In age of cloud computing, any equipment can become server, e.g. set-top-boxes or access routers. For service providers, a challenge consists in accurately making use of these servers. We address the problem of locating a large service (or content) into these Internet edges so that the delivery to clients is efficient from a networking point of view.
This document contains slides related to Chapter 3 of the textbook "Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design" covering networking and internetworking concepts. The slides include diagrams of network performance over distance, conceptual layering of protocol software, encapsulation in layered protocols, the OSI reference model layers, examples of protocols for each OSI layer, internetwork layers, routing in wide area networks, routing tables, a routing algorithm pseudocode, examples of network topologies, IP addressing structures, IP packet layout, network address translation, IPv6 improvements, mobile IP routing, and firewall configurations.
The document contains 14 figures summarizing key concepts of peer-to-peer systems and distributed hash tables. Figure 10.1 compares IP and overlay routing, noting differences in scale, load balancing, dynamics, fault tolerance, identification, and security. Figures 10.2 through 10.5 illustrate examples of peer-to-peer architectures like Napster, distributed hash tables, and object location services.
This document discusses a new approach for clustering in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) called the cluster head gateway (CHG) approach. The CHG approach aims to reduce overhead, increase energy efficiency, and improve reliability in MANETs. It removes the election of separate cluster heads and gateway nodes, instead having a single node act as both the cluster head and gateway for its cluster. This node is called the CHG node. The approach also introduces a prediction table to select a backup CHG node in case the primary CHG moves or fails. This helps maintain the cluster structure and routing information for increased reliability.
The document contains slides summarizing key concepts in security for distributed systems. It includes figures explaining common names used in security protocols like Alice and Bob, cryptography notations, digital signatures, encryption algorithms like TEA and stream ciphers, and security protocols like TLS, Kerberos, and WEP. Descriptions of public/private key certificates, digital signatures, and encryption standards are provided.
Performance comparison of hybrid wavelet transforms formed using dct, walsh, ...ijcsit
1. The document discusses a proposed watermarking method using hybrid wavelet transforms and singular value decomposition (SVD).
2. Hybrid wavelet transforms are generated from combinations of discrete cosine transform (DCT), Walsh, Haar, and discrete Kekre transform (DKT). DCT is tested as both the global and local component of the hybrid transform.
3. SVD is applied to the watermark before embedding in the mid-frequency coefficients of the hybrid wavelet transformed host image.
4. The method is tested against various attacks including compression, cropping, noise addition, and resizing. Using DCT as the global component is found to be more robust, particularly against compression attacks.
1) The document proposes a non-cooperative resource allocation game algorithm using Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) schemes in multi-cell OFDMA systems.
2) The algorithm aims to maximize utility while reducing co-channel interference and improving power efficiency through AMC.
3) Simulation results show the proposed algorithm achieves maximum capacity within AMC levels and reduces system power compared to an algorithm without AMC.
Numerical suppression of linear effects in a optical cdma transmissionIAEME Publication
This document discusses numerical suppression of linear effects in optical CDMA transmission. It presents a proposed model using Fractional Step Methods to predict signal deformation due to chromatic dispersion and reconstitute the original signal after propagation in a single-mode fiber. Simulation results are shown for Gaussian pulse propagation under varying conditions of wavelength, fiber length, dispersion, and absorption to analyze linear effects. The proposed detection algorithm uses FFT and IFFT to iteratively determine the initial signal from the dispersed signal after propagation.
Creating Ever-changing QoS-constrained Dataflows in Tactical Networks: An Exp...Roberto Rigolin F. Lopes
This paper describes an exploratory study on how to generate sequences of QoS-constrained messages to challenge the underlying store-and-forward mechanisms in tactical networks. The messages come from Command and Control (C2) systems deployed at the tactical edge and the goal is to create reproducible flow of messages with a certain degree of entropy (randomness). Given a mission/operation, we assume that the user-facing services from C2 systems are related to each other and reuse a stochastic model to generate the sequence of messages; here called QoS-constrained dataflows. We studied the system behavior dealing with three different sequences of messages (A1, A2 and A3) to illustrate the computation of metrics using cross-layer contextual information and to highlight the importance of testing tactical systems with different loads. We also compute metrics to characterize the dataflows such as time in the queue, minimum datarate, number of expired messages and so on. Moreover, we used three disruptions patterns in the network to study the sequence of messages being divided in groups so to illustrate and support general conclusions about dataflow characterization. We claim that our methodology can get closer and closer to the performance bounds of store-and-forward mechanisms in tactical networks and can be reproduced by other researchers for quantitative comparisons.
