The document provides an overview of research methodologies and intellectual property rights (IPR). It begins by defining research and outlining the objectives of research such as gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, and determining relationships between variables. It then discusses the characteristics of good research, including being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. The document also covers problems in research, criteria for a good research problem, data collection techniques including primary and secondary data, data editing/coding, analysis, and types of financial ratios for analysis. It concludes with discussing effective approaches to literature reviews and analyzing types of plagiarism.
This document discusses research methodology and includes the following key points:
1. Research methodology provides a systematic way to solve research problems scientifically and logically. It involves studying the research problem and the reasoning behind it.
2. The research design aims to balance relevance to the research purpose with economical data collection and analysis. Descriptive research studies the characteristics of an individual or group.
3. Primary data is obtained directly from sources like interviews while secondary data has already been collected by others and processed statistically. The study uses both primary and secondary data sources.
4. Sampling techniques and sample size are important to the research design. Non-probability sampling does not provide a basis for estimating the likelihood of each
This document discusses research methodology and provides an overview of key concepts in business research. It begins by defining business research and describing commonly researched areas. It then discusses the types of business research as applied or basic. Managers are said to benefit from research knowledge by identifying and solving problems, making informed decisions, and hiring consultants effectively. The document outlines the scientific research process and hallmarks as purposive, rigorous, testable, replicable, precise, objective, and generalizable. Variables, scales of measurement, and developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses are also discussed.
There are three main types of accounting research methods: experimental, analytical, and archival. Experimental research uses experiences and experiments to evaluate results by manipulating variables. Analytical research attempts to model theories mathematically. Archival research gathers information from third party sources. Successful accounting research requires the ability to understand current research, recognize research problems, think critically, formulate plans, and evaluate contributions to the field.
The document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1. Clarifying the research question by defining the management dilemma, management question, and investigative questions.
2. Proposing the research by allocating resources, evaluating the value of research, and developing evaluation methods.
3. Designing the research project through the research design, sampling, and pilot testing.
4. Collecting and preparing the data through various collection methods and editing the data.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the data by summarizing patterns and applying statistical techniques.
6. Reporting the results through a manager-friendly report with interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations.
The document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1) Clarifying the research question by defining the management dilemma, management question, and investigative questions.
2) Proposing the research by allocating resources, budgets, and evaluating the value of conducting the research.
3) Designing the research project through developing the research design, sampling, and pilot testing.
4) Collecting and preparing the data through various collection methods and editing the data.
The document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1. Clarifying the research question by defining the management dilemma, management question, and investigative questions.
2. Proposing the research by allocating resources, evaluating the value of research, and developing evaluation methods.
3. Designing the research project through the research design, sampling, and pilot testing.
4. Collecting and preparing the data through various collection methods and editing the data.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the data to generate insights and information for decision making.
6. Reporting the results through a manager-friendly report with interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations.
This document discusses marketing, client handling, and risk management. It begins by defining key terms like research, marketing, client handling, and risk management. It then discusses the importance of research and different types of research methods. The document also discusses why risk management is important for businesses and different strategies for responding to risks, like avoidance, mitigation and acceptance. Finally, it describes the key features and benefits of a Risk Management Information System, which allows businesses to collect and analyze risk data to help with decision making.
This document summarizes a research study on factors influencing individual investor behavior. The study used a questionnaire to collect data from 200 investors of a financial services company in Coimbatore, India. The questionnaire covered personal factors like gender, age, income as well as behavioral factors like financial tolerance, risk tolerance, and financial literacy. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. The results found that accounting information has the most influence on investment decisions, while neutral information has the least influence. Additionally, behavioral factors like financial tolerance, emotional risk tolerance, and financial literacy also impact individual investor behavior. Suggestions are provided based on the analysis to improve understanding of factors affecting individual investment decisions.
This document discusses research methodology and includes the following key points:
1. Research methodology provides a systematic way to solve research problems scientifically and logically. It involves studying the research problem and the reasoning behind it.
2. The research design aims to balance relevance to the research purpose with economical data collection and analysis. Descriptive research studies the characteristics of an individual or group.
3. Primary data is obtained directly from sources like interviews while secondary data has already been collected by others and processed statistically. The study uses both primary and secondary data sources.
4. Sampling techniques and sample size are important to the research design. Non-probability sampling does not provide a basis for estimating the likelihood of each
This document discusses research methodology and provides an overview of key concepts in business research. It begins by defining business research and describing commonly researched areas. It then discusses the types of business research as applied or basic. Managers are said to benefit from research knowledge by identifying and solving problems, making informed decisions, and hiring consultants effectively. The document outlines the scientific research process and hallmarks as purposive, rigorous, testable, replicable, precise, objective, and generalizable. Variables, scales of measurement, and developing a theoretical framework and hypotheses are also discussed.
There are three main types of accounting research methods: experimental, analytical, and archival. Experimental research uses experiences and experiments to evaluate results by manipulating variables. Analytical research attempts to model theories mathematically. Archival research gathers information from third party sources. Successful accounting research requires the ability to understand current research, recognize research problems, think critically, formulate plans, and evaluate contributions to the field.
The document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1. Clarifying the research question by defining the management dilemma, management question, and investigative questions.
2. Proposing the research by allocating resources, evaluating the value of research, and developing evaluation methods.
3. Designing the research project through the research design, sampling, and pilot testing.
4. Collecting and preparing the data through various collection methods and editing the data.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the data by summarizing patterns and applying statistical techniques.
6. Reporting the results through a manager-friendly report with interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations.
The document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1) Clarifying the research question by defining the management dilemma, management question, and investigative questions.
2) Proposing the research by allocating resources, budgets, and evaluating the value of conducting the research.
3) Designing the research project through developing the research design, sampling, and pilot testing.
4) Collecting and preparing the data through various collection methods and editing the data.
The document summarizes the key stages of the business research process:
1. Clarifying the research question by defining the management dilemma, management question, and investigative questions.
2. Proposing the research by allocating resources, evaluating the value of research, and developing evaluation methods.
3. Designing the research project through the research design, sampling, and pilot testing.
4. Collecting and preparing the data through various collection methods and editing the data.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the data to generate insights and information for decision making.
6. Reporting the results through a manager-friendly report with interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations.
This document discusses marketing, client handling, and risk management. It begins by defining key terms like research, marketing, client handling, and risk management. It then discusses the importance of research and different types of research methods. The document also discusses why risk management is important for businesses and different strategies for responding to risks, like avoidance, mitigation and acceptance. Finally, it describes the key features and benefits of a Risk Management Information System, which allows businesses to collect and analyze risk data to help with decision making.
This document summarizes a research study on factors influencing individual investor behavior. The study used a questionnaire to collect data from 200 investors of a financial services company in Coimbatore, India. The questionnaire covered personal factors like gender, age, income as well as behavioral factors like financial tolerance, risk tolerance, and financial literacy. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. The results found that accounting information has the most influence on investment decisions, while neutral information has the least influence. Additionally, behavioral factors like financial tolerance, emotional risk tolerance, and financial literacy also impact individual investor behavior. Suggestions are provided based on the analysis to improve understanding of factors affecting individual investment decisions.
The Hidden Dangers of Trying to ‘Do the Right Thing:’ A Practical Look at Aud...PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Denise Hall and Michelle Calloway of Hancock, Daniel, Johnson & Nagle, P.C., copresented at the 2013 American Health Lawyers Association/Health Care Compliance Association Fraud & Compliance Forum in Baltimore. They addressed “The Hidden Dangers of Trying to ‘Do the Right Thing:’ A Practical Look at Auditing, Monitoring and Investigation Pitfalls.” The presentation covered best practices for investigating reported compliance concerns, compliance auditing techniques, repayment practices, and corrective action implementation and monitoring procedures.
