Turning plays most important role in Machining and Turning is the form of machining process which uses a single-point cutting tool for material removal,from this slide we can get the importance of turning.
This document provides an overview of manufacturing technology and metal cutting processes. It discusses various metal cutting operations like turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the basic requirements for machining like workpiece setup, cutting tools, and machine tools. It defines key terms related to single-point cutting tools like rake angle, relief angle, nose radius, and cutting edge. It also discusses the classification and important properties of cutting tool materials.
Cutting Parameters Optimization in Milling Of P – 20 Tool Steel And EN31B IOSR Journals
The objective of the paper is to obtain an optimal setting of CNC machining process parameters,
cutting speed, feed rate resulting in optimal values of the feed and radial forces while machining P – 20 tool
steel and EN31B with TiN coated tungsten carbide inserts. The effects of the selected process parameters on the
chosen characteristics and the subsequent optimal settings of the parameters have been accomplished using
Taguchi’s parameter design approach.The process parameters considered are – Cutting speed 3000rpm,
2500rpm and 2000rpm. Feed rate 200mm/min, 300mm/min and 400mm/min and depth of cut is 0.2mm.The
effect of these parameters on the feed force, radial force are considered for analysis.The analysis of the results
shows that the optimal settings for low values of feed and radial forces are high cutting speed, low feed rate and
depth of cut.The thrust force and feed force are also taken experimentally using dynamometer for above Cutting
speeds, feed rate and depth of cut. The optimal values for speed, feed rate and depth of cut are taken using
Taguchi technique.Taguchi methods are statistical methods developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the
quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to, engineering, biotechnology, marketing and
advertising.Process used in this project is milling process. Machine selected is Vertical milling center. Machine
model selected is BFW Agni 45. Modeling is done in Pro/Engineer and analysis is done in ANSYS.
Investigations on Milling Tool: - A Literature ReviewIJRES Journal
Milling machines are tools designed to machine metal, wood, and other solid materials. Often automated, milling machines can be positioned in either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve out materials based on a pre-existing design. The main aim of this paper is to focus on the study of effects of cutting tools on various materials while the parameters are kept constant and also by varying the parameters. A literature review was conducted to find the effects of different cutting tools on milling of different materials. It was found out that most of the work was done using single tool and single material and results were recorded. The literature review gives us idea to use more than one material and subject it to the single tool. And then a comparison can be made on the results that are recorded.
This document discusses machining technology and metal cutting processes. It covers the following key points:
1) Machining is a finishing process used to impart dimensional accuracy, form, and surface finish to enable products to fulfill functional requirements and provide long service life.
2) The form of chips produced during machining indicates the nature of material removal and interactions at the chip-tool interface, and depends on work material, tool geometry, cutting parameters, and environment.
3) Cutting tools are either single-point or multi-point, and cutting processes can be orthogonal or oblique. Mechanisms of chip formation differ for ductile vs. brittle materials.
This seminar report discusses the effect of machining parameters on tool life. It begins with an introduction to cutting tools, tool wear, and factors that affect tool life. The report then reviews literature on how cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut impact tool wear and life. The objectives are to study how these machining parameters influence tool wear and life. The expected outcomes are that tool life decreases with increasing feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of cut. The conclusion is that machining parameters must be optimized to select values that result in maximum tool life and minimum tool wear.
Experimental investigation of tool wear in turning of inconel718 material rev...EditorIJAERD
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into tool wear during turning of Inconel718 material. It reviews the effects of various cutting conditions, tool geometries, and tool treatments on tool wear and other output parameters like cutting force, temperature, vibration, power consumption, surface roughness, and material removal rate. The goal is to analyze tool wear based on literature to optimize machining of Inconel718 using a CNC machine. Various studies investigating factors like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool material, and cooling conditions are summarized to reduce tool wear during machining of this difficult-to-cut alloy.
This document provides an overview of manufacturing technology and metal cutting processes. It discusses various metal cutting operations like turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the basic requirements for machining like workpiece setup, cutting tools, and machine tools. It defines key terms related to single-point cutting tools like rake angle, relief angle, nose radius, and cutting edge. It also discusses the classification and important properties of cutting tool materials.
Cutting Parameters Optimization in Milling Of P – 20 Tool Steel And EN31B IOSR Journals
The objective of the paper is to obtain an optimal setting of CNC machining process parameters,
cutting speed, feed rate resulting in optimal values of the feed and radial forces while machining P – 20 tool
steel and EN31B with TiN coated tungsten carbide inserts. The effects of the selected process parameters on the
chosen characteristics and the subsequent optimal settings of the parameters have been accomplished using
Taguchi’s parameter design approach.The process parameters considered are – Cutting speed 3000rpm,
2500rpm and 2000rpm. Feed rate 200mm/min, 300mm/min and 400mm/min and depth of cut is 0.2mm.The
effect of these parameters on the feed force, radial force are considered for analysis.The analysis of the results
shows that the optimal settings for low values of feed and radial forces are high cutting speed, low feed rate and
depth of cut.The thrust force and feed force are also taken experimentally using dynamometer for above Cutting
speeds, feed rate and depth of cut. The optimal values for speed, feed rate and depth of cut are taken using
Taguchi technique.Taguchi methods are statistical methods developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the
quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to, engineering, biotechnology, marketing and
advertising.Process used in this project is milling process. Machine selected is Vertical milling center. Machine
model selected is BFW Agni 45. Modeling is done in Pro/Engineer and analysis is done in ANSYS.