This document contains slides related to Chapter 3 of the textbook "Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design" covering networking and internetworking concepts. The slides include diagrams of network performance over distance, conceptual layering of protocol software, encapsulation in layered protocols, the OSI reference model layers, examples of protocols for each OSI layer, internetwork layers, routing in wide area networks, routing tables, a routing algorithm pseudocode, examples of network topologies, IP addressing structures, IP packet layout, network address translation, IPv6 improvements, mobile IP routing, and firewall configurations.
The document contains 14 figures summarizing key concepts of peer-to-peer systems and distributed hash tables. Figure 10.1 compares IP and overlay routing, noting differences in scale, load balancing, dynamics, fault tolerance, identification, and security. Figures 10.2 through 10.5 illustrate examples of peer-to-peer architectures like Napster, distributed hash tables, and object location services.
This document discusses a new approach for clustering in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) called the cluster head gateway (CHG) approach. The CHG approach aims to reduce overhead, increase energy efficiency, and improve reliability in MANETs. It removes the election of separate cluster heads and gateway nodes, instead having a single node act as both the cluster head and gateway for its cluster. This node is called the CHG node. The approach also introduces a prediction table to select a backup CHG node in case the primary CHG moves or fails. This helps maintain the cluster structure and routing information for increased reliability.
The document contains slides summarizing key concepts in security for distributed systems. It includes figures explaining common names used in security protocols like Alice and Bob, cryptography notations, digital signatures, encryption algorithms like TEA and stream ciphers, and security protocols like TLS, Kerberos, and WEP. Descriptions of public/private key certificates, digital signatures, and encryption standards are provided.
Performance comparison of hybrid wavelet transforms formed using dct, walsh, ...ijcsit
1. The document discusses a proposed watermarking method using hybrid wavelet transforms and singular value decomposition (SVD).
2. Hybrid wavelet transforms are generated from combinations of discrete cosine transform (DCT), Walsh, Haar, and discrete Kekre transform (DKT). DCT is tested as both the global and local component of the hybrid transform.
3. SVD is applied to the watermark before embedding in the mid-frequency coefficients of the hybrid wavelet transformed host image.
4. The method is tested against various attacks including compression, cropping, noise addition, and resizing. Using DCT as the global component is found to be more robust, particularly against compression attacks.
1) The document proposes a non-cooperative resource allocation game algorithm using Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) schemes in multi-cell OFDMA systems.
2) The algorithm aims to maximize utility while reducing co-channel interference and improving power efficiency through AMC.
3) Simulation results show the proposed algorithm achieves maximum capacity within AMC levels and reduces system power compared to an algorithm without AMC.
Numerical suppression of linear effects in a optical cdma transmissionIAEME Publication
This document discusses numerical suppression of linear effects in optical CDMA transmission. It presents a proposed model using Fractional Step Methods to predict signal deformation due to chromatic dispersion and reconstitute the original signal after propagation in a single-mode fiber. Simulation results are shown for Gaussian pulse propagation under varying conditions of wavelength, fiber length, dispersion, and absorption to analyze linear effects. The proposed detection algorithm uses FFT and IFFT to iteratively determine the initial signal from the dispersed signal after propagation.
