Management of low grade gliomas (LGG) focuses on the WHO grading system and risk stratification. Current trends include:
1. Immediate postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for high risk LGG with residual tumor >1cm, preop size >4cm, or age >40 based on improved progression free survival shown in clinical trials.
2. A PORT dose of 54Gy in 30 fractions is recommended based on Phase III trials showing no benefit to higher doses.
3. Adjuvant chemotherapy like temozolomide may be considered for high risk patients, especially those with 1p/19q codeletions and IDH1/2 mutations, though radiotherapy remains standard of
Aim of this ppt presentation:
To understand the standard of care for both GBM and anaplastic glioma.
To know what is the new advances and modifications to the standard of care?
Contents:
Introduction: 2 slides.
GBM:
Epidemiology: 1 slide.
Molecular biology & New trends: 5 slides
EORTC/NCIC trial: 10 slides.
MGMT: 1 slide.
Evidence-based medicine: 6 slides.
Avastin in GBM: 2 slides.
Novocure (TTF): 2 slides.
Gliadel (BCNU) wafers: 1 slide.
Anaplastic astrocytoma: 7 slides
Take home message.
Aim of this ppt presentation:
To understand the standard of care for both GBM and anaplastic glioma.
To know what is the new advances and modifications to the standard of care?
Contents:
Introduction: 2 slides.
GBM:
Epidemiology: 1 slide.
Molecular biology & New trends: 5 slides
EORTC/NCIC trial: 10 slides.
MGMT: 1 slide.
Evidence-based medicine: 6 slides.
Avastin in GBM: 2 slides.
Novocure (TTF): 2 slides.
Gliadel (BCNU) wafers: 1 slide.
Anaplastic astrocytoma: 7 slides
Take home message.
General management
Management of low grade gliomas: overview
Pilocytic astrocytoma
non pilocytic/diffuse infiltrating gliomas
Management of high grade gliomas: overview
Anaplastic gliomas
Glioblastoma multiformae
General management
Management of low grade gliomas: overview
Pilocytic astrocytoma
non pilocytic/diffuse infiltrating gliomas
Management of high grade gliomas: overview
Anaplastic gliomas
Glioblastoma multiformae
Aim: to evaluate the effi cacy and tolerability of electro-hyperthermia (ET) for the treatment of relapsed malignant glioma.
Methods: this was a retrospective observational clinical study. Patients were included in the study if they had >18 years, informed consent signed, histological diagnosis of malignant glioma, failure of previous temozolamide-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy, indication for treatment with ET.
Hyperthermia was performed with short radiofrequency waves of 13.56 MHz using a capacitive coupling technique keeping the skin surface at 26 C°. The applied power ranged between 40-150 Watts and the calculated average equivalent temperature in the tumors was above 40 C° for more than 90% of the treatment duration (20-60 minutes gradually).
How do we best deploy novel agents for T cell lymphoma – what have we learned from key clinical trials ? : Should they be employed upfront?
YL Kwong, MD
Adjuvant treatment in high risk endometrial carcinoma.pptxKomalMittal55
Molecular classification is an emerging topic in endometrial carcinoma… which has led to few updates in the risk stratification and treatment of endometrial carcinoma
Stereotactic Radiotherapy of Recurrent Malignant Gliomas Clinical White PaperBrainlab
Learn more: https://www.brainlab.com/intraoperative-mri
Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) represent approximately 176,000 newly diagnosed cases worldwide per year, with an estimated annual mortality of 128,000. Malignant gliomas comprise 30% of all primary CNS tumors and remain one of the greatest challenges in oncology today, despite access to state-of-the-art surgery, imaging, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME
This seminar is presented as a part of weekly journal club and seminar regularly conducted at Apollo hospital,Kolkata Department of Radiation oncology.
Types of immunotherapy
Oncology
cancer vaccines
adoptive T cell transfer
oncolytic viruses
monoclonal antibodies
cytokine
treatment of cancer with immunotherapy
Preoperative radiotherapy and surgery rectal cancers: optimal intervalGaurav Kumar
Preoperative radiotherapy and surgery rectal cancers: optimal interval between neoadjuvant radiotherapy/chemotherapy and surgery, evidence based approach
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Low grade glioma evidence based management
1. Management of Low Grade Gliomas (LGG)
Current & Future Trends
Dr. Gaurav Kumar
Narayana Superspeciality Hospital
2. Gliomas are divided into low grade and high grade based on:
nuclear abnormalities, mitoses, endothelial proliferation, and
necrosis.