Business analytics involves using data analysis and statistical models to solve business problems and drive decision-making. It starts with determining business goals and selecting an analysis methodology. Common types of business analytics include descriptive analytics, which tracks key performance indicators (KPIs) to understand the present state; diagnostic analytics, which focuses on past performance; predictive analytics, which uses statistics to forecast future outcomes; and prescriptive analytics, which generates recommendations. Business analytics professionals are responsible for collecting and analyzing data to influence strategic decisions through initiatives like identifying opportunities and problems, creating forecasts, and monitoring progress. Business analytics provides benefits like improving profitability, increasing market share, and facilitating better understanding of data to affect operational efficiency.
The document outlines the procedure for writing a report, which includes:
1) Defining objectives and aims of the research
2) Collecting primary data through methods like surveys and interviews
3) Collecting and evaluating relevant secondary data
4) Designing a primary research study
5) Analyzing the collected data
6) Preparing a report with a results and discussion section and recommendations
This document provides an overview of quantitative analysis for management decision making. It defines quantitative analysis as the collection, organization, and interpretation of numerical data. There are two main types: descriptive analysis, which summarizes and presents data, and inferential analysis, which makes inferences, tests hypotheses, and determines relationships. Quantitative analysis simplifies mass data, aids decision making, and helps identify trends. It has various uses in business for tasks like resource allocation, inventory control, project management, and risk analysis. While powerful, it also has limitations like only dealing with quantitative data and producing probabilistic rather than exact conclusions. Computers now help analyze large datasets.
This document discusses market research and its benefits. It defines market research as the systematic process of gathering and analyzing information about markets, customers, and competitors. The key stages of the research process are outlined, including problem formulation, method selection, research design, data collection, analysis and reporting. Both the pros and cons of market research are presented. Finally, the benefits of market research for management decision making are described, such as discovering customer wants, competitive positioning, and improving marketing effectiveness.
Quantitative techniques refer to scientific, mathematical, and statistical methods for solving complex business problems. These techniques include statistical methods like data collection, analysis, and forecasting as well as operations research techniques like linear programming. Quantitative techniques help organizations make data-driven decisions in areas like marketing, production, finance, personnel management, research and development, and economics. The document then provides details on specific quantitative techniques and the steps involved in marketing research.
Legal Research Proposal on corporate governance on directors' training.final ...Siti Azhar
This document outlines a research proposal on corporate governance implementation for private companies in Malaysia. It discusses selecting the research area of corporate governance and identifying the problem of whether directors' training should be compulsory or voluntary. The proposal covers reviewing literature, developing a theoretical framework, selecting a methodology, and outlines chapters for the research. It provides details on the research problem formulation process, including defining the theme, dissecting it into sub-areas, raising research questions, and formulating objectives. The goal is to analyze if making directors' corporate governance training compulsory can help increase awareness and proper implementation in private companies.
What are the characteristics of research?Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.Create memorable experiences based on real-time data, insights and advanced analysis.
Basics of research in research methodologyShajun Nisha
Thank you for the detailed presentation on research methodology. I hope this information was helpful for understanding the key aspects and process of conducting research. Please feel free to reach out if you need any clarification or have additional questions.
Coventry University 385ACC (Part-time) Advanced Study fo.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Coventry University
385ACC (Part-time)
Advanced Study for Accounting and Finance
ASSIGNMENT 2019
Coursework Submission
Coursework should be submitted on given dateline in electronic format, via Turnitin and a hard
copy submitted to the Lecturer for second-marking.
Coursework Assignment
This is an Individual written assignment. Prepare a report for about 7,000 words (+/- 10%)
Learning Outcomes Assessed
The intended learning outcomes are that on completion of this project the student should be able
to:
1) Work independently, but with tutor guidance, on a project of their choice.
2) Synthesise a wide range of academic literature in order to evaluate critically current
research and contemporary issues in accounting or finance.
3) Utilise and apply relevant accounting and finance models, theories and concepts in order
to produce a properly researched written report.
4) Gather and organise evidence and draw appropriate conclusions based on a sound
understanding of the models, concepts and theories utilised.
5) Produce clear and coherent written work, supported by appropriate references to the
sources used (using the Coventry Harvard method of referencing).
Other Information:
• Assignments should not exceed 7,000 words. Please include a word count at very end of the
assignment.
• Title page, TOC, bibliography and further appropriate and relevant appendices do not count
towards the word limit. A 10% deduction (pro-rata) will be made from your mark for every
1,000 words over this limit (i.e. 1% if 100 words over limit etc).
• Coursework assignments should not be copied in part or in whole from any other source,
except for any clearly marked up quotations. Students found copying from internet or other
sources will get zero marks and may be excluded from the university.
• You can refer to the attached marking scheme to understand the criteria for the marking of
your courework.
385ACC - Assessment Criteria
Guidelines for what would be expected from a project at each particular level.
Note that not every criterion phrase need apply. Your mark will be a matter of balance.
1ST
70 - 100
The project is well structured and communicated. It is coherent and shows an
excellent level of synthesis and/or evaluation with clear signs of originality and
insight. Has read beyond the immediately relevant reading.
2:1
60 – 69
The project has worthwhile aims and objectives clearly expressed and an
appropriate methodology. Clear evidence of independent inquiry and critical
judgement in selecting, ordering, analysing and synthesising. Has read the
immediately relevant literature and, to a limited extent, beyond.
2:2
50 – 59
Aims and objectives clearly expressed. Some appropriate theory plus an attempt at
analysis but with only basic linkages made between theory and analysis. Has read
enough of the immediately relevant literature to be credible.
3RD
40 – 49
Makes on.
This document discusses ratio analysis and its importance for evaluating company performance. Ratio analysis involves grouping financial ratios into categories like liquidity and profitability to analyze variables like bankruptcy risk, loan defaults, and stock prices. Ratios allow comparison of a company's performance over time, against industry benchmarks, and between different time periods or industries. Ratio analysis is used by companies, investors, and creditors to evaluate financial position, predict future performance, and identify strengths and weaknesses. The document then provides an overview of the objectives, need, importance, scope, and methodology of ratio analysis as well as a profile of SujalaPipes Private Limited, the company used for this case study.
This document discusses research methods and data collection techniques. It provides examples of a descriptive study design being used to explore employee empowerment policies and strategies. It also describes various quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, noting their advantages like collecting information from many people quickly, and disadvantages like not being able to determine causation. Cross-sectional studies are described as collecting data at a single point in time, making them less costly but unable to examine changes over time.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as the systematic investigation into and study of materials to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research has certain key characteristics including being guided by a specific problem or question, following a plan or procedure, and requiring the collection and interpretation of data.
There are different types of research categorized by their application, objectives, and mode of inquiry. Pure research aims to expand knowledge without looking for long-term benefits, while applied research is undertaken to solve practical problems. Descriptive research provides an accurate portrayal of a situation or group, while explanatory research looks at relationships between variables. Structured research uses objective designs and questionnaires, while unstructured research focuses on interpretation.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Raman Solanki to Sant Hari Dass College of Higher Education. It includes an acknowledgement, certification from the college, table of contents, and sections on the company profile, performance appraisal system, research methodology, data collection and analysis. The report examines the performance appraisal system at Parovi System Pvt. Ltd. where the author conducted a summer training. It analyzes employee perceptions of the system through questionnaires. The majority of employees were aware and satisfied with the current system and felt it helped improve performance and productivity.
