The other picture represents an early stage of a nanoparticle detector. The main idea here is that the interaction of the nanoparticle with a domain wall modifies the behavior of the dw, and is possible to detect that change in the behavior and use it to detect the presence of nanoparticles. Ok. So here is where our work starts. We want to focus on nanoparticle detection using dw. What is the best technique? how to make it standard? and what kind of parameters we need to use to characterize it? Imagine that two companies start selling nanoparticle detectors based on dw. Which one is better? What kind of nanoparticles can be detected? How accurately is possible to identify different kinds of nanoparticles?
Because NPL works on standards and measurements, all these questions are very close related to our task. So having that objetives in mind, we selected a Py nanostructre which have been reported as a good device to detect nanoparticles. The device is basically a L shape with electrical contacts. Applying a magnetic field we can place or remove a Dw at the corner. --Click-- If we apply a current through the device and measure the voltage drop, we see 2 different voltages, one when we have a Dw at the corner and a different one when there is no dw. The presence of a nanoparticle modifies the field needed to remove the dw and can be seen in the voltage. Our task is to determine the best conditions for that detection and characterize all the parameters involved. So in the future this will become a feedback with industry and new standardization and measurement techniques will arise.
Here we can see a scaning electron image of the device selected for this stage of the project. Is a L shape made of Py with disks at the end. The effect of the disks is to reduce the stray field at the end of the nanowires and to reduce also the coercive field of the arms. It has 4 gold contacts on top to perform electrical transport measurements. To pattern the nanostructure form a thin Py film it was used Standard e-beam lithography in combination with Ar-ion etching. The gold contacts were prepared by thermal evaporation, and the surface was cleared by low energy Ar-ions before being deposited.
Before performing any electrical transport measurement, it is needed to understand what are the stable states of the device and how many of them have a DW. To do that, we use a magnetic Force Microscope in combination with an electromagnetic coil. I will explain a little bit how to do it. Suppose we have a device like the big one. We don’t know how the magnetization of the disks is, but we expect the magnetization of the arms to be more or less uniform and along the arms. So, imagine we have a situation like this. To create a DW at the corner, it is enough to increase the magnetic field. --click— And then remove it. --click— Ideally, the state of the device will be now with a DW at the corner. --click— --click— --click— Choosing other orientation we can have the other 4 configurations of the arms. And in that way extract information about 4 possible stable states.
We did it and these are the results we get. The arrows indicate in which direction the field was applied. So these are four possible stable states at zero field. And the only ones we manage to found. A, and c with a DW and b and d without. From the image we can see that the biggest field gradient occurs at the corner when we have a DW. The disks behave similar with and without DW. Apart from understanding of the device, this has also proven to be a good technique to identify defects in the devices.
Now we move into the electrical transport measurements. Basically, we want to detect if there is a DW at the corner or not using a electrical current. To do that, we use the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect. The anisotropic magneto resistance effect is an interaction between magnetization and current. A simple manifestation of this interaction is a change in the resistance of a material in function of the angle between current and magnetization. This effect is particular important when we have a Domain Wall perpendicular to the current, because the creation of that Domain Wall can be seen as a jump in the resistance.
Using this effect we want to detect when there is a DW on the nanostructures, and this is the setup we used. A Lock-in Amplifier is used to generate an Ac signal. --click— Then we use a 300 kohm resistor to fix the current trough the device into a low value. --click— When the signal passes trough the device, the resistance will depend on the applied magnetic field and the magnetization state of the corner, so we measure the voltage across the corner in order to get that information. --click— On the next step, the signal from the device is amplified. --click— Finally, we compare the measured signal against an scaled version of the original signal. --click— If the signals are adjusted to match each other at zero magnetic field, --Click-- then any change in the resistance will be measured as a difference between these two signals. --click--
Ok. So I’m going to show you one kind of experiment we can perform. Suppose we have the device and we apply a high magnetic field to the left. This is going to be a state with a DW at the corner and we are going to measure the resistance. So we start the measure lowering the field to zero. --click1— We can see a change in the resistance because lowering the field we allow more spins to be allying with their natural direction, which is along the arm and parallel to the current. --click2— Now we invert the field And start rising it into the positive direction. --click3— When we reach the propagation field, the arm that is more aligned with the field reverses it’s magnetization and the DW propagates from the corner. We can detect it by a rising step in the resistance of the corner. --click4— If we keep increasing the field, eventually we reach the coerceive field for the other arm and it also switches, creating a Dw at the corner and lowering the resistance. --click5— If we keep increasing the field nothing more happens to the DW and the resistance just keeps decreasing. --click6— We can now repeat the cycle in the other direction and face the same events. --click—click—click— This is what we call a hysteresis loop.