Currently Most widely used: WHO grading system
WHO Grade I lesions have low proliferative potential.
WHO Grade II neoplasms are infiltrative, recur, and tend to
progress to higher grades of malignancy despite low level
proliferative activity
WHO Grade III & IV: High grade Gliomas with marked
nuclear atypia & high mitotic counts.
3. Grade I: Pilocytic Astrocytoma, typically have
very slow growth rate, rare mitosis &rarely transforms and
possibile to be cured by surgery alone.
Grade II: Diffusely infiltrative low-grade astrocytomas include
the fibrillary, protoplasmic, and gemistocytic types.
This group poses the challenge:
They can recur/Progress
They can transform to high grade
They occur in relatively younger population
So, there lies the true need of
Multimodal treatment
4. Most oligoastrocytomas and 50% to 75% of oligodendrogliomas
recur as AAs or GBM.
Tumor Aggressiveness can be assessed with Ki-67 labeling.
Multiple studies has revealed correlation between
high Ki-67/MIB 1 labeling index with increasing grade of
malignancy.
5. Genetic Makeup :
1p and 19q codeletion : Associated with better prognosis
and are common in oligodendrogliomas.
TP53 mutations: Common in diffuse astrocytomas and
are
mutually exclusive from 1p/19q co-deletions.
IDH1 mutations found both in tumors with TP53
mutations and in tumors with1p/19q co-deletions.
7. Clinical:
42 yrs old right handed male
P/W: 04 months history of on-off headache
01 month history of focal seizures
No comorbidities
MRI Findings:
Hypo-intense on T1,
Hyper-intense on T2/FLAIR ,
Non-enhancing,
Well-circumscribed, solid SOL,
Size- 5.5x6 cm,
Not crossing midline.
Surgery:
Maximum Safe Resection
9. HP:
Mixed Oligoastrocytoma; WHO Grade II
IHC:
1p&19q Codeleted
Postop MRI:
Small residual disease with moderate perilesional edema & P/O
Changes.
Clinically patient is asymptomatic, no neurological deficit.
Now what?
10. Questions needed to be addressed:
1] Immediate Postop RT vs RT at Disease Progression?
2] Dose of RT?
3] RT Alone or RT + Chemotherapy?
4] If Chemotherapy added to RT- Which Chemotherapy?
5] RT alone vs Chemotherapy alone at Disease progression?
6] Disease Progression after PORT?
11. 1] Immediate vs delayed PORT
Evidence
Phase III adult low grade glioma trials (EORTC 22844 and
22845): Risk Factors identified & Validated
Age>40 years
Size>6cm
Crossing Midline
Pure Astrocytoma histology
Neurological deficit before Surgery
Low Risk Patient: </= 2 factors (Median Survival- 7.7 years)
High Risk: 3 or more factors (Median Survival- 3.2 years)
12. EORTC 22845 (Karim et al, 2002 & Van den Bent et al, 2005)
Randomised phase III trial
RT Dose (54Gy/30#)
Immediate RT vs RT at Progression
Results: Improved median progression free survival
(5.3 yrs vs 3.4 yrs)
Better seizure control rates
No difference in Median survival (7.4yrs vs 7.2 yrs)
No difference in rate of malignant transformation.
Pitfall: No in-depth quality of life adjusted analysis.
13. RTOG 9802 (phase II portion of protocol)
Risk Factors predictive of a poorer PFS
Astrocytoma histology
Residual tumor of >/=1 cm on Postop MR
Pre-operative tumor diameter of >/=4 cm
Patients with:
All three unfavourable factors- PFS at 5years 13%
None of the three factors- PFS at 5years 70%
14. So, on the basis of above data
Observation seems to be a reasonable strategy for the most
favorable subset i.e.
<1 cm residual tumor
Preoperative tumor diameter <4 cm
Oligodendroglioma histology
Younger patients
Following a gross total resection (GTR).
Mature result of this trial is pending !!!!
15. 2] Dose of RT?
Evidence
EORTC 22844 (Karim et al. 1996) – phase III:
Postoperative RT 45 Gy vs. 59.4 Gy
5-year OS 58% with 45 Gy
59% with 59.4 Gy.
INT/NCCTG (Shaw et al. 2002) – phase III:
Postoperative RT 50.4 Gy vs. 64.8 Gy
5-year OS 73% with 50.4 Gy
68% with 64.8 Gy.