Chapter 7 Management Concultancy by CabreraKriza Matro
The document discusses the stages of a management consulting engagement including negotiating the engagement, engagement planning, conducting the assignment, and evaluating the engagement. It describes the basic contents and purposes of an engagement plan, proposal letter, and work plan. It also discusses problem identification, data gathering techniques, data analysis approaches, solution development, implementation, and follow-up evaluation.
This document outlines the marketing research process and design. It discusses defining the research problem, estimating the value of information, selecting the data collection approach, measurement techniques, sampling, analysis methods, ethics, costs, and proposal elements. The goal of research design is to generate the most valuable information relative to costs by specifying procedures for collecting and analyzing necessary data to identify or react to problems or opportunities. Key decisions include what information to generate, data collection and measurement approaches, and analytical methods.
This document discusses Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems. It defines monitoring as the systematic collection of data during a project to determine if the project is progressing toward its goals. There are different types of monitoring, including process, technical, assumption, financial, and impact monitoring. Evaluation assesses the overall performance of projects and programs. The document outlines 10 steps to design an M&E system, including defining the purpose and scope, identifying evaluation and monitoring questions, determining indicators and data sources, and assigning roles and responsibilities. It emphasizes the importance of integrating the system both horizontally and vertically within an organization.
Gather DATA to identify business requirements.pptxgashawmekonnen4
This document provides information on identifying business requirements by gathering data from key information sources. It discusses gathering both qualitative and quantitative data through formal processes like interviews, questionnaires, workshops and document analysis. Specific internal sources mentioned include employees, annual reports, sales figures, procedures manuals, and completed forms. The importance of representative sampling is also covered.
Discussion- 11. How does efficient frontier analysis (EFA) dif.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion- 1
1. How does efficient frontier analysis (EFA) differ from other forms of complex risk assessment techniques?
The issue of the selection of the risk management methods to support investment decision-making is one of the key issues discussed in the management of portfolios. The factor contributing to the development and dissemination of the risk management methods is the fact that the development of this theory, the risk of portfolios of financial institutions began to measure widely using the Markowitz portfolio selection model. Currently, this problem has been solved, since his designation used linear programming. It cannot be missed with these two facts. The indication of such a relationship, as well as its characteristics are the main purpose of the publication, in which there was not only used the study literature. The efficient frontier can be defined as the image of a set of portfolios that provide the maximum return for each level of risk or minimal risk for any level of return. In addition, this measure brings important details in the development area of portfolios’ management of financial instruments, on the grounds that it considers the possibility of the investor’s bankruptcy and may be regarded as a dynamic measurement of the risk (Bali T.G).
2. What limitations might an analyst encounter with EFA?
The financial equivalent of racing cars if They're one of the most touted, yet most misunderstood and misused, tools in the field of financial planning. Understanding the nature of an efficient frontier model and the assumptions on which it relies. As with a sophisticated racing car, a powerful tool in the wrong hands can be a very dangerous thing. For example, it's logical to believe that stocks will outperform bonds in the future. Efficient frontier models rely on historical data and relationships to generate the "perfect" portfolio. In my experience, many investors who use efficient frontier models are unaware of their pitfalls. These models are being marketed as solutions to the problem of portfolio construction, but they come without instructions.
3. How can efficient frontier analysis results be communicated and utilized with nonmathematical decision maker?
Communication is not a crank to be turned mindlessly, but a decision problem of its own. As we will see, there are many alternatives to consider. The analyst’s choices constitute the design of a communication plan. In ideal cases, the client is infinitely patient, unshakably invested in the problem, fully committed to finding the highest quality solutions, flexible about the process, and unwavering in confidence in the analyst’s work. In such cases, tight outlines or rambling jumbles may lead to the same outcome. Good quantitative analysis alone does not usually produce good decisions, because rarely does the analyst control all the resources required to decide and act. Decision makers and other players who influence the decision must assimilate the results of th ...
The Hidden Dangers of Trying to ‘Do the Right Thing:’ A Practical Look at Aud...PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Denise Hall and Michelle Calloway of Hancock, Daniel, Johnson & Nagle, P.C., copresented at the 2013 American Health Lawyers Association/Health Care Compliance Association Fraud & Compliance Forum in Baltimore. They addressed “The Hidden Dangers of Trying to ‘Do the Right Thing:’ A Practical Look at Auditing, Monitoring and Investigation Pitfalls.” The presentation covered best practices for investigating reported compliance concerns, compliance auditing techniques, repayment practices, and corrective action implementation and monitoring procedures.
Business analytics involves using data analysis and statistical models to solve business problems and drive decision-making. It starts with determining business goals and selecting an analysis methodology. Common types of business analytics include descriptive analytics, which tracks key performance indicators (KPIs) to understand the present state; diagnostic analytics, which focuses on past performance; predictive analytics, which uses statistics to forecast future outcomes; and prescriptive analytics, which generates recommendations. Business analytics professionals are responsible for collecting and analyzing data to influence strategic decisions through initiatives like identifying opportunities and problems, creating forecasts, and monitoring progress. Business analytics provides benefits like improving profitability, increasing market share, and facilitating better understanding of data to affect operational efficiency.
The document outlines the procedure for writing a report, which includes:
1) Defining objectives and aims of the research
2) Collecting primary data through methods like surveys and interviews
3) Collecting and evaluating relevant secondary data
4) Designing a primary research study
5) Analyzing the collected data
6) Preparing a report with a results and discussion section and recommendations
This document provides an overview of quantitative analysis for management decision making. It defines quantitative analysis as the collection, organization, and interpretation of numerical data. There are two main types: descriptive analysis, which summarizes and presents data, and inferential analysis, which makes inferences, tests hypotheses, and determines relationships. Quantitative analysis simplifies mass data, aids decision making, and helps identify trends. It has various uses in business for tasks like resource allocation, inventory control, project management, and risk analysis. While powerful, it also has limitations like only dealing with quantitative data and producing probabilistic rather than exact conclusions. Computers now help analyze large datasets.
This document discusses market research and its benefits. It defines market research as the systematic process of gathering and analyzing information about markets, customers, and competitors. The key stages of the research process are outlined, including problem formulation, method selection, research design, data collection, analysis and reporting. Both the pros and cons of market research are presented. Finally, the benefits of market research for management decision making are described, such as discovering customer wants, competitive positioning, and improving marketing effectiveness.
Quantitative techniques refer to scientific, mathematical, and statistical methods for solving complex business problems. These techniques include statistical methods like data collection, analysis, and forecasting as well as operations research techniques like linear programming. Quantitative techniques help organizations make data-driven decisions in areas like marketing, production, finance, personnel management, research and development, and economics. The document then provides details on specific quantitative techniques and the steps involved in marketing research.
Legal Research Proposal on corporate governance on directors' training.final ...Siti Azhar
This document outlines a research proposal on corporate governance implementation for private companies in Malaysia. It discusses selecting the research area of corporate governance and identifying the problem of whether directors' training should be compulsory or voluntary. The proposal covers reviewing literature, developing a theoretical framework, selecting a methodology, and outlines chapters for the research. It provides details on the research problem formulation process, including defining the theme, dissecting it into sub-areas, raising research questions, and formulating objectives. The goal is to analyze if making directors' corporate governance training compulsory can help increase awareness and proper implementation in private companies.
What are the characteristics of research?Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.Create memorable experiences based on real-time data, insights and advanced analysis.
Basics of research in research methodologyShajun Nisha
Thank you for the detailed presentation on research methodology. I hope this information was helpful for understanding the key aspects and process of conducting research. Please feel free to reach out if you need any clarification or have additional questions.
Coventry University 385ACC (Part-time) Advanced Study fo.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Coventry University
385ACC (Part-time)
Advanced Study for Accounting and Finance
ASSIGNMENT 2019
Coursework Submission
Coursework should be submitted on given dateline in electronic format, via Turnitin and a hard
copy submitted to the Lecturer for second-marking.