Investigations on Milling Tool: - A Literature ReviewIJRES Journal
Milling machines are tools designed to machine metal, wood, and other solid materials. Often automated, milling machines can be positioned in either vertical or horizontal orientation to carve out materials based on a pre-existing design. The main aim of this paper is to focus on the study of effects of cutting tools on various materials while the parameters are kept constant and also by varying the parameters. A literature review was conducted to find the effects of different cutting tools on milling of different materials. It was found out that most of the work was done using single tool and single material and results were recorded. The literature review gives us idea to use more than one material and subject it to the single tool. And then a comparison can be made on the results that are recorded.
This document discusses machining technology and metal cutting processes. It covers the following key points:
1) Machining is a finishing process used to impart dimensional accuracy, form, and surface finish to enable products to fulfill functional requirements and provide long service life.
2) The form of chips produced during machining indicates the nature of material removal and interactions at the chip-tool interface, and depends on work material, tool geometry, cutting parameters, and environment.
3) Cutting tools are either single-point or multi-point, and cutting processes can be orthogonal or oblique. Mechanisms of chip formation differ for ductile vs. brittle materials.
This seminar report discusses the effect of machining parameters on tool life. It begins with an introduction to cutting tools, tool wear, and factors that affect tool life. The report then reviews literature on how cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut impact tool wear and life. The objectives are to study how these machining parameters influence tool wear and life. The expected outcomes are that tool life decreases with increasing feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of cut. The conclusion is that machining parameters must be optimized to select values that result in maximum tool life and minimum tool wear.
Experimental investigation of tool wear in turning of inconel718 material rev...EditorIJAERD
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into tool wear during turning of Inconel718 material. It reviews the effects of various cutting conditions, tool geometries, and tool treatments on tool wear and other output parameters like cutting force, temperature, vibration, power consumption, surface roughness, and material removal rate. The goal is to analyze tool wear based on literature to optimize machining of Inconel718 using a CNC machine. Various studies investigating factors like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool material, and cooling conditions are summarized to reduce tool wear during machining of this difficult-to-cut alloy.
Traditional machining processes use machine tools like lathes, mills, and drill presses with sharp cutting tools to remove material from a workpiece. Positive rake angles on cutting tools reduce cutting forces but weaken the tool, while negative rake angles strengthen the tool but increase forces. Common machining operations include turning, drilling, milling, grinding, planing, sawing, and stamping/pressing, each using different types of tools and machines to cut or form various geometries in materials. Gear cutting involves using a specialized cutter and dividing head to mill gear teeth according to the involute profile.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF END MILLING PROCESS PAR...IAEME Publication
Monel 400 is a precipitation hard enable, Nickel copper alloy with corrosion resistance. Typical applications for Monel 400 include fasteners, springs, chain, pump, impeller and Valve components due their excellent Mechanical properties. The continuous development of carbide milling cutter and its coating technology are great concern with manufacturing Environment. CBN coating play an important role in milling cutter to produce better surface finish and tool life with minimum cost. In this paper deals investigation of End Milling operation of Monel 400 plates with different process parameters like spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut and to find optimal machining conditions of minimum surface roughness(Ra), Material removal designed and conducted based on design of Experiments using L9 orthogonal array and Optimized by Taguchi Method.
1. The document discusses thermal aspects of machining including cutting temperatures, tool materials, tool wear, and cutting fluids.
2. Cutting temperatures can reach up to 6000C at the tool-chip interface and have a controlling influence on tool wear and friction.
3. High cutting temperatures reduce tool life, pose safety hazards to hot chips, and can cause workpiece inaccuracies due to thermal expansion.
This document provides information on metal cutting operations and machining. It discusses the essential elements of a typical metal cutting process including the machine tool, cutting tool, workpiece, and relative motion between the tool and workpiece. It also describes cutting tool geometry, factors that influence tool life like cutting speed and feed rate, and definitions of machinability. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for determining tool life based on Taylor's tool life equation and comparing the machinability of different workpiece materials.
- The document discusses heat generation in machining and its effects, temperature measurement techniques, types and functions of cutting fluids, and economics of metal cutting operations.
- Heat is generated in three zones during machining: the primary deformation zone, tool-chip interface, and tool-workpiece interface. Heat depends on factors like material properties and cutting parameters.
- High temperatures can damage tools and workpieces. Cutting fluids help reduce temperatures by conduction and convection of heat away from the cutting zone.
- Temperature is commonly measured using tool-workpiece thermocouples, which generate electrical signals related to temperature at the cutting interface.
A review on effect of various parameters on cutting tool in orthogonal metal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent years there is great progress in the field of tool design. Tool is an important factor for machinability process. In the
metal cutting process various cutting parameters affecting on the cutting tool. The various parameters include as cutting speed,
feed rate, depth of cut, rake angle. The effect of these parameters on the cutting forces, tool temperature, and surface roughness
studied. This helps in evaluating the tool life and tool wear. This effect of parameters on tool is important for efficient machining
and machining conditions. The paper also covers the effect of cutting parameters on the chip formation and residual stresses
produced during cutting process.
Keywords: Cutting parameters, orthogonal, cutting process, cutting tool
This document summarizes a seminar report on the effect of casting process parameters on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. It discusses how parameters like pouring temperature, cooling time, mold hardness, sand particle size, and pouring speed can influence properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength. The objectives are to study how these parameters affect mechanical properties and to minimize casting defects by optimizing parameter values. Several authors have used the Taguchi technique to optimize process parameters to improve mechanical properties of aluminum castings.
