This document presents a research paper on location-based routing protocols and their performance in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the objectives, introduction, literature review, motivation, experimental results, conclusion, and future scope of the research. The key points are: - The objectives are to study different location-based routing protocols, conduct simulations to evaluate their performance based on network parameters, and recommend protocols to improve network performance. - Location-based routing uses sensor node positions to calculate distances and estimate energy consumption. Protocols discussed include GAF, GEAR, GPSR, and DREAM. - Simulation results show that GEAR and GPSR perform better than others in terms of data loss and network delay. GEAR

1. Presentation
on
Location Based Routing Protocols and its Performances
in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Investigation
(Paper Id- 206)
Presented By-
Prasanta Pratim Bairagi
Research Scholar, CSE
Faculty of Engineering &Technology
Assam Down Town University

2. Content
1) Objectives
2) Introduction
3) Literature Survey
4) Motivation
5) Experiments Results
6) Conclusion
7) Future Scope
8) References
2

3. Research Area
 Research Area: Wireless Sensor Network
 Research Topic: Location Based Routing Protocols and
its Performances in Wireless Sensor Networks: An
Investigation
3

4. Motivation
During this study, it was observed that the selected protocols
function differently in different network conditions and have
distinct working methodologies.
Furthermore it is also observed that, a WSN has a significant
degree of power dissipation at the network level, particularly
in routing.
As a result, it is essential to examine the protocols'
performances so that based on this analysis new energy
efficient routing protocol may be recommended to improve
network performance and network longevity.
4

5. Objectives
The main objectives of this paper work are mentioned below:
◦ To study different location based routing protocols in wireless sensor
networks
◦ To conduct a simulation based comparative study of different location
based routing protocols to evaluate their performances based on
different network parameters
5

6. Introduction
 Wireless Sensor Network is consists of thousands of low cost sensor
devices that are communicating to each other to perform collaborative
task
 It is basically a distributed autonomous network to monitor physical and
environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure and sound etc
and transmits the data through the sensor nodes to destination
Fig 1: Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) - GeeksforGeeks)
6

7. Introduction Contd..
 The main elements of a wireless sensor network are a sensor device for
sensing, a CPU for processing data, a power device for power supply and
a communication device for communication in a network
Fig 2: Sensor Node Components (Sensor node - Wikipedia)
 ADC- Analog to digital converter
7

8. Routing Protocol
 A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each
other, distributing information that enables them to select routes
between any two nodes within a network.
Routing Protocol Classifications:
 Routing protocols in WSN are mainly classified into three different
categories.
These are:
a. Flat based routing protocols.
b. Hierarchical/Cluster based routing protocols.
c. Location based routing protocols
8

9. Location Based Routing Protocol
 Location based routing is based on the position/location of nodes.
 In this type of routing, location information of a node is required by
the sensor network to calculate the distance between two particular
nodes so that energy consumption can be estimated.
There are various types of location based protocols available in
WSN. These are :
Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF)
Geographic Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)
Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol (GPSR)
Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM)
9

10. Literature Survey
Ref Protocols Key Features Challenges Remarks
[1, 2, 3]
Flat
Based
 All nodes are active at the same
time
 Each and every node plays the same
role in the entire network
 Eg: SPIN, Direct Diffusion etc
 Because all the nodes are
active and work together
at the same time, it is not
possible to provide a
global identification to
each sensor node
 Energy
consumption is
comparatively
high
[1, 2, 4]
Cluster
Based
 It creates clusters and one node is
assigned as cluster-heads
 Assign different task to different
category of nodes
 Eg: LEACH, PEGASIS etc
 Selection of cluster head.
 Synchronization
between the nodes to
form clusters.
 Energy
consumption is
comparatively
low
 Provides more
Scalability
[1, 2, 5]
Location
Based
 GPS system is used to determine the
nodes location
 A node can go to the sleep state if it
is not involved in any transmission.
 Eg: GAF, GEAR, GPSR etc
 Maintaining the network
topology due to its
dynamic nature of
Network
 It provides high
efficiency and
Scalability
10
Table 1: Key highlights of types of routing protocols in WSNs

11. Literature Survey Contd..
Ref Protocols Key Features Challenges Remarks
[6, 7, 8] GAF
 It is distributed in nature
 It is based on virtual grid model
 In GAF, a sensor node supports three
modes. Sleep, Active and Discovery
 Neighbour node selection
is critical because it ignores
the residual energy of
active nodes
 Energy
consumption is
comparatively
high
[9, 10, 11] GEAR
 In GEAR, two individual techniques are
available. One is greedy neighbor
selection and the other is recursive
geographic forwarding
 If region head selection is
not done efficiently, there
is a possibility of forming a
loop between the nodes
during the transmission of
packets
 It has a longer
network lifespan
[12, 13,
14]
GPSR
 In GPSR, two individual techniques
work together. One is greedy
forwarding and the other is perimeter
forwarding
 It also keeps track of sender and
receiver addresses
 If nodes are highly
movable, it is difficult to
perform greedy forwarding
efficiently
 It supports
scaling of the
network
[15, 16] DREAM
 In DREAM, two individual techniques
work together. One is restricted
flooding and the other is directed
flooding
 Due to the constant
updating of node positions
inside the network, packet
collision or overhead may
occur
 Bandwidth
wastage happens
11
Table 2: Key highlights of location based routing protocols in WSNs