Coursework Assignment
This is an Individual written assignment. Prepare a report for about 7,000 words (+/- 10%)
Learning Outcomes Assessed
The intended learning outcomes are that on completion of this project the student should be able
to:
1) Work independently, but with tutor guidance, on a project of their choice.
2) Synthesise a wide range of academic literature in order to evaluate critically current
research and contemporary issues in accounting or finance.
3) Utilise and apply relevant accounting and finance models, theories and concepts in order
to produce a properly researched written report.
4) Gather and organise evidence and draw appropriate conclusions based on a sound
understanding of the models, concepts and theories utilised.
5) Produce clear and coherent written work, supported by appropriate references to the
sources used (using the Coventry Harvard method of referencing).
Other Information:
• Assignments should not exceed 7,000 words. Please include a word count at very end of the
assignment.
• Title page, TOC, bibliography and further appropriate and relevant appendices do not count
towards the word limit. A 10% deduction (pro-rata) will be made from your mark for every
1,000 words over this limit (i.e. 1% if 100 words over limit etc).
• Coursework assignments should not be copied in part or in whole from any other source,
except for any clearly marked up quotations. Students found copying from internet or other
sources will get zero marks and may be excluded from the university.
• You can refer to the attached marking scheme to understand the criteria for the marking of
your courework.
385ACC - Assessment Criteria
Guidelines for what would be expected from a project at each particular level.
Note that not every criterion phrase need apply. Your mark will be a matter of balance.
1ST
70 - 100
The project is well structured and communicated. It is coherent and shows an
excellent level of synthesis and/or evaluation with clear signs of originality and
insight. Has read beyond the immediately relevant reading.
2:1
60 – 69
The project has worthwhile aims and objectives clearly expressed and an
appropriate methodology. Clear evidence of independent inquiry and critical
judgement in selecting, ordering, analysing and synthesising. Has read the
immediately relevant literature and, to a limited extent, beyond.
2:2
50 – 59
Aims and objectives clearly expressed. Some appropriate theory plus an attempt at
analysis but with only basic linkages made between theory and analysis. Has read
enough of the immediately relevant literature to be credible.
3RD
40 – 49
Makes on.
This document discusses ratio analysis and its importance for evaluating company performance. Ratio analysis involves grouping financial ratios into categories like liquidity and profitability to analyze variables like bankruptcy risk, loan defaults, and stock prices. Ratios allow comparison of a company's performance over time, against industry benchmarks, and between different time periods or industries. Ratio analysis is used by companies, investors, and creditors to evaluate financial position, predict future performance, and identify strengths and weaknesses. The document then provides an overview of the objectives, need, importance, scope, and methodology of ratio analysis as well as a profile of SujalaPipes Private Limited, the company used for this case study.
This document discusses research methods and data collection techniques. It provides examples of a descriptive study design being used to explore employee empowerment policies and strategies. It also describes various quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, noting their advantages like collecting information from many people quickly, and disadvantages like not being able to determine causation. Cross-sectional studies are described as collecting data at a single point in time, making them less costly but unable to examine changes over time.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as the systematic investigation into and study of materials to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research has certain key characteristics including being guided by a specific problem or question, following a plan or procedure, and requiring the collection and interpretation of data.
There are different types of research categorized by their application, objectives, and mode of inquiry. Pure research aims to expand knowledge without looking for long-term benefits, while applied research is undertaken to solve practical problems. Descriptive research provides an accurate portrayal of a situation or group, while explanatory research looks at relationships between variables. Structured research uses objective designs and questionnaires, while unstructured research focuses on interpretation.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Raman Solanki to Sant Hari Dass College of Higher Education. It includes an acknowledgement, certification from the college, table of contents, and sections on the company profile, performance appraisal system, research methodology, data collection and analysis. The report examines the performance appraisal system at Parovi System Pvt. Ltd. where the author conducted a summer training. It analyzes employee perceptions of the system through questionnaires. The majority of employees were aware and satisfied with the current system and felt it helped improve performance and productivity.
Chapter 7 Management Concultancy by CabreraKriza Matro
The document discusses the stages of a management consulting engagement including negotiating the engagement, engagement planning, conducting the assignment, and evaluating the engagement. It describes the basic contents and purposes of an engagement plan, proposal letter, and work plan. It also discusses problem identification, data gathering techniques, data analysis approaches, solution development, implementation, and follow-up evaluation.
This document outlines the marketing research process and design. It discusses defining the research problem, estimating the value of information, selecting the data collection approach, measurement techniques, sampling, analysis methods, ethics, costs, and proposal elements. The goal of research design is to generate the most valuable information relative to costs by specifying procedures for collecting and analyzing necessary data to identify or react to problems or opportunities. Key decisions include what information to generate, data collection and measurement approaches, and analytical methods.
This document discusses Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems. It defines monitoring as the systematic collection of data during a project to determine if the project is progressing toward its goals. There are different types of monitoring, including process, technical, assumption, financial, and impact monitoring. Evaluation assesses the overall performance of projects and programs. The document outlines 10 steps to design an M&E system, including defining the purpose and scope, identifying evaluation and monitoring questions, determining indicators and data sources, and assigning roles and responsibilities. It emphasizes the importance of integrating the system both horizontally and vertically within an organization.
Gather DATA to identify business requirements.pptxgashawmekonnen4
This document provides information on identifying business requirements by gathering data from key information sources. It discusses gathering both qualitative and quantitative data through formal processes like interviews, questionnaires, workshops and document analysis. Specific internal sources mentioned include employees, annual reports, sales figures, procedures manuals, and completed forms. The importance of representative sampling is also covered.
Discussion- 11. How does efficient frontier analysis (EFA) dif.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion- 1
1. How does efficient frontier analysis (EFA) differ from other forms of complex risk assessment techniques?
The issue of the selection of the risk management methods to support investment decision-making is one of the key issues discussed in the management of portfolios. The factor contributing to the development and dissemination of the risk management methods is the fact that the development of this theory, the risk of portfolios of financial institutions began to measure widely using the Markowitz portfolio selection model. Currently, this problem has been solved, since his designation used linear programming. It cannot be missed with these two facts. The indication of such a relationship, as well as its characteristics are the main purpose of the publication, in which there was not only used the study literature. The efficient frontier can be defined as the image of a set of portfolios that provide the maximum return for each level of risk or minimal risk for any level of return. In addition, this measure brings important details in the development area of portfolios’ management of financial instruments, on the grounds that it considers the possibility of the investor’s bankruptcy and may be regarded as a dynamic measurement of the risk (Bali T.G).
2. What limitations might an analyst encounter with EFA?
The financial equivalent of racing cars if They're one of the most touted, yet most misunderstood and misused, tools in the field of financial planning. Understanding the nature of an efficient frontier model and the assumptions on which it relies. As with a sophisticated racing car, a powerful tool in the wrong hands can be a very dangerous thing. For example, it's logical to believe that stocks will outperform bonds in the future. Efficient frontier models rely on historical data and relationships to generate the "perfect" portfolio. In my experience, many investors who use efficient frontier models are unaware of their pitfalls. These models are being marketed as solutions to the problem of portfolio construction, but they come without instructions.
3. How can efficient frontier analysis results be communicated and utilized with nonmathematical decision maker?
Communication is not a crank to be turned mindlessly, but a decision problem of its own. As we will see, there are many alternatives to consider. The analyst’s choices constitute the design of a communication plan. In ideal cases, the client is infinitely patient, unshakably invested in the problem, fully committed to finding the highest quality solutions, flexible about the process, and unwavering in confidence in the analyst’s work. In such cases, tight outlines or rambling jumbles may lead to the same outcome. Good quantitative analysis alone does not usually produce good decisions, because rarely does the analyst control all the resources required to decide and act. Decision makers and other players who influence the decision must assimilate the results of th ...