This document summarizes an experimental study that optimized machining parameters for turning EN24 alloy steel using the Taguchi method. Five parameters were investigated at three levels each: cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, nose radius, and cutting environment (wet vs. dry). Experiments were conducted according to an L18 orthogonal array design. The responses measured were surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR). Optimal parameters were identified that minimized surface roughness and maximized MRR. The Taguchi method was employed to efficiently analyze the large parameter space with a small number of experiments.
This document discusses considerations for machining processes, including machinability, tolerances and surface finish, selection of cutting conditions, and product design guidelines. It covers factors that affect machinability like tool life and material properties. Ideal surface roughness is determined by geometric factors while actual roughness depends on work material and machine factors. Cutting conditions like speed, feed, and depth of cut must be selected carefully based on the material and part design. Product designs should minimize machining needs and use machinable materials.
This document provides an overview of machining processes and metal cutting theory. It defines machining as a material removal process using sharp cutting tools. Key topics covered include the orthogonal cutting model, forces acting on the chip and tool, shear plane angle and strain, chip types, cutting forces and temperatures, and power and energy relationships in machining. Equations for forces, stress, power, and temperature are presented.
Factors affecting tool life in machining processesmohdalaamri
This document discusses factors that affect tool life in machining processes. It identifies the main factors as cutting tool geometry, material, characteristics, cutting conditions, workpiece material, and cutting fluid. Cutting tool geometry influences machined surface quality, productivity, chip control, and forces/temperatures. Cutting tool material and coatings must have properties like heat/wear resistance. Cutting conditions like depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed also impact tool life. Workpiece material properties and machinability affect tool performance. Cutting fluids provide lubrication, cooling and chip removal to extend tool life. Environmental impacts of fluids are also considered.
This document discusses the machinability of three aluminum alloys - GIANTAL, WELDURAL, and HOKOTOL - that have been specially developed for mold and tool construction. It examines their machinability when subjected to various machining processes like milling and summarizes the resulting surface roughness and chip shapes achieved under different cutting conditions and cooling methods. The document contains detailed tables reporting the tool parameters used and measurement results for each alloy and machining scenario.
This document discusses emerging cutting tool materials that can improve machining performance. It begins by explaining that machining involves cutting tools undergoing high forces and temperatures, so tool life and geometry are important considerations. Different tool materials are then outlined, including tungsten carbide, high-speed steel, ceramics, cermets, cubic boron nitride, polycrystalline diamond, and diamond coatings. Each material has advantages like high hardness, toughness, wear resistance, or thermal conductivity suited for different machining applications. The document concludes that continuous development of new tool materials and treatments can further push the limits of cutting performance.
This document contains lecture notes on manufacturing processes and metal cutting theory. It begins with definitions of manufacturing and an overview of various manufacturing processes. It then describes machine tools and their functions in metal cutting. Key sections cover classifications of manufacturing processes, cutting parameters like speed, feed and depth of cut, and characteristics and types of cutting tools materials. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to manufacturing processes, metal cutting theory, and machine tools.
Experimental Analysis of Machining Parameters on Turning with Single Point Cu...ijtsrd
This document summarizes an experimental analysis of machining parameters when using a single point cutting tool in turning operations. The experiment tested various spindle speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut to determine their effects on surface roughness, tool life, and material removal rate (MRR). Tests were conducted on a lathe using a high-speed steel single point tool to machine S50C medium carbon steel. Results showed that higher speeds, feeds, and depths increased MRR but decreased tool life. Surface roughness also increased at higher speeds. The analysis provides equations to calculate cutting forces, tool life, surface roughness, and MRR based on the machining parameters. Graphs of the results are also presented. In conclusion, the optimal mach
The document discusses measurement of tool forces during cutting operations. It describes the three stages of measurement: signal conversion using a sensor, signal amplification and conditioning, and signal quantification and recording. It then discusses three principles of cutting force measurement: measuring elastic deflection, elastic deformation (strain), and pressure developed. Various types of dynamometers and transducers are presented, including those using deflection, strain gauges, and pressure. Factors affecting tool life are also summarized, such as work material properties, tool geometry/material, cutting parameters, and use of cutting fluid. Taylor's tool life equation relating tool life to cutting speed is presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
this is 2nd presentation of manufacturing processes in this presentation we discuss in detail about the theory of metal cutting, machiening processes,cutters etc
Machining processes involve cutting a workpiece into a desired shape and size through controlled material removal. The three main machining processes are turning, drilling, and milling. Turning involves rotating the workpiece and feeding a single-point cutting tool parallel to the axis of rotation to cut external or internal features. Drilling produces round holes using a rotating drill bit. Milling uses a multi-toothed cutting tool to cut flat and complex shapes by rotating the tool perpendicular to the workpiece feed direction. Other machining processes include grinding, broaching, and advanced processes like water jet machining or electrical discharge machining.
The document provides an overview of the theory of metal cutting. It discusses the mechanics of chip formation, types of chips, cutting tools and their components/angles. It also describes the metal cutting process, orthogonal vs oblique cutting, thermal aspects of cutting, tool wear and life, factors affecting surface finish and machinability. Cutting fluids, their functions and types are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the theory of metal cutting. It discusses the mechanics of chip formation, types of chips, cutting tools and their components/angles. It also describes the metal cutting process, orthogonal vs oblique cutting, thermal aspects of cutting, tool wear and life, factors affecting surface finish and machinability. Cutting fluids, their functions and types are also summarized.