We have seen in the previous example a hysteresis loop. We have measure how the propagation and nucleation fields depends on the orientation, and how the loop changes after crossing 90 degrees. Also we have study subhysteresis loops. When you only switch one of the arms all of the time. All of these experiments gave useful information, and allow to predict the behavior of the device in certain situations, but not in a general scenario where different magnetic fields are applied in different directions. That is why we focus on having a state space map of the device. That will allow us to predict it’s behaviour in any situation. To create the map, first we need to identify a few stable states to start the map with. We already did it when using the Magnetic force microscopy, we found at least 4 of them. Ok, so now what we are going to do is place the device in one of these stable states and apply a field in a certain direction tracking the evolution and see into what state it evolves.
So. Suppose that we start creating a state like the one on the corner. We call it state [1,1] We apply a field and place a DW at the corner. Now we are going to lower the field, chose an orientation for the magnetic field and increase it. Magnetic field can be increased into the positive direction or into the negative direction. --Click— This is what we found. Arrows in blue indicate in what direction the boundaries in this map can be crosses. That means that this map can be used only to predict the evolution when the parameters field and angle cross these lines in that direction. For more information we need more plots. And that is what we do with the next state [-1,-1] --click— Now we have even more information. Note the symmetry in the plots. And the same can be made with the other two states. --click— --click— If now we write down what states correspond to each area in the color plots. --click— We can see that each area correspond to one of the 4 stable states, and the complete evolution of the device can be predicted using this map. I have to notice, that because measurements take quite a long time (typically 2 days to do the whole map), this can be used only to predict the evolution under slow dynamics. If the field variations are considerably faster, then is possible that new unstable states appear in the evolution. Another interesting thing in this map is the noise. Some areas present a very smooth boundary, while in others the boundary is full of spikes. We are centered on this phenomenon right now, trying to quantify it and determine what is triggering it and why it appears in some areas or not. In some cases it looks like there is a second field for nucleation or propagation, and sometimes is just that the two arms switch together. Understanding this effects it’s crucial if we want to use this device as a sensor.
In order to test the state space map we have randomly chosen a path on it. --click— The path starts on point 1 with 80mT and an orientation of 22 degree. --click— Then we rotate the orientation of the field without lowering it’s intensity up to point 2. --click— Now we need to change graph because we cannot cross the boundaries for next change. We lower the field and make it negative up to point 3. --click— Point 4 is another rotation. --click— And point 5 gives us back again to the same state as point 1. Now. To test this prediction, we perform a real measurement on the device following this same evolution of fields and orientation. --click— We can see that there is some bias. This we think is because thermal drift. These experiments were perform at room temperature in a not isolated lab. So some thermal fluctuation is expected. -click— We repeated the experiment several times. --click— And finally all together. --click— Despite thermal drift, we can see that the agreement is quite well in all points, with some fluctuations between 2 and 3 and 4 and 5. Between 2 and 3 we can see that it is a special noisy area, maybe a double boundary or a not well defined one definitively not a good place for sensing. The problem between 4 and 5 is because boundary near point 5 is extremely angle dependent, and even a small change in the angle leads to a big change in nucleation and propagation fields. This is the kind of information we need to know in order to work with these devices. Specially, random switching, because what is going to be extremely important to detect nanoparticles is being able to measure very accurately any shift in these boundaries because of the presence of a magnetic nanobead.
And we came to the discussion. Detecting nanoparticles using Domain Walls. Our objective was to test one of the proposed devices in order to gain expertise in the new field and to evaluate it’s potential as a real commercial device. To do that, we need to quantify it’s properties and specially the ones related to measurements. But first, we need to characterize and understand the behavior of the device. So we have performed anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements and we found that they can be used to track the state of the device. We have identify 4 stable states and created a state space map that agrees to this 4 states interpretation. Most important, we have used this map to predict the evolution of the device under different conditions and we have spotted working conditions to improve the bead detection experiments. Our future task will be to measure the effect of the nanobeads in different working conditions and find out what are the best ones to use the device as a sensor. And maybe, in the future, explore different geometries and their effect.
About bead detection. This is our next step in the project. Until now we have been characterizing the devices and looking for good sensing parameters. Next point will be to actually place a nanobead on the corner and measure it’s influence onto the device. Right now, the nanobeads have been placed, but we didn’t performed any measurement yet. So I can only say a few words about the placement. It has been performed using a Focused Ion Beam with micromanipulators. Beads were commercial Dynal beads, this one in the picture 1micron size. To pick them we just spread the beads into a substrate and allow dissolution to evaporate. Then just look for an isolated bead and pick it with the micromanipulator. To place it into position we use Platinum deposition. We measure the devices before placing the bead, we plan to measure them with the bead and see the difference, and we plan to remove the beads using a scanning probe microscopy. And measure again to see if the behavior is the same as in the beginning.
Thank you for your attention and thanks to all the people involved in the project.