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
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Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
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will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
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home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
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ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
3. INTRODUCTION
Meaning
Research is an endeavour to discover answers to intellectual and
practical problems through the application of scientific method.
“Research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”.
-Redman and Mory.
Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the
phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.
3
4. Objectives of Research
The purpose of research is to discover answers through the
application of scientific procedures.
The objectives are:
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into
it – Exploratory or Formulative Research.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group – Descriptive Research.
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with
which it is associated with something else – Diagnostic Research.
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables –
Hypothesis-Testing Research
4
5. Characteristics of Research
•Research is directed towards the solution of a problem.
•Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
•Research demands accurate observation and description.
•Research involves gathering new data from primary sources or using
existing data for a new purpose.
5
•Research
procedures.
•Research
activities are characterized by carefully designed
requires expertise i.e., skill necessary to carryout
investigation,
6. • Research is objective and logical – applying every possible test to
validate the data collected and conclusions reached.
• Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems.
• Research requires courage.
• Research is characterized by patient and unhurried activity.
• Research is carefully recorded and report
Characteristics of Research
6
7. ⦿ Purpose clearly defined.
⦿ Research process detailed.
⦿ Research design thoroughly planned.
⦿ High ethical standards applied.
⦿ Limitations frankly revealed.
⦿ Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs
⦿ Findings presented unambiguously.
⦿ Conclusions justified.
Criteria Of a Good Research
7
8. Criteria Of a Good Research
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCH
• Systematic
• Logical
• Empirical
• Replicable
NEED FOR RESEARCH
Exploration
Describe
Diagnose
Hypothesis
Inductions and Deductions
8
9. Problems In Research
9
Not similar to science
Uncontrollable variables
Human tendencies
Time and money
Lack of computerization
Lack of scientific training in the methodology of Research
Insufficient interaction between university research departments
and business establishments
10. Problems In Research
Lack of confidence on the part of business units to give information
Lack of code of conduct
Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance
Poor library management and functioning
Difficulty of timely availability of published data.
Ignorance
Research for the sake of research-limited practical utility though
they may use high sounding business jargon.
10
11. Criteria Of a Good Research Problem
Clear and Unambiguous
Empirical
Verifiable
Interesting
Novel and Original
Availability of Guidance
11
12. The Data collection technique
The data collection technique is different for different types of
research design. There are predominantly two types of data:
(i) the primary data and
(ii) the secondary data.
Primary data is one a researcher collects for a specific purpose of
investigating the research problem at hand.
Secondary data are ones that have not been collected for the
immediate study at hand but for purposes other than the problem
at hand.
12
13. The Data collection technique
Both types of data offer specific advantages and disadvantages.
a.) Secondary data offer cost and time economies to the researcher
as they already exist in various forms in the company or in the
market.
b.) It is feasible for a firm to collect.
c.) Since they are collected for some other purposes, it may
sometimes not fit perfectly into the problem defined. d) The
objectives, nature and methods used to collect the secondary
data may not be appropriate to the present situation.
13
14. The Data collection technique
A researcher's important function is the appropriate
interpretation of different types of statistical data with the help
of his tools.
The preliminary statistical work consists of collection,
classification, tabulation, presentation and analysis of data.
The most important part of the statistical work consists in the
proper use of the statistical tools in the interpretation of data.
The most commonly used tools are 'Mean, Median, Mode;
Geometric Mean, Measures of Dispersion such as Range; Mean
Deviation, Standard Deviation and also other measures such as
Coefficient of Correlation, Index Numbers etc.
14
15. The Data collection technique
It is necessary to note that technical interpretation of data has
to be combined with a high degree of sound judgement,
statistical experience, skill and accuracy. After all figures do not
lie, they are innocent. But figures obtained haphazardly,
compiled.
unscientifically and analyzed incompetently would lead to
general distrust in statistics by the citizens. It should be
understood that "statistical methods are the most dangerous
tools in the hands of an expert".
15
16. Data Editing and Coding
Authenticity and relevance of a research investigation is based
on the assurance of error-free qualitative reliability of the
collected data. Data processing has to be carried out in an
appropriate manner.
Processing comprises the task of editing, coding classification
and tabulation. In spite of a careful collection by a researcher,
there may be a possibility for errors of omission and commission
arising and it is for this purpose that the process of editing
becomes necessary.
16
17. Data Analysis
Data pertaining to economic, psychological sociological or
managerial phenomena necessarily requires appropriate
interpretation through the use of analytical procedures based
on inductive or deductive logical reasoning.
Further, proper statistical methods will have to applied for
scientific analysis. Depending upon the nature of the data which
may be nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio level, a researcher
precision in the use of 'Parametric' or 'Non-parametric' tests of
hypothesis.
17
18. Data Analysis
It may be noted that generally the nominal level data is weak
whereas the ratio level data is comparatively strong
Statistical analysis can be classified as
(i) descriptive
(ii) inferential.
18
19. Data Analysis
Financial ratio analysis is a study of ratios between various items
or groups of items in financial statements. Financial ratios can
be broadly classified into the following categories:
1. Liquidity ratios
2. Leverage ratios
3. Turnover ratios
4. Profitability ratios
5. Valuation ratios
19
20. Liquidity ratios
Liquidity Ratios Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet
its obligations in the short run, usually one year. Liquidity ratios
are generally based on the relationship between current assets
and current liabilities.
The important liquidity ratios are:
Current Ratio: Current assets include cash, current investments,
debtors, inventories (stocks), loans and advances, and prepaid
expenses. Current liabilities represent liabilities that are
expected to mature in the next twelve months. These comprise
(i)loans, secured or unsecured, that are due in the next twelve
months and (ii) current liabilities and provisions. The current
ratio thus measures the ability of the firm to meet its current
liabilities.
20
21. Liquidity ratios
Acid-Test Ratio (also called the quick ratio): Quick assets are
defined as current assets excluding inventories. It is a fairly
stringent measure of liquidity. It is based on those current
assets, which are highly liquid. Inventories are excluded because
they are deemed to be the least liquid component of the
current assets.
Cash Ratio: Because cash and bank balance and short term
marketable securities are the most liquid assets of a firm
21
22. Liquidity ratios
Financial leverage refers to the use of debt finance. While debt
capital is a cheaper source of finance, it is also a riskier source of
finance. Leverage ratios help in accessing the risk arising from
the use of debt capital. Two types of ratios are commonly used
to analyze financial leverage.
22
23. Turnover ratios
Turnover ratios also referred to as activity ratios or assets
management ratios, measure how efficiently the assets are
employed by a firm. The important turnover ratios are:
Inventory Turnover: It measures how fast the inventory is
moving through the firm and generating sales. It reflects the
efficiency of inventory management.
Debtors' Turnover: It shows how many times accounts
receivable (debtors) turnover during the year.
23
24. Turnover ratios
Average Collection Period: It represents the number of days'
worth of credit sales that is locked in debtors.
Fixed Assets Turnover: This ratio measures sales per rupee of
investment in fixed assets
This ratio is supposed to measure the efficiency with which fixed
assets are employed.
Total Assets Turnover: This ratio measures how efficiently assets
are employed overall
24
25. Profitability Ratios
They reflect the final result of business operations. There are two
types of profitability ratios:
(i) Profit margin ratios
(ii) Rate of return ratios
The important profit margin ratios are:
(a) Gross Profit Margin Ratio: The ratio shows the margin left after
meeting manufacturing costs. It measures the efficiency of the
production as well as pricing
(b) Net Profit Margin Ratio: This ratio shows the earnings left for
shareholders as a percentage of net sales.