Traditional machining processes use machine tools like lathes, mills, and drill presses with sharp cutting tools to remove material from a workpiece. Positive rake angles on cutting tools reduce cutting forces but weaken the tool, while negative rake angles strengthen the tool but increase forces. Common machining operations include turning, drilling, milling, grinding, planing, sawing, and stamping/pressing, each using different types of tools and machines to cut or form various geometries in materials. Gear cutting involves using a specialized cutter and dividing head to mill gear teeth according to the involute profile.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF END MILLING PROCESS PAR...IAEME Publication
Monel 400 is a precipitation hard enable, Nickel copper alloy with corrosion resistance. Typical applications for Monel 400 include fasteners, springs, chain, pump, impeller and Valve components due their excellent Mechanical properties. The continuous development of carbide milling cutter and its coating technology are great concern with manufacturing Environment. CBN coating play an important role in milling cutter to produce better surface finish and tool life with minimum cost. In this paper deals investigation of End Milling operation of Monel 400 plates with different process parameters like spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut and to find optimal machining conditions of minimum surface roughness(Ra), Material removal designed and conducted based on design of Experiments using L9 orthogonal array and Optimized by Taguchi Method.
1. The document discusses thermal aspects of machining including cutting temperatures, tool materials, tool wear, and cutting fluids.
2. Cutting temperatures can reach up to 6000C at the tool-chip interface and have a controlling influence on tool wear and friction.
3. High cutting temperatures reduce tool life, pose safety hazards to hot chips, and can cause workpiece inaccuracies due to thermal expansion.
This document provides information on metal cutting operations and machining. It discusses the essential elements of a typical metal cutting process including the machine tool, cutting tool, workpiece, and relative motion between the tool and workpiece. It also describes cutting tool geometry, factors that influence tool life like cutting speed and feed rate, and definitions of machinability. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for determining tool life based on Taylor's tool life equation and comparing the machinability of different workpiece materials.
- The document discusses heat generation in machining and its effects, temperature measurement techniques, types and functions of cutting fluids, and economics of metal cutting operations.
- Heat is generated in three zones during machining: the primary deformation zone, tool-chip interface, and tool-workpiece interface. Heat depends on factors like material properties and cutting parameters.
- High temperatures can damage tools and workpieces. Cutting fluids help reduce temperatures by conduction and convection of heat away from the cutting zone.
- Temperature is commonly measured using tool-workpiece thermocouples, which generate electrical signals related to temperature at the cutting interface.
A review on effect of various parameters on cutting tool in orthogonal metal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent years there is great progress in the field of tool design. Tool is an important factor for machinability process. In the
metal cutting process various cutting parameters affecting on the cutting tool. The various parameters include as cutting speed,
feed rate, depth of cut, rake angle. The effect of these parameters on the cutting forces, tool temperature, and surface roughness
studied. This helps in evaluating the tool life and tool wear. This effect of parameters on tool is important for efficient machining
and machining conditions. The paper also covers the effect of cutting parameters on the chip formation and residual stresses
produced during cutting process.
Keywords: Cutting parameters, orthogonal, cutting process, cutting tool
This document summarizes a seminar report on the effect of casting process parameters on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. It discusses how parameters like pouring temperature, cooling time, mold hardness, sand particle size, and pouring speed can influence properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength. The objectives are to study how these parameters affect mechanical properties and to minimize casting defects by optimizing parameter values. Several authors have used the Taguchi technique to optimize process parameters to improve mechanical properties of aluminum castings.
This document summarizes an experimental study that optimized machining parameters for turning EN24 alloy steel using the Taguchi method. Five parameters were investigated at three levels each: cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, nose radius, and cutting environment (wet vs. dry). Experiments were conducted according to an L18 orthogonal array design. The responses measured were surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR). Optimal parameters were identified that minimized surface roughness and maximized MRR. The Taguchi method was employed to efficiently analyze the large parameter space with a small number of experiments.
This document discusses considerations for machining processes, including machinability, tolerances and surface finish, selection of cutting conditions, and product design guidelines. It covers factors that affect machinability like tool life and material properties. Ideal surface roughness is determined by geometric factors while actual roughness depends on work material and machine factors. Cutting conditions like speed, feed, and depth of cut must be selected carefully based on the material and part design. Product designs should minimize machining needs and use machinable materials.
This document provides an overview of machining processes and metal cutting theory. It defines machining as a material removal process using sharp cutting tools. Key topics covered include the orthogonal cutting model, forces acting on the chip and tool, shear plane angle and strain, chip types, cutting forces and temperatures, and power and energy relationships in machining. Equations for forces, stress, power, and temperature are presented.
Factors affecting tool life in machining processesmohdalaamri
This document discusses factors that affect tool life in machining processes. It identifies the main factors as cutting tool geometry, material, characteristics, cutting conditions, workpiece material, and cutting fluid. Cutting tool geometry influences machined surface quality, productivity, chip control, and forces/temperatures. Cutting tool material and coatings must have properties like heat/wear resistance. Cutting conditions like depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed also impact tool life. Workpiece material properties and machinability affect tool performance. Cutting fluids provide lubrication, cooling and chip removal to extend tool life. Environmental impacts of fluids are also considered.
