Lymphomas epidemiology and its management

1. LYMPHOMAS
DR. DAVID MUYODI.
MOPH 717
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY, KABARAK
UNIVERSITY
24TH
OCTOBER 2024

2. HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA

3. INTRODUCTION
• Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of cancer that originates from
lymphoid tissues.
• It is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Global prevalence:
• HL accounts for about 10% of all lymphomas.
• Commonly diagnosed in young adults (ages 15-35) and older adults
(ages 55 and above).
Geographical variation:
• higher incidence rates in developed countries compared to
developing regions.
Gender:
• It is slightly more common in males than in females.

5. INCIDENCE
• Incidence rates: it is approximately 2 to 3 cases per 100,000
people in the general population.
• Trends: incidence is increasing possibly due to improved
diagnostic techniques and changes in environmental factors

6. RISK FACTORS
• Age: two peaks of incidence: early adulthood (15-35 years) and later in life
(55 years and older).
• Gender: higher incidence in males.
• Family history: having a family member with Hodgkin lymphoma increases
risk.
• Infections:
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma.
• History of infectious mononucleosis can increase risk.
• Immune system factors:
• Individuals with immunosuppressive conditions (e.g., HIV/AIDS, organ transplant
recipients) are at higher risk.
• Environmental factors: exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., Pesticides,
solvents) and radiation has been suggested as potential risk factors.

7. SYMPTOMS
• Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin.
• Fever.
• Night sweats.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Fatigue.
• Itchy skin.
• Alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes

8. DIAGNOSIS
• Medical history and physical examination: assessment of symptoms and
physical examination of lymph nodes.
• Imaging studies:
• CT scan: to identify enlarged lymph nodes and potential involvement of other
organs.
• PET scan: often used to assess the extent of the disease and response to
treatment.
• Biopsy:
• Excisional biopsy of an enlarged lymph node is the gold standard for diagnosis.
• Histological examination reveals Reed-Sternberg cells.
• Laboratory tests: blood tests to assess overall health and check for
anemia, elevated white blood cell counts, or other abnormalities.

9. TREATMENT
• Chemotherapy: is the mainstay of treatment. Common regimens
include ABVD (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine,
Dacarbazine).
• Radiation therapy: often used in combination with
chemotherapy, particularly in early-stage disease.
• Stem cell transplant: considered for patients with relapsed or
refractory disease.
• Targeted therapy: involves the use of monoclonal antibodies
(e.g., Brentuximab) and checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., Nivolumab,
pembrolizumab) for certain cases.

10. PROGNOSIS
• Survival rates: is one the most treatable forms of cancer, with 5-
year survival rates generally above 80% for early-stage disease.
The prognosis can vary significantly based on:
• Stage of the disease at diagnosis.
• Response to initial treatment.
• Age and overall health of the patient.
• Long-term effects: survivors may be at increased risk for
secondary malignancies and long-term side effects from
treatment

11. NON HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA

12. INTRODUCTION
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) refers to a diverse group of blood
cancers that include any lymphoma except Hodgkin lymphoma

13. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Global prevalence: NHL is one of the most common types of
cancer worldwide. It represents about 4% of all cancers and 2%
of all cancer deaths.
• Geographical variation: the incidence of NHL varies
significantly by region, with higher rates reported in north
America and Europe compared to Africa and Asia.
• Age: NHL can occur at any age but is more common in older
adults, with the median age at diagnosis around 60 years.

14. INCIDENCE
• Incidence rates: the overall incidence of NHL is approximately
20 cases per 100,000 people in the united states. It has been
rising in recent decades.
• Trends: the increasing incidence may be attributed to improved
detection methods, environmental factors, and changes in
lifestyle.

15. RISK FACTORS
• Age: risk increases with age, particularly after 60.
• Gender: slightly more common in males than females.
• Family history: a family history of NHL can increase risk.
• Infections:
• Certain viruses, such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), are linked to specific types of NHL.
• Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastric malt lymphoma.
• Autoimmune diseases: conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and
Sjogren's syndrome increase risk.
• Environmental factors: exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., Pesticides,
solvents) and prior radiation therapy for other cancers can elevate risk.
• Immunosuppression: individuals with weakened immune systems, such as
organ transplant recipients or those with HIV/AIDS, have a higher risk of
developing NHL.

16. SYMPTOMS
•Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin.
•Unexplained fever.
•Night sweats.
•Unintentional weight loss.
•Fatigue.
•Abdominal pain or swelling (due to enlarged spleen or liver).
•Skin rashes or itching (in some cases)

17. DIAGNOSIS
• Medical history and physical examination: A detailed history and
physical examination focusing on symptoms and lymph node
examination.
• Imaging studies:
• CT scan: helps identify enlarged lymph nodes and assess the extent of
the disease.
• PET scan: used for staging and evaluating treatment response.
• Biopsy:
• Excisional or core needle biopsy of lymph nodes or affected tissue is
necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
• Histopathological examination identifies the type of lymphoma.
• Laboratory tests: blood tests can help assess overall health, organ
function, and detect abnormal blood cell counts.

18. THANK YOU
END