25
26. Profitability Ratios
Return on Total Assets: It is measure of how efficiently the
capital is employed. To ensure internal consistency, the
following variant of return on total assets may be employed:
(1) Earning Power: It is a measure of operating profitability.
(2) Return on Equity: it is a measure of great interest to equity
shareholder. The numerator of this ratio is equal to profit after
tax less preference dividends. The denominator includes all
contributions made by equity shareholders. It is also called the
return on net
26
27. Valuation Ratios
Valuation ratios indicate how the equity stock of the company is
assessed in the capital market:
(a) Price-earnings Ratio: The market price per share may be the
price prevailing on a certain day or the average price over a
period of time. The earnings per share are simply: profit after
tax less preference divided by the number of outstanding
equity shares.
(b) (b) Yield: It is a measure of the rate of return earned by
shareholders.
(c) (c) Market Value to Book Value Ratio
(d) (d) „q‟ Ratio: Proposed by James Tobin, this ratio resembles
the market value to book value ratio. However, there are two
key differences:
27
29. Effective literature studies approaches
Introduce the literature review by pointing out the major
research topic that will be discussed
Identify the broad problem area but don’t be too global (for
example, discussing the history of education when the topic is
on specific instructional strategy)
Discuss the general importance of your topic for those in your
field
29
30. Effective literature studies approaches
Don’t attempt to cover everything written on your topic
You will need to pick out the research most relevant to the topic
you are studying
You will use the studies in your literature review as “evidence”
that your research question is an important one
It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables
being studied.
30
31. Effective literature studies approaches
Research that explains the relationship between these variables
is a top priority.
You will need to plan how you will structure your literature
review and write from this plan.
31
32. Effective literature studies approaches
Topical Order—organize by main topics or issues; emphasize the
relationship of the issues to the main “problem”
Chronological Order—organize the literature by the dates the
research was published
Problem-Cause-Solution Order—Organize the review so that it
moves from the problem to the solution
32
33. Effective literature studies approaches
General-to-Specific Order—(Also called the funnel approach)
Examine broad-based research first and then focus on specific
studies that relate to the topic
Specific-to-General Order—Try to make discuss specific research
studies so conclusions can be drawn
• After reviewing the literature, summarize what has been done,
what has not been done, and what needs to be done
• Remember you are arguing your point of why your study is
important!
33
34. Effective literature studies approaches
Then pose a formal research question or state a hypothesis—be
sure this is clearly linked to your literature review
All sources cited in the literature review should be listed in the
references
To sum, a literature review should include introduction,
summary and critique of journal articles, justifications for your
research project and the hypothesis for your research project
34
35. Effective literature studies approaches
Review isn’t logically organized
Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study
Review doesn’t relate literature to the study
Too few references or outdated references cited
Review isn’t written in author’s own words
Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries
Review doesn’t argue a point
Recent references are omitted
35
36. Analysis Plagiarism
Plagiarism includes :
1. Using another writer’s words without proper citation
2. Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation
3. Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without
quotation marks
4. Borrowing the structure of another author’s
phrases/sentences without giving the source
5. Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper
36
37. Types of Plagiarism
1.) Copying: The most well-known and, sadly, the most common type of
plagiarism is the simplest: copying. If you copy someone else's work
and put your name on it, you have plagiarized.
37
38. Analysis Plagiarism
This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer copies, word for
word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's book and does not
acknowledge in any way that it was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the
writer has committed plagiarism.
38
39. Analysis Plagiarism
Patchwork Plagiarism:
copying and is perhaps the second most common type of plagiarism:
patchwork plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer borrows the
"phrases and clauses from the original source and weaves them into
his own writing" without putting the phrases in quotation marks or
citing the author
39
40. Analysis Plagiarism
Now, had the "author" of this
passage put the colored phrases in
quotation marks and added a
citation after the quotation,
like (Zimbardo 62), the "author"
would have been safe. Without the
quotation marks and the proper
citation, the "author" has committed
plagiarism.
40
41. Analysis Plagiarism
Paraphrasing Plagiarism:
The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing plagiarism.
This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes
another's work without citing the source. Even changing the
words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's
essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without
citing the source is still considered plagiarism.
41
42. Analysis Plagiarism
Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used footnotes or
parenthetical citations to acknowledge Dr. Zimbardo's work, he
or she would have been in the clear. However, since the
"author" acts like these ideas are his or her own, and does not
acknowledge Dr. Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.
42
43. Analysis Plagiarism
Unintentional:
The fourth type of plagiarism is called
unintentional plagiarism -- it occurs
when the writer incorrectly quotes
and/or incorrectly cites a source they
are using. How is this plagiarism, if
the author didn't mean to do it?
43
44. Analysis Plagiarism
If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a source, it
could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the writer's part. The
dishonest usage of another's work is most often considered
plagiarism. Therefore, the incorrect usage of another's work,
whether it's intentional or not, could be taken for "real"
plagiarism.
44
45. Avoiding Plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method for
avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've used a source in
your paper, give credit where it's due. Acknowledge the author
of the original work you've used.
45
46. Analysis Plagiarism
Another way to avoid plagiarism is to use your own work as
often as possible. Quoting and citing sources is usually required
and inevitable when doing research -- that's how you "back up"
your own work. But using someone else's work excessively can
be construed as plagiarism.
Another way to it is to quote and/or cite your sources properly.
46
47. Research ethics
Research ethics concerns the responsibility of researchers to be
honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their
research studies or their reports of the studies’ results.
Involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to
planning, conducting & publishing of
47
49. Guiding principles(example)
Identify ethical issues in the following
scenarios
Two graduate students have made
some measurements on a new
material. The data points are as
shown. To prove their hypothesis the
results should lie on the curve shown.
The two students considered omitting
the two data points which were off the
theoretical curve.
49
50. Guiding principles(example)
Unethical as it would amount to falsification of data
Should include outliers and give probable reasons or find out
statistically acceptable ways of trimming outliers.
research on the awareness of diabetic diet in medical clinic
participants. Their research was recognized as the best
undergraduate research and later they submitted the same
research paper to two different journals to see which journal
publishes it first.
50
51. Guiding principles(example)
Group-2:
A group of medical students conducted a research on the
awareness of diabetic diet in medical clinic participants. Their
research was recognized as the best undergraduate research
and later they submitted the same research paper to two
different journals to see which journal publishes it first.
51
52. Guiding principles(example)
Group-3:
Students are required to prepare a research proposal during
their undergraduate program. Nimal developed the idea for his
project and discussed with a friend. Several months later, he
found that his idea had been submitted as a research proposal
by his friend without his knowledge.
52
53. Guiding principles(example)
Group-4:
Four friends decide to work together on a research project
during the vacation. One of them went abroad during the
vacation and did not contribute to the research. The friends
include all 4 names in a presentation made at a scientific
congress.
53
54. Guiding principles(example)
Unethical as only those who contributed intellectually should be
cited as authors
Those who contribute in other ways may be acknowledged
54
55. Guiding principles(example)
Group-6:
A group of undergraduate students planned a research project
on the detection of fetal abnormalities in the second trimester,
by ultrasound scanning. They collected data from the scan room
without informing the mothers
Unethical as informed consent was not taken
Should have informed mothers of their intent even though there
is no particular advantage/disadvantage to the mother in doing
55
58. Good Technical Writing
Varies by audience; it considers the reader and builds goodwill
Maintains consistent and “good” style
Is, above almost all, clear
Good technical writing style also
Attends to visual impact
Persuades
58
59. Good Technical Writing
You-Attitude” is a style of writing that
Adopts the audience’s point of view
Emphasizes what the audience wants to know
Protects the audience’s ego (e.g. does not use “you” to make
accusations)
59
60. Good Technical Writing
Build Goodwill: Avoid Bias
Use nonracist and nonagist language
• Give someone’s race or age only if it is relevant to your
communication.