16. Based on these Phase III trials and Extrapolation of data of
in-field recurrences in high grade gliomas
It will be prudent to limit the Postoperative RT Dose to 54 Gy.
17. 3] RT Alone or RT + Chemotherapy?
Evidence
INT/RTOG 9802 trial
(ASCO abstract 2008): phase III
Low-risk (<40 year + GTR) observed until symptoms
High-risk (>40 year or STR or biopsy) patients randomized to
RT alone vs. RT --> PCV ×6 cycles q8 weeks
5 year OS was 72 vs. 63% (p = 0.33)
5-year PFS was 63 vs. 46%
(p = 0.06) in favour of chemotherapy
18. Largest reported retrospective analysis of 149 patients
Temozolomide at Progression (1p/19q LOH was present in 42%)
53% - Objective response (15% - Partial response and 38%
minor response)
37% - Stable disease
10% - progressive disease.
Kaloshi G, Benuaich-Amiel A, Diakite F, et al: Temozolomide for low grade gliomas:
predictive impact of 1p/19q loss on response and outcome. Neurology 2007; 68:1831-
1836
19. Phase II Trial of Temozolomide in Patients With Progressive
Low-Grade Glioma
(Jennifer A. Quinn et al)
Objective response rate - 61% (24% CR and 37% PR)
Stable disease - 35%
IDH1 or IDH2 mutations predict longer survival and
response to temozolomide in low-grade gliomas.
(C. Houillier et al) Neurology October 26, 2010 vol. 75 no. 17 1560-1566
1p-19q codeletion, MGMT promoter methylation, and IDH mutation (p = 0.01) were
correlated with a higher rate of response to temozolomide
20. EORTC 22033-26033/CE5 phase III randomized trial for low
grade glioma: Phase III EORTC 22033-26033/NCIC CE5 intergroup
trial compares 50.4 Gy radiotherapy with up-front temozolomide
in previously untreated low-grade glioma
(Open to accrual)
Conclusion:
Low-grade gliomas respond to temozolomide
Loss of chromosome 1p/19q predicts both a durable
chemosensitivity and a favorable outcome
21. 4] If Chemotherapy added to RT- Which Chemotherapy?
Concerns about toxicity profile of PCV
Nitrosoureas (In PCV) – Notorious for secondary malignancy
Procarbazine - Infertility
Availability of lesser toxic and effective substitute as
Temozolomide
Oral administration- Convenient dosing of Temozolomide
Makes Temozolomide more preferable an option with respect
to PCV chemotherapy
22. 5] RT alone vs Chemotherapy alone at Disease progression?
Head to Head trial lacking
HOANG-XUANK., CAPELLEL. et al. : Temozolomide as initial
treatment for adults with low-grade oligo-dendrogliomas or
oligoastrocytomas and correla-tion with chromosome 1p
deletions. J. Clin.Oncol., 2004, 22(15) : 3133-8.
BRADA M., VIVIERS L. et al. Phase II study of primary
temozolomide chemotherapy in patients with WHO grade II
gliomas. Ann. Oncol., 2003, 14(12) : 1715-21
23. Ann Oncol. 2003 Dec;14(12):1722-6.
Temozolomide chemotherapy for progressive low-grade
glioma: clinical benefits and radiological response.
Pace A et. al.
High response rate of 47% (95% CI 31% to 61%) confirms that
TMZ chemotherapy is a valid option in the treatment of
progressive LGG specially in children below 5 years age.
For Adults: Replacing RT with chemotherapy at progression need
more robust & head to head comparable data.
24. 6] Disease Progression after PORT?
Options Include
Resurgery (If resectable)
Chemotherapy (Unresectable disease)
Reirradiation with SRS/FSRT (Small recurrences)
Newer agents under trial (Blocking mTOR with an investigational
agent ridaforolimus ).
25. Take Home Massage:
1] Immediate PORT High Risk Low Grade Glioma (Astrocytoma
histology, Residual >1 cm, Preop tumour > 4/6 cm, Age >40 years).
2] Dose of PORT – 54 Gy/30# (No role of dose escalation)
3] Adjuvant PCV/ Temozolomide –Still not standard of care but can be
considered in patients with High Risk Disease with 1p & 19q codeleted
& IDH1/2 mutated (Subject to individual risk benefit assessment).
4] Radiotherapy still standard of care (above chemotherapy) in adult
patients with progressive disease (Patient kept under observation
after surgery)
5] Chemotherapy with Temozolomide is equally effective and less toxic
as compared to PCV and can be incorporated as adjuvant, salvage
therapy.