This document discusses the machinability of three aluminum alloys - GIANTAL, WELDURAL, and HOKOTOL - that have been specially developed for mold and tool construction. It examines their machinability when subjected to various machining processes like milling and summarizes the resulting surface roughness and chip shapes achieved under different cutting conditions and cooling methods. The document contains detailed tables reporting the tool parameters used and measurement results for each alloy and machining scenario.
This document discusses emerging cutting tool materials that can improve machining performance. It begins by explaining that machining involves cutting tools undergoing high forces and temperatures, so tool life and geometry are important considerations. Different tool materials are then outlined, including tungsten carbide, high-speed steel, ceramics, cermets, cubic boron nitride, polycrystalline diamond, and diamond coatings. Each material has advantages like high hardness, toughness, wear resistance, or thermal conductivity suited for different machining applications. The document concludes that continuous development of new tool materials and treatments can further push the limits of cutting performance.
This document contains lecture notes on manufacturing processes and metal cutting theory. It begins with definitions of manufacturing and an overview of various manufacturing processes. It then describes machine tools and their functions in metal cutting. Key sections cover classifications of manufacturing processes, cutting parameters like speed, feed and depth of cut, and characteristics and types of cutting tools materials. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to manufacturing processes, metal cutting theory, and machine tools.
Experimental Analysis of Machining Parameters on Turning with Single Point Cu...ijtsrd
This document summarizes an experimental analysis of machining parameters when using a single point cutting tool in turning operations. The experiment tested various spindle speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut to determine their effects on surface roughness, tool life, and material removal rate (MRR). Tests were conducted on a lathe using a high-speed steel single point tool to machine S50C medium carbon steel. Results showed that higher speeds, feeds, and depths increased MRR but decreased tool life. Surface roughness also increased at higher speeds. The analysis provides equations to calculate cutting forces, tool life, surface roughness, and MRR based on the machining parameters. Graphs of the results are also presented. In conclusion, the optimal mach
The document discusses measurement of tool forces during cutting operations. It describes the three stages of measurement: signal conversion using a sensor, signal amplification and conditioning, and signal quantification and recording. It then discusses three principles of cutting force measurement: measuring elastic deflection, elastic deformation (strain), and pressure developed. Various types of dynamometers and transducers are presented, including those using deflection, strain gauges, and pressure. Factors affecting tool life are also summarized, such as work material properties, tool geometry/material, cutting parameters, and use of cutting fluid. Taylor's tool life equation relating tool life to cutting speed is presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
this is 2nd presentation of manufacturing processes in this presentation we discuss in detail about the theory of metal cutting, machiening processes,cutters etc
Machining processes involve cutting a workpiece into a desired shape and size through controlled material removal. The three main machining processes are turning, drilling, and milling. Turning involves rotating the workpiece and feeding a single-point cutting tool parallel to the axis of rotation to cut external or internal features. Drilling produces round holes using a rotating drill bit. Milling uses a multi-toothed cutting tool to cut flat and complex shapes by rotating the tool perpendicular to the workpiece feed direction. Other machining processes include grinding, broaching, and advanced processes like water jet machining or electrical discharge machining.
The document provides an overview of the theory of metal cutting. It discusses the mechanics of chip formation, types of chips, cutting tools and their components/angles. It also describes the metal cutting process, orthogonal vs oblique cutting, thermal aspects of cutting, tool wear and life, factors affecting surface finish and machinability. Cutting fluids, their functions and types are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the theory of metal cutting. It discusses the mechanics of chip formation, types of chips, cutting tools and their components/angles. It also describes the metal cutting process, orthogonal vs oblique cutting, thermal aspects of cutting, tool wear and life, factors affecting surface finish and machinability. Cutting fluids, their functions and types are also summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The document discusses cutting tool selection and characteristics. It describes the desired properties of cutting tool materials, including hardness, hot hardness, toughness, and wear resistance. The ideal surface roughness that results from tool geometry and feed is discussed, as well as how actual surface roughness is affected by work material factors, vibration, and machine tool factors. Methods of optimizing cutting conditions like speed, feed, and depth of cut are presented to maximize production rate while maintaining suitable tool life or to minimize cost per unit.
Issues related to machining of hard materialsKishan Savaliya
The document discusses issues related to machining hard materials and potential solutions. Primary issues include vibrations, high pressure forces, reduced accuracy, increased heat, difficult chip formation, costly tool materials, and long machining times. Solutions proposed are applying coatings to tools to increase tool life, using modified tool geometries, applying high pressure coolant, and ensuring machine rigidity. Alternatives to conventional turning and milling discussed include laser melting, EDM, dry machining, and minimum quantity lubrication.
The document discusses different types of cutting tool materials used in machining. It describes:
1. Carbon and medium alloy steels, which are the oldest tool materials but have low hardness and wear resistance.
2. High speed steel developed in 1900, which adds alloying elements to improve hardness and heat resistance.
3. Cemented carbides or sintered carbides developed in 1926-1930, which are produced using powder metallurgy and provide high hardness up to 1000°C, allowing high speed machining.
This document discusses tool life, tool wear, and machinability. It defines tool life as the useful cutting time of a tool before failure or needing resharpening. Tool wear occurs in two main locations - crater wear on the rake face and flank wear on the side of the tool. Factors like cutting speed, workpiece properties, and tool material affect tool life. Machinability refers to how easily a material can be machined, and is measured by factors like tool life, surface finish, and cutting forces. Optimizing cutting parameters can improve machinability and the economics of metal cutting operations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Metal cutting manufacturing process part1Binit Kumar
- Metal cutting is a machining process that involves gradually removing excess material from a workpiece in the form of chips using a cutting tool to produce parts to desired dimensions and surface finish.