Creating Ever-changing QoS-constrained Dataflows in Tactical Networks: An Exp...Roberto Rigolin F. Lopes
This paper describes an exploratory study on how to generate sequences of QoS-constrained messages to challenge the underlying store-and-forward mechanisms in tactical networks. The messages come from Command and Control (C2) systems deployed at the tactical edge and the goal is to create reproducible flow of messages with a certain degree of entropy (randomness). Given a mission/operation, we assume that the user-facing services from C2 systems are related to each other and reuse a stochastic model to generate the sequence of messages; here called QoS-constrained dataflows. We studied the system behavior dealing with three different sequences of messages (A1, A2 and A3) to illustrate the computation of metrics using cross-layer contextual information and to highlight the importance of testing tactical systems with different loads. We also compute metrics to characterize the dataflows such as time in the queue, minimum datarate, number of expired messages and so on. Moreover, we used three disruptions patterns in the network to study the sequence of messages being divided in groups so to illustrate and support general conclusions about dataflow characterization. We claim that our methodology can get closer and closer to the performance bounds of store-and-forward mechanisms in tactical networks and can be reproduced by other researchers for quantitative comparisons.
A genetic algorithm for constructing broadcast trees with cost and delay cons...IJCNCJournal
We refer to the problem of constructing broadcast trees with cost and delay constraints in the networks as a delay-constrained minimum spanning tree problem in directed networks. Hence it is necessary determining a spanning tree of minimal cost to connect the source node to all nodes subject to delay constraints on broadcast routing. In this paper, we proposed a genetic algorithm for solving broadcast routing by finding the low-cost broadcast tree with minimum cost and delay constraints. In this research we present a genetic algorithm to find the broadcast routing tree of a given network in terms of its links. The algorithm uses the connection matrix of the given network to find the spanning trees and considers the weights of the links to obtain the minimum spanning tree. Our proposed algorithm is able to find a better solution, fast convergence speed and high reliability. The scalability and the performance of the algorithm with increasing number of network nodes are also encouraging.
The document discusses data communications and networking. It describes how data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via a transmission medium. It also explains that a network is a set of connected devices that can send and receive data. The document outlines different topics in data communications including components of the system, data flow methods, network criteria, physical structures, and categories of networks such as local area networks and wide area networks.
Experimental Applications of Mapping Services in Wireless Sensor NetworksM H
Wireless sensor networks typically gather data at a number of locations. However, it is desirable to be able to design applications and reason about the data in more abstract forms than points of data. This paper examines one way in which this can be done. By bestowing the ability to predict inter-node values upon the network, it is proposed that it will become possible to build applications that are unaware of the concrete reality of sparse data. This interpolation capability is realised as a service of the network. We present an implementation of this service and discuss its merits and shortcomings. Additionally, we present an initial application of the service in the form of isopleth generation. That is, the delineation of contours of constant parameter value. Finally, we discuss the improvements required to create more sophisticated applications and services and examine the benefits these improvements would bring.
ESTIMATION OF MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL LAYER PACKET DELAY DISTRIBUTION FOR IEEE ...ijwmn
The most important standard in wireless local area networks is IEEE 802.11. This is why much of the
research work for the enhancement of wireless network is usually based on the behavior of IEEE 802.11
protocol. However, some of the ways in which IEEE 802.11 medium access control layer behaves is still
unreliable to guarantee quality of service. For instance, medium access control layer packet delay, jitter
and packet loss rate still remain a challenge. The main objective of this research is to propose an
accurate estimation of the medium access control layer packet delay distribution for IEEE 802.11. This
estimation considers the differences between busy probability and collision probability. These differences
are employed to achieve a more accurate estimation. Finally, the proposed model and simulation are
implemented and validated - using MATLAB program for the purpose of simulation, and Maple program
to undertake the calculation of the equations.
Determining the Efficient Subband Coefficients of Biorthogonal Wavelet for Gr...CSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an invisible blind watermarking scheme for the gray-level images. The cover image is decomposed using the Discrete Wavelet Transform with Biorthogonal wavelet filters and the watermark is embedded into significant coefficients of the transformation. The Biorthogonal wavelet is used because it has the property of perfect reconstruction and smoothness. The proposed scheme embeds a monochrome watermark into a gray-level image. In the embedding process, we use a localized decomposition, means that the second level decomposition is performed on the detail sub-band resulting from the first level decomposition. The image is decomposed into first level and for second level decomposition we consider Horizontal, vertical and diagonal subband separately. From this second level decomposition we take the respective Horizontal, vertical and diagonal coefficients for embedding the watermark. The robustness of the scheme is tested by considering the different types of image processing attacks like blurring, cropping, sharpening, Gaussian filtering and salt and pepper noise effect. The experimental result shows that the embedding watermark into diagonal subband coefficients is robust against different types of attacks.