• Refer to a group by the term it prefers.
• Avoid terms that suggest competent members of a certain
group are unusual.
60
61. Good Technical Writing
Half-Truths about Style
Write as you talk
Never use “I”
Never begin sentence with and or but
Never end sentence with preposition
Big words impress people
61
62. Good Technical Writing
Write as You Talk: Yes . . . But:
Yes
Do it for first draft
Read draft aloud to test
But
Expect awkward, repetitive, badly organized prose
Plan to revise and edit
62
63. Good Technical Writing
Never Use I: Yes . . . But:
Yes
I can make writing seem self-centered
I can make ideas seem tentative
I should never appear in a resume, but it’s fine to use it in a
cover letter.
But
Use I to tell what you did, said, saw—it’s smoother
63
64. Good Technical Writing
Never Begin Sentence with And or But:
And may make idea seem like afterthought
And gives effect of natural speech
But serves as a signpost, signals a shift
But can make writing smoother
64
65. Good Technical Writing
Big Words Impress People: Yes . . . But:
Yes
You may want to show formality or technical expertise
But
Big words may be
misunderstood
Misused words
Big words distance you from readers
make you look foolish
65
66. Good Technical Writing
Ways to Build Better Style:
Use the following tips as you:
Draft
Write and revise
Draft, revise, and form paragraphs
66
67. Good Technical Writing
Test drafts on actual
audiences
How long does it take
to find information
they need?
Do they make
mistakes using it?
Do they think draft is
easy to use?
67
68. Good Technical Writing
Writing Style Preferences:
Good writing varies by organization, and, of course, from class to
class and instructor to instructor
Use the style your audience prefers
68
69. Paper Developing a Research Proposal
Steps of Report Writing The usual steps involved in writing a
report are:
Logical analysis of the subject matter: The first step of report
writing is to develop a subject, either logically or chronologically.
The logical development is made on the basis of mental
connections and associations between the one thing and
another by means of analysis. Logical treatment often consists
in developing the material from the simple possible to the most
complex structures.
69
70. Paper Developing a Research Proposal
Preparation of the final outline :
After developing the subject, the final outline must be prepared to
make a framework. "Outlines are the framework upon which long
written works are constructed. They are an aid to the logical
organisation of the material and a reminder of the points to be
stressed in the report“.
70
71. Paper Developing a Research Proposal
Preparation of the rough draft :
Preparation of the rough draft is of utmost importance as the
researcher is now ready to start writing what he has done in the
context of his research study.
The rough draft should be the last of several versions, each an
improvement of the preceding one. The researcher should try to
start writing the first version of the draft immediately after
completing the outline while the ideas developed there are still
fresh in his mind.
71
72. Paper Developing a Research Proposal
Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft:
This is the most difficult part of all formal writing which
requires more time than the writing of the rough draft. A careful
revision makes the difference between a mediocre and a good
piece of writing.
While rewriting and polishing, the researcher should check the
report for weaknesses in logical development or presentation.
Then review this version-but only for its technical content.
Sometimes writing the first version will reveal some unexpected
problems that require a change in the outline
72
73. Paper Developing a Research Proposal
Preparation of the final reference/bibliography:
The next step is to prepare the final reference or bibliography
which is the list of sources either referred to or taken help while
writing the report.
There are no absolute rules in referencing but bibliography
should follow a logical arrangement in alphabetical order and
may be divided into two parts; the first part may contain the
names of books and pamphlets, and the second part may
contain the names of magazine and newspaper articles
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74. Format of research proposal
Writing the final draft:
The last step in report writing is writing the final draft which is
done in a concise and objective style using simple language.
Vague expressions such as "it seems", "there may be", and the
like are avoided. Abstract terminology and technical jargon are
also avoided to facilitate easy understanding by any reader.
Illustrations and examples based on common experiences must
be incorporated in the final draft as they happen to be most
effective in communicating the research findings to others.
A research report should not be dull. It should enthuse people
and maintain interest and must show originality.
74
75. Format of research proposal
Mechanics of Report Writing:
Definite and set rules should be followed in the actual
preparation of the research report. Once techniques are finally
decided, they should be scrupulously adhered to with no
deviation.
The following points deserve mention so far as the mechanics of
writing a report are concerned.
Size and physical design:
The manuscript should be written on unruled paper 8½˝ x 11˝
in size. If it is to be written by hand, black or blue-black ink
should be used. A margin of at least one and one-half inches
should be allowed at the left hand and at least half an inch at
the right hand of the paper.
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76. Format of research proposal
• There should also be one-inch margins, top and bottom. The
paper should be neat and legible. If the manuscript is to be
typed, then all typing should be double-spaced on one side of
the page only, except for the insertion of long quotations.
76
77. presentation and assessment by a review
committee
Procedure:
• Various steps in writing the report should be strictly adhered to.
Layout: Keeping in view the objective and nature of the
problem, the layout of the report should be thought of and
decided and accordingly adopted.
Treatment of quotations:
• Quotations should be placed in quotation marks and double
spaced, forming an immediate part of the text. But if the
quotation is of a considerable length (more than four or five
type written lines) then it should be single-spaced and indented
at least half an inch to the right of the normal text margin: An
index should be given at the end of the report to act as a good
guide to the reader.
77
78. Presentation and assessment by a review
committee
Footnotes:
Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page on which the
reference or quotation which they identify or supplement ends.
They should be numbered consecutively and always typed in
single space though they are divided from one another by
double space.
The first footnote reference to any given work should be
complete in its documentation, giving all the essential facts
about the edition used.
78
79. presentation and assessment by a review
committee
Punctuations and abbreviations:
Certain English and Latin abbreviations are quite often used in
bibliographies and footnotes to eliminate tedious repetition.
Use of statistics, graphs and charts:
Statistics are usually presented in the form of tables, charts, bars,
line-graphs and pictograms in a neat and attractive manner.
The final draft:
The final draft should be prepared after careful revising and
rewriting of the rough draft.
Bibliography: Bibliography should be prepared and appended to
the research report. Preparation of the index
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80. How to write report
Writing a report is conditioned by various factors. A good
research report is one which communicates with the readers
efficiently and effectively.
The researcher, therefore, should keep in mind the following
precautions while writing the report:
A report should not be written in haste.
Language and method of presentation should be suitable to the
level of intelligence and knowledge of the readers.
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81. How to write report
Abstract terminology and technical jargon should be avoided.
Reports vary in length.
It should be long enough to cover the subject but short enough
to maintain interest.
A report should not be dull.
Charts, graphs and statistical tables should be used to make it
attractive and to provide ready availability of the findings
81
82. How to write report
The layout should be in accordance with the objective of the
research problem.
The report should be free from grammatical mistakes. All the
composite parts must be presented in proper order.
A report should show originality and must contribute to the
solution of a problem.
It is usually considered desirable if the report makes a forecast
of the probable future of the subject concerned and indicates
the kind of research which still needs to be done in that
particular field
82
83. How to write report
• Conclusion :
• The steps and mechanics of report writing are guidelines to
produce a report which can be understood by the readers.
• They should be adhered to in order to avoid communication gap
between the reader and the writer.
• Effective communication is possible only when the report is
prepared with caution. Skill combined with caution will help a
researcher in preparing a report with minimum flaws.