- There are two types of cutting tools: single-point tools which have a single cutting edge and are used for operations like turning and facing, and multi-point tools which have multiple cutting edges and are used for operations like milling and grinding.
- Orthogonal cutting is a type of metal cutting where the cutting edge of the tool is perpendicular to the direction of tool motion, allowing the forces during cutting to be represented in 2D.
Possible Interview Questions/Contents From Manufacturing Technology IIDr. Ramesh B
1. Machining is a process that removes material from a workpiece through cutting or other shear mechanisms in order to change its shape or size. The three fundamental machining parameters are cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed.
2. Material removal rate is the volume of material removed per minute during machining operations like turning, where it is calculated as MRR=Vfd. Chip formation affects surface finish, cutting forces, temperature, tool life, and tolerances.
3. Tool wear occurs due to interactions between the tool and chip like adhesion and abrasion, leading to flank wear, crater wear, chipping, and breakage. Tool wear degrades surface finish and increases tolerances and machining
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Journals
Abstract The major needs of machining are high material removal rate, good work surface finish and low tool wear. Industries are hiring to increase economical benefits by reducing the cost of production. These objectives can be achieved by using proper cutting tool material and cutting parameters. This report presents comparisons of two different coated carbide inserts under different cutting parameters used during machining of cylinder liners made up of grey cast iron. The comparison has been realized through the tool life tests and productivity. The measurement has been carried out from rough boring operation at three cutting speed (Vc) and feed rate (f). Depth of cut (doc) is kept constant at 1.5mm. Cutting tool used in this work is titanium nitride (TiN) coated carbide and comparing with Multilayer coated tool is titanium nitride (TiN) + titanium carbo nitride (TiCN) + Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) coated carbide inserts. The type of the insert is SNMG 120408. Cutting conditions used is speed (Vc) 100m/min, 125m/min, 150m/min. Feed rate (f) 0.25mm/rev,0.3mm/rev,0.35mm/rev. Finally results of the present work determine the appropriate parameter for increasing the tool life, and productivity. Key words: Tool life, Coated tool material, Process parameters, Productivity.
Hard turning provides significant advantages over traditional grinding processes for machining hardened metals. It allows complex parts to be finished in a single setup, is more flexible and economical. A case study describes how a powertrain manufacturer was able to reduce production time from 20 hours to 9 hours and costs from $210 to $112 for a shaft component by switching from grinding to hard turning. This allowed them to accelerate their engine development program and meet critical deadlines.
The document discusses manufacturing processes and cutting tools. It defines manufacturing as making goods and services available through applying mental and physical labor to raw materials. There are various manufacturing processes that can be used to make a product, with each having limitations. Processes include casting, forming, machining, joining, surface treatments, and heat treating. Cutting tools must be hard, wear resistant, and able to withstand high temperatures. Common tool materials include high speed steel and cemented carbides.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Studies on Tool Life and Cutting Forces for Drilling Operation using Uncoated...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compares the tool life and cutting forces of uncoated and coated high-speed steel (HSS) drill bits during dry drilling of EN8 steel. Specifically, it examines uncoated HSS drill bits, as well as HSS drill bits coated with titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN). Experimental results showed that the TiAlN coated HSS drill bit had the greatest tool life. When measuring cutting forces, the TiAlN coated drill bit produced the highest thrust force, while torque was similar across all drill bits. In conclusion, coatings like TiN and TiAlN can improve the performance of HSS drill bits during machining operations
1. The document discusses improving the wear resistance of cutting tools through coating. It describes how coating cutting tools with hard materials like cemented carbides and thin films can improve tool life and machining performance.
2. Various wear mechanisms that occur during metal cutting are described, including abrasive, diffusion, oxidation, adhesion, and fatigue wear. Coatings help reduce wear from these mechanisms.
3. The literature review discusses how coatings have boosted cutting tool wear resistance and productivity. Over 70% of cemented carbide tools now use coatings. Common coating materials and their benefits in improving friction and wear properties are outlined.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
2. Turning
Turning is the form of machining process which uses a single-point cutting tool for material
removal.
The process consists of a machine, workpiece, cutting tool and fixture. The workpiece is held
in the job holding device and attached to the turning center which rotates at high speeds.
The required shape is obtained by feeding the cutting tool into the workpiece, also the
identification of necessary cutting parameter for achieving better cutting performance and
good quality depends on manufacturer handbook, the experience of the operator or trial and
error method.
4. Hard turning
In manufacturing, hard turning has emerged as a potential option operation for finishing
products by eliminating grinding.
Materials with more than 45 HRC machined by robust machining process, but actual hard
turning occurs in the hardness range of 58 HRC to 68 HRC.
In hard turning the surface finish of 0.2 to 0.8 micrometer, the roundness of 1 to 5 micrometer
and diameter tolerance of + 3 to 7 micrometers can easily reach.
Materials such as hardened alloy steel, tool steels, bearing steel, Inconel, case hardened steels,
nitride irons, hard chrome coated steels, metallurgical parts heat-treated by powder and
titanium alloys are used as a hard turning workpiece.
The accuracy level of hard turning depends upon level of machine rigidity.
5. Benefits of hard turning
By hard turning, complex parts made easily.
The shape of the workpiece changes easily and rapidly.
With one set-up, more operations can be carried out.
The rate of material removal is more.
CNC lathe used for hard turning.
Metal chips generated during operations are environment-friendly.
Coolant not required.