12. Experimental Results
12
Fig 3: Formation of Wireless Sensor Network

13. Evaluation Parameters
 Network Delay-It is the length of time it takes for a whole message to
travel from its origin to its destination.
 Network throughput- The average rate of successful message
transmission across a communication link is referred to as average
throughput.
 Data Delivery Ratio- Packet delivery ratio (PDR) is defined as the ratio
of total packets delivered to total packets sent from source node to
destination node in the network.
• Packet Loss Ratio- Packet loss ratio is defined as the ratio of total
packets loss to total packets sent from source node to destination node in
the network.
13

14. Experimental Results Contd..
14

15. Experimental Results Contd..
15

16. Conclusion
This study highlights that the performance of the
mentioned protocols varies depending on the network
parameter and network size.
It may be concluded from the simulation results that when
it comes to data loss and network delay, both GEAR and
GPSR protocol perform better when compared to the
others.
Additionally, in terms of network data delivery ratio and
average throughput GEAR performs better among all.
It also highlights that based on the performance of
protocols against the network parameters, the selection of
the best routing protocol is crucial.
16

17. Future Scope
Throughout this analysis it was discovered that, the selected
protocols perform differently under different network
conditions and have different functioning methods.
Furthermore, the overall performance of the existing GEAR
protocols is superior to the others.
As a result of these findings, new routing protocols may be
developed to improve routing performance and network
longevity.
17

18. References
1. Abdul Alim, Md Abdul ,Yu cheng Wu & Wei Wang "A Fuzzy
based clustering protocol for energy efficient Wireless sensor
network". Advanced Materials Research vol-760, pp.685-
690,2013.
2. Anjali1, Shikha2, Mohit Sharma3, “Wireless Sensor Networks:
Routing Protocols and Security Issues”, 5th ICCCNT, July 11 -
13, 2014.
3. Arun Kumar1, Hnin Yu Shwe2, Kai Juan Wong3, Peter H. J.
Chong4, “Location-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless
Sensor Networks: A Survey”, Scientific Research Journal,
Wireless Sensor Network, 2017, 9, 25-72
http://www.scirp.org/journal/wsn , ISSN Online: 1945-3086 ISSN
Print: 1945-3078.
4. Ayad Salhieh, Jennifer Weinmann, Manish kochhal, Loren
Schwiebert, ― “Power Efficient Topologies for Wireless Sensor
Networks”‖ IEEE, Parallel Processing International conference,
pp 156 – 163, Sept. 2011.
18

19. 5. Christian C. Enz Amre El-Hoiydi Jean Dominique De cotignie
Vincent Peiris published a paper about “Wisenet: An Ultra Low-
Power Wireless Sensor Network Solution” in 2004. IEEE
Computer Society 37 (2004) 62–70.
6. Divya Prasad1,Venkata Padmavati2, “An Approaching of Energy
Management Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | ISSN: 2395 -0056 ,May -2017.
7. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankara Subramanian, and E. Cayirci,
“Wireless sensor networks: a survey”, Computer Networks
(Elsevier) Journal, Vol. 38, no. 4, Mar. 2002, pp. 393-422.
8. Kanojia Sindhuben Babulal, and Rajiv Ranjan Tewari. "Cross layer
energy efficient Cost Link Based routing for wireless sensor
network." In 2011 World Congress on Information and
Communication Technologies, pp. 804-809. IEEE, 2011.
19

20. 9. R.V. Biradar, V. C. Patil, Dr. S. R. Sawan and Dr. R. R. Mudholkar,
“Classification and Comparison of Routing Protocols in Wireless
Sensor Networks”, UbiCCJournal, Vol. 4.
10.J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, "Geography-informed energy
conservation for ad-hoc routing", Proceedings ACM/IEEE
MobiCom'01, Rome, Italy, pp. 70-84, July 2001.
11.G. V. Rama Lakshmi and V. Srikanth, “Location Based Routing
Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network- A Survey”, International
Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Software
Engineering (IJARCSSE), Vol. 5, Issue 4, pp. 663-667, April 2015.
12.R.KalaiMagal & Mrs.M.Revathy, "A SURVEY ON WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORK PROTOCOLS," IJISET – International
Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. I Issue
6, August 2014. www.ijiset.com ISSN 2348 - 7968, Government Arts
college for Men (Autonomous), Nandanam,Chennai-600035
20

21. 13. Brad Karp and H. T. Kung, “GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for
wireless networks,” Proceedings of the 6th annual
international conference on Mobile computing and networking New York, NY,
USA, pp. 243–254, 2000.
14. J. Kulik, W. Heinzelman, H. Balakrishnan, “Negotiation-Based Protocols for
Disseminating Information in Wireless Sensor Networks,”Wireless
Networks Journal, 2004, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 169-185.
15. Prof. Mohit Dua1, Prof. Virender Ranga,Ms. Krishma Mehra, Mr. Pawan
Kardam, Ms. Snehal Mohan Bahsakhetre “Performance Evaluation Of
AODV, DSR, DSDV Mobile Adhoc Protocols On Different Scenarios: An
Analytical Review”. Department Of Computer Engineering National Institute
Of Technology, Kurukshetra (India).
16. Mark Stemm and Randy H. Katz. “Measuring and reducing energy
consumption of network interfaces in hand-held devices”. IEICE
Transactions on Communications, Special Issue on Mobile Computing,2000.
21

22. Thank You
22