Abstract: The increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews one of the data hiding techniques - digital image watermarking. Through this paper we will explore some basic concepts of digital image watermarking techniques.Two different methods of digital image watermarking namely spatial domain watermarking and transform domain watermarking are briefly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two different algorithms for a digital image watermarking have also been discussed. Also the comparision between the different algorithms,tests performed for the robustness and the applications of the digital image watermarking have also been discussed.
IRJET- Digital Watermarking using Integration of DWT & SVD TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document describes a digital image watermarking technique that uses a combination of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The proposed algorithm embeds a watermark image into the low-low (LL) sub-band of a cover image after applying 2-level DWT and SVD. For embedding, the singular values of the watermark and cover image LL sub-band are added together. Extraction involves applying DWT and SVD to extract the watermark from the watermarked image. The algorithm is tested on standard test images and is shown to be robust against various attacks like JPEG compression, median filtering, and rotation.
Joint Fixed Power Allocation and Partial Relay Selection Schemes for Cooperat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the future wireless systems, non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) with partial relay selection scheme is considered as developing research topic. In this paper, dual-hop relaying systems is deployed for NOMA, in which the signals are communicated with the assistance of decode-and-forward (DF) scheme. This paper presents exact expressions for outage probability over independent Rayleigh fading channels, and two partial relay selection schemes are provided. Using analytical result and Monte-Carlo method, we introduce forwarding strategy selection for fixed user allocation and exactness of derived formula is checked. The presented simulations confirm the the advantage of such proposed NOMA, and the effectiveness of the proposed forwarding strategy.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Specifically:
- It clusters sensor nodes using a genetic algorithm to minimize total transmission distance and prolong network lifetime.
- The genetic algorithm determines the optimal number of clusters, cluster heads, cluster members, and transmission schedules.
- It defines a fitness function accounting for total transmission distance, number of cluster heads, and energy used to transmit from clusters to the base station.
- Simulation results show the genetic algorithm approach can find an optimal solution and decreases total distance and number of cluster heads with each generation, improving energy efficiency.
A Survey Paper on Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several cluster head selection techniques for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses techniques that select the cluster head based on attributes like node ID, degree of connectivity, mobility, load balancing, and power consumption. Some techniques aim to improve stability and reduce overhead by minimizing cluster changes. Each technique has advantages like simplicity or load balancing, and disadvantages like additional messaging or inability to eliminate ties between nodes. The survey provides a comparison of the techniques on their selection criteria and merits and demerits.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for identifying reliable nodes in an ad hoc wireless network to form stable routing paths. The method evaluates nodes based on their transmission range, signal strength, packet forwarding capacity, and position. Nodes meeting certain thresholds for these metrics are identified as reliable and added to a neighbor routing table. Simulation results showed this selective approach to identifying reliable nodes performed better than the traditional AODV routing protocol at maintaining stable routes in the face of node mobility.
This document summarizes a study that compares the performance of the MAC layer in flat and hierarchical mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The study uses simulation to analyze throughput and packet drops. It finds that throughput is the same for both network structures, but that hierarchical networks have fewer packet drops at the MAC layer. Specifically, packet drops only occurred at 3 nodes in the hierarchical network, whereas 14 nodes experienced drops in the flat network structure. Therefore, the hierarchical approach improves MAC layer performance by reducing packet drops.
Modelling of Crosstalk and Delay for Distributed RLCG On-Chip Interconnects F...IDES Editor
In order to accurately model high frequency affects,
inductance has been taken into consideration. No longer can
interconnects be treated as mere delays or lumped RC networks.