Less tool inventory.
6. Limitations of Hard Turning
Compared to grinding tooling cost is more in hard machining.
The ratio of (L/D) Length to Diameter need to be less, i.e., 4:1.
Tool temperature increased by reducing coolant usage.
The wear of tool increased by reducing the coolant usage, hence tool life decreases.
The thickness of the white layer generated during machining gets increases with increase in tool wear.
7. Hard turning applications
Industries that deal with machining Titanium alloy for production of automotive parts, medical
devices, and computer spares.
Aircraft and die mold industries involving machining of more extended Titanium alloy parts.
Valves operate at higher spindle speed.
Hard machining strategy stands useful in case of machining intricate cores, cavity mold machining and for
machining complex aircraft structural components.
Materials machined at high cutting speed, high feed rate, and high removal rate.
9. Assumption in turning
The tool life is governed by the amount of flank wear for which a threshold value is specified,
beyond which tool regrinding has to be made
After regrinding, the tool is assumed to restore its original condition
Any unexpected breakage of the tool is neglected
The criteria used to decide a tool replacement is based solely on the number of times a regrinding is
conducted
Cutting is conducted using sharp edge tools
Effect of each process parameter on the performance parameter should be monotonically increasing
or decreasing.
11. Cutting parameters in turning
Cutting Environment
The purpose of cutting fluid is to remove the heat generated at tooltip which is in
direct contact with the workpiece.
Cutting fluid provide a safe working Environment (non misting, nontoxic,
nonflammable and non smoking)
Cutting fluid account for 15% of the shop production cost
The cost of purchase ,care ,and disposal of the cutting fluids are more than twice as
high as tool costs.
Dry machining, Minimum quantity lubrication and wet machining are used in turning.
13. Cutting speed
The cutting speed in turning is calculated by
v= π DN/1000 m/min
V = Cutting speed m/min
D =Diameter of the workpiece in mm
N= Spindle speed in rpm
Cutting speed depends upon tool material, workpiece material, depth of cut ,feed ,tool
geometry and type of machine tool
Feed
• Feed rate is the parameter related to the cutting tool and defined as advancement tool
rate along the cutting path of an axial direction, and the unit indicated as mm/rev.
Depth of cut
• The depth of removal of the surface layer in a single cut from the work piece is called
the depth of cut. The depth of cut described as the distance between the uncut surface and the
cut surface of the work-piece
16. Insert specification
CNMG 120404 SF 505 F indicates that
C Insert shape (Double-sided 800 rhombic insert)
N Clearance angle
M Tolerance on size
G Insert type
12 Cutting edge length
04 Thickness
04 Nose radius
SF 505 F indicates insert material
17. SELECTION OF Turning INSERTS
The insert shape should be selected relative to the entering angle accessibility required of
the tool. The largest possible nose angle should be selected to provide insert strength and
reliability. However, this has to be balanced against the variation of cuts that need to be
performed.
A large nose angle is strong, but requires more machine power and has a higher tendency for
vibration.
A small nose angle is weaker and has a small cutting edge engagement, both of which can
make it more sensitive to the effects of heat.
Selection of inserts is based on accuracy, quantity, workpiece material, availability of
machine tools and tool material.
The knowledge of workpiece materials, geometries, and limitations of the cutting tool are
also essential.
The cost of cutting tool cost is about 3 percent of the total component cost. Further
classification of tools can be done based on the cutting edge material, method of clamping
and geometry
18. Turning heat resistant super alloys (HRSA)
A super alloy has excellent mechanical strength and resistance to creep (the tendency
for solids to slowly move or deform under stress) at high temperatures. It also offers
good corrosion/oxidation resistance. HRSA can be divided into four material groups:
Nickel-based (for example Inconel)
Iron-based
Cobalt-based
Titanium alloys (titanium can be pure or with alpha and beta structures)
The machinability of both HRSA and titanium is poor, especially in aged conditions,
requiring particular demands on the cutting tools. It is important to use sharp edges to
prevent the formation of so-called white layers with different hardness and residual
stress.
HRSA material: PVD and ceramic grades are commonly used when turning HRSA
materials. It is recommended to use geometries optimized for HRSA.
Titanium alloys: Mainly use uncoated and PVD grades. It is recommended to use
geometries optimized for HRSA.
19. Characteristics of the TURNING insert
High penetration hardness at elevated temperatures to resist abrasive wear.
Resistance to deformation and prevents the edge from deforming during chip formation.
High fracture toughness to resist edge chipping and breakage, especially interrupted cutting.
Resist to diffusion, chemical reaction, and oxidation wear.
The tool edge temperature reduced due to high thermal conductivity.
High fatigue and shock resistance
More stiffness to sustain accuracy.
Provides lubricity to the work material for preventing built-up edge.
20. Work piece parameters
Workpiece material
The choice of material depends on the desired shape and size ,the dimensional
tolerance ,the surface finish ,and the required quantity.
In addition it depends on economy and environmental considerations
Mechanical properties
Properties
Tensile strength
Yield strength
Elongation in 5D
Reduction of area
Density
Modulus of Elasticity in tension
Transformation temperature
Hardness
21. SELECTION OF MACHINE FOR
TURNING
High static stiffness of machine elements such as spindles, joints, and structure
Acceptable level of vibration
Adequate damping capacity
High feed rates and speeds
The low rate of wear in sliding parts
Low thermal distortion of machine elements.