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85. Patents
Grant of a property right to the inventor:
• Issued by the Patent and Trademark Office
• Term of a new patent is 20 years from the date on which the
application for the patent was filed in the United States
• US patent grants are effective only within the US, US territories,
and US possessions
85
86. Patents
The right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale,
or selling” the invention in the United States or “importing” the
invention into the United States
Not the right to make, use, offer for sale, sell or import, but the
right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale,
selling or importing the invention
Constitution of the United States gives Congress the power to
enact laws relating to patents, in Article I, section 8, which reads
86
87. Patents
Specifies the subject matter for which a patent may be obtained
and the conditions for patentability
Establishes the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) to administer
the law relating to the granting of patents, and contains various
other provisions relating to patents.
87
88. Process of Patenting and Development
Process:
Process, act or method, and primarily includes
industrial or technical processes
Machine:
Self explanatory
Manufacture:
Articles which are made, including all manufactured articles
Composition of Matter
chemical compositions and may include mixtures of ingredients
as well as new chemical compound
88
89. Process of Patenting and Development
Utility
subject matter has a useful purpose and also includes
operativeness.
Invention must "work" to be useful
Novelty
Must not be known or used by others in this country
Or patented or described in a printed publication in this or a
foreign country.
89
90. Process of Patenting and Development
Non-obviousness
The subject matter sought to be patented must be sufficiently
different from what has been used or described before that it
may be said to be nonobvious to a person having ordinary skill
in the area of technology related to the invention
Three leg stool
90
91. Trade and Copyright
• Issue patents on behalf of the Government
• Headed by Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks
• Part of Department of Commerce
• Administers the patent laws as they relate to the granting of
patents for inventions
• Examines applications for patents
91
92. Trade and Copyright
• Publishes issued patents and various publications concerning
patents
• Similar functions are performed with respect to the registration
of trademarks
• No jurisdiction over questions of infringement and the
enforcement of patents
• Divided among a number of examining groups, each group
having jurisdiction over certain assigned fields of technology
92
93. Design Patents
• Any new and nonobvious ornamental design for an article of
manufacture
• Protects only the appearance of an article, not its structural or
functional features
• Design patent has a term of 14 years from grant
• Proceedings relating to granting of design patents are the same
as other patents
93
94. Design Patents
• Any newly discovered and asexually reproduced, distinct and
new variety of plant, including cultivated sports, mutants,
hybrids, and newly found seedlings, other than a tuber-
propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state
• same parts as other applications with the addition of a plant
color coding sheet
94
95. Trademarks
• Word, name, symbol or device which is used in trade with goods
to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from
the goods of others
• Servicemark is the same as a trademark except that it identifies
and distinguishes the source of a service rather than a product
• Used to prevent others from using a confusingly similar mark
• Not to prevent others from making the same goods or from
selling the same goods or services under a clearly different mark
95
96. Patenting and development
• Statute says, "any person who invents any new and useful
process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or
any new and useful improvement thereof"
• Application = written document which comprises a specification
(description and claims), and an oath or declaration
• Drawing or reduction to practice
• Filing fee
• Filing date of an application for patent determines priority (first
to file wins!!)
96
97. Patent Cooperation Treaty
Basics:
One application for 137 countries
Compliance with form in PCT is a valid filing in all 137 countries
Own language – delay translation fee
Optional Search Report – decide if and where to apply for
patent.
If your client/company needs an estimate of costs, an estimate
may be generated using the Global IP Estimator
97
99. Patent Cooperation Treaty
Priority under the PCT is governed by the Paris Convention
Same rights in that country if filed within 12 months of priority
application
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/appxp
_4.htm#parart4
The national Office of any Contracting State willing to assume
this responsibility
The regional Office acting for one or more Contracting States,
with their consent
99
101. Scope of Patent Rights
The Patents Act, 1970
Product Patent
Patent Term of 20 years
Public Health Safeguards
The Trade Marks Act, 1999
Service Marks and Collective Marks
Term increased from 7 years to 10 years
101
102. Licensing and transfer of technology
The Designs Act, 2000
The GI Act, 1999
The Copyrights Act, 1957
The Bio-Diversity Act, 2001
The Layouts and Integrated Circuits Act
102
103. Licensing and transfer of technology
• The protection you receive is only for the appearance of the
article and not how it works.
• Design registration is intended to protect designs which have an
industrial or commercial use.
• Duration of protection is initially for 10 years and extendable for
another term of 5 years.
• Designs of stamps, labels tokens, cards, cartoons, or parts of an
article not sold separately, cannot be registered
103
104. What is GIR
• An indication used to identify agricultural, natural or
manufactured goods originating from a definite territory in
India.
• It should have a special quality or characteristics or reputation
based upon the climatic or production characteristics unique to
the geographical location.
• Examples of Geographical Indications in India are Darjeeling Tea,
Kanchipuram Silk Saree, Alphonso Mango, Nagpur Orange,
Kolhapuri Chappal, Bikaneri Bhujia, etc.
104
105. What is GIR
• Any association of persons, producers, organization established by
or under the law can apply representing & protecting the interests
of the producers
105
106. Geographical Indications
The registration of a Geographical Indication is for a period of
ten years.
Renewal is possible for further periods of 10 years each.
A trade mark is a sign which is used in the course of trade and it
distinguishes goods or services of one enterprise from those of
other enterprises. Whereas a Geographical Indication is used to
identify goods having special characteristics originating from a
definite geographical territory.
106
107. Geographical Indications
• TRIPS provisions- For reciprocal protection ;protection in the
country of origin is must.
• India did not have such protection with regard to
Geographical indication.
• Result – cases like Turmeric, Neem and Basmati.
• To cover up such situation – Geographical Indication of Goods
(Registration and Protection) Act 1999 , passed.
107
108. Geographical Indications
• The salient features are:-
a) Maintenance of register of G.I in two parts – Part A & Part
B through computer.
b) Prohibition of registration of certain geographical
indications.
c) Taking infringement action – by registered proprietor /
registered user.
d) Prohibition of assignment etc. – being public property.
e) Prohibition of registration of G.I as Trade Mark.
f) Appeal against Registrar’s decision to IP Board established
under the Trade Mark legislation.
108
110. Administration of Patent System
•Criteria for Patentability
–New & useful
–Non-obvious
–Capable of Industrial Applications
•Patents Act specifies
–What are not inventions?
–What are not patentable inventions?
•How to get that monopoly right?
110
111. Administration of Patent System
• It encourages RESEARCH.
• Induces an inventor to disclose his inventions
• instead of keeping them as secret.
• Provides inducement for capital investment
• encouraging technological development.
• It encourages establishment of new industries
111
112. IPR of Biological Systems
A patent is a Monopoly Right granted
•For an invention
•By the government
•To the inventor or his assignee
•For a limited period
It is valid within the country of grant
112
113. IPR of Biological Systems
• Ring – pull for cans of beverages
• But even for any small ‘ incremental ’ inventions
• INDIVIDUALS OR Companies-normally do not clearly recognize
the TRUE MARKET VALUE for a particular INVENTION
• e.g. Anti theft device for motor cars-wheel clamp
• Tetra pack style of cartons for milk & fruit juice
113
114. Traditional knowledge Case Studies
Effective April 2007:
restoration of the right of priority
applications filed with parts missing
rectification of obvious mistakes
addition of patent documents of the Republic of Korea (KR)
to the PCT minimum documentation
114
115. Traditional knowledge Case Studies
Working Group on PCT Reform--April 23-27, 2007
International publication in multiple languages
Supplementary international searches
Use of earlier national search results by Office other than ISA
Swiss proposal re disclosure requirements
Proposed amendments on withdrawals
115