Part difficulty and complexity
23. Specification of CNC turning Centre
Model DX 200 5A
Swing over the bed (mm)
Standard turning diameter (mm)
Max. turning diameter (mm)
Max. turning length (mm)
500
250
365
500
X-Axis travel (Cross) (mm)
Z-Axis Travel (Longitudinal) (mm)
Rapid feed (x and z-axis) m/min
200
500
24
Power of spindle motor (kW) 7.5
The range of spindle speed (rpm) 50-4000
Positional accuracy (mm) 0.007
Repeatability (mm) 0.005
24. Machining time
It is the time for which the machine works on the component, i.e. from the time when the tool
touches the work piece to when the tool leaves the component after completion of operation.
Material removal rate
Metal removal rate (MRR) in metal cutting is a volume of chips removed in 1 minute, and it is
measured in a three-dimensional quantity.
Cutting power
The amount of power required to cut that material.
25. Symbol Designation/ definition
Unit, metric
(imperial)
fn Feed per revolution mm/r (inch/r)
ap Cutting depth mm (inch)
vc Cutting speed m/min (feet/min)
n Spindle speed rpm
Pc Net power kW (HP)
Q Metal removal rate cm3/min (inch3/min)
Tc Period of engagement min
lm Machined length mm (inch)
kc Specific cutting force N/mm2 (N/inch2)
Abbreviation
26. Trouble shooting in Turning
Vibration
High radial cutting
forces due to
vibrations or
chatter marks
which are caused
by the tooling or
the tool mounting.
Typical for
internal machining
with boring bars.
• Unsuitable
entering angle
•Select a larger
entering angle
(lead angle).
KAPR = 90°
(PSIR = 0°)
• Nose radius is
too large
•Select a smaller
nose radius
• Unsuitable
edge rounding,
or negative
chamfer
•Select a grade
with a thin
coating, or an
uncoated grade
• Excessive flank
wear on the
cutting edge
•Select a more
wear resistant
grade or reduce
speed
Parameter Problem Solution
27. Flank wear
Preferable wear type in every application. Offers
predictable and stable tool life.
•Cutting
speed too
high
•Too
tough
grade
•Insufficie
nt wear
resistance
•Hard
inclusions
in
workpiece
material
•Reduce
cutting speed
•Select a
more
suitable
grade
depending
on toughness
demand or
wear
resistance
28. References
Abhang, LB & Hameedullah, M 2012, ‘Determination of optimum parameters for multi-
performance characteristics in turning by using grey relational analysis,’ The international journal
of advanced manufacturing technology, vol. 63, issue 1-4, pp. 13-24.
Adarshkumar, K, Adarsh Kumar, K, Ch.Ratnam, Murthy, BSN, Satish Ben, B & Raghu Ram
Mohan Reddy, K 2012, ‘Optimization of Surface Roughness in Face Turning Operation in
Machining of En-8’, International Journal of Engineering Science & Advanced Technology, vol. 2,
issue 4, pp. 807–812
Balamurugan Gopalsamy, Biswanatmondal & Sukamal Ghosh 2009, ‘Optimization of
machining parameters for hard machining: grey relational theory approach and ANOVA,’
International Journal of advanced manufacturing technology, vol. 45, pp. 1068-1086
Chorng-Jyh Tzeng, Yu-Hsin Lin, Yung-Kuang Yang & Ming-Chang Jeng 2009, ‘Optimization
of turning operations with multiple performance characteristics using the Taguchi method and
Grey relational analysis,’ Journal of materials processing technology,
vol. 209, pp. 2753–2759.
Durairaj, M & Gowri, S 2012, ‘Optimization of Inconel 600 Alloy Micro Turning Process Using
Grey Relational Analysis’, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 576, pp. 548-551.
29. Manimaran, G & Pradeepkumar, M 2013, ‘Multi-response optimization of Grinding AISI
316 stainless steel using grey relational analysis’, Materials and Manufacturing Process, vol.
28, no. 4, pp. 418-423
Narasimhulu, Andriya, Venkateswara Rao, P & Sudarson Ghosh 2012, ‘Dry machining of Ti-
6Al -4V using PVD Coated TiAlN’, proceeding of World Congress on Engineering, vol. 3
Palanisamy Angappan, Selvaraj Thangiah & Sivasankaran Subbarayan 2017, ‘Taguchi-based
grey relational analysis for modeling and optimizing machining parameters through the dry
turning of Incoloy 800H’, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 31,
issue 9, pp. 4159–4165
Radhakrishnan Ramanujam, Nambimuthukrishnan & Ramasamy Raju 2011, ‘Optimization of cutting
parameters for turning Al-Sic (10p) MMC using ANOVA and Grey relational analysis’, International
Journal of precision engineering and manufacturing, vol. 12, pp. 651-656.
Raju Shri Hari Pawade & Suhas S Joshi 2011, ‘Multi-objective optimization of surface roughness and
cutting forces in the high-speed turning of Inconel 718 using Taguchi grey relational analysis (TGRA)’,
The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology, vol. 56, issue 1-4, pp. 47-62.
Sivaiah, P & Chakradhar, D 2017, ‘Multi-objective optimization of cryogenic turning process using
Taguchi based grey relational analysis’, International Journal of Machining & Machinability of
Materials, International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, vol. 19, pp. 297–312.
Venkatesh Ganta, K, Srinivasa Sagar & Chakradhar, D 2017, ‘Multi-objective optimization of
thermally enhanced machining parameters of Inconel 718 using grey relational analysis’, Int. J.
Machining and Machinability of Materials, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 57-75.