In that frequency range, the most accurate simulation model for
on-chip VLSI interconnects is the distributed RLC model.
Unfortunately, this model has many limitations at much higher
of operating frequency used in today’s VLSI design. The reduction
in cross-sectional dimension leads to more tightly couple
interconnects and therefore, a higher probability of unwanted
crosstalk interference. This can lead to inaccurate simulations
if not modelled properly. At even higher frequency, the aggressor
net carries a signal that couples to the victim net through the
parasitic capacitances. To determine the effects that this crosstalk
will have on circuit operation, the resulting delays and logic
levels for the victim nets must be computed. This paper proposes
a difference model approach to derive crosstalk and delay in the
transform domain. A closed form solution for crosstalk and delay
is obtained by incorporating initial conditions using difference
model approach for distributed RLCG interconnects. The
simulation is performed in 0.18μm technology node and an error
of less than 1% has been achieved with the proposed model when
compared with SPICE.
This document defines an architecture for implementing scalable service differentiation in the Internet. The architecture uses packet marking with the DS field to select a per-hop forwarding behavior. Complex classification and conditioning functions are implemented only at network boundaries. A small set of per-hop behaviors are defined to allocate resources among traffic streams within network nodes. This allows differentiated services to be provided without per-flow state in core network devices.
Neural network based energy efficient clustering and routingambitlick
This document summarizes a paper that proposes a neural network based approach for energy efficient clustering and routing in wireless sensor networks. The key points are:
1. It proposes a neural network based clustering algorithm to select cluster heads in a way that balances energy consumption.
2. It defines a routing metric based on transmission and reception energy and uses it to formulate the routing problem as a linear program to optimize energy efficiency.
3. It presents algorithms for cluster head selection using the neural network, and for multi-path routing and data transmission based on the routing metric and linear program formulation.
The document proposes a dynamic network selection algorithm using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to address the problem of selecting a network for multiple simultaneous calls from a mobile terminal in heterogeneous wireless networks. The FAHP method is used to assign weights to different network selection criteria. The TOPSIS method then ranks the network alternatives based on the ideal and negative-ideal solutions to select the most suitable network. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduces handoffs and improves throughput compared to existing approaches.
Los gobernadores de Chiapas y Oaxaca se reunieron con el Subsecretario de Gobernación para discutir el conflicto limítrofe entre los estados en la zona de Los Chimalapas. De no lograr un acuerdo, la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación resolverá definitivamente la situación. Los gobernadores aceptaron instalar una mesa de trabajo para buscar una solución amistosa y también acordaron impulsar el desarrollo social de la zona.
Prezentacja pt. "Elektośmieci" wykonana na potrzeby przedmiotu Ekologia i Zarządzanie Środowiskiem przez Aleksandrę Januszek, Mateusza Bika oraz Mateusza Gosa.
This document provides guidelines for presenting an AS ePortfolio. It outlines the compulsory and supplementary evidence required for the personal performance, leader, and official roles. For each role, it describes best practices for the eight-week log/diary, health and safety and child protection reviews, performance analyses, and use of supplemental materials like videos, photos and certifications. It also covers expectations for the local and national studies assignments, including addressing all criteria, critical analysis, referencing, and meeting the word count.
Informe de Estrategia Semanal del 20 al 26 de enero de 2014Inversis Banco
El documento recomienda posiciones en varios activos a nivel global. Recomienda aumentar la exposición a Europa debido a datos económicos positivos recientes. También recomienda mantener exposición a Estados Unidos a pesar del tapering. Advierte de más volatilidad en divisas emergentes. A nivel local, recomienda posicionarse en el Ibex si se sitúa por debajo de 9.800, con especial atención a valores como Tubacex, Ericsson, Renault e IAG.
A genetic algorithm for constructing broadcast trees with cost and delay cons...IJCNCJournal
We refer to the problem of constructing broadcast trees with cost and delay constraints in the networks as a delay-constrained minimum spanning tree problem in directed networks. Hence it is necessary determining a spanning tree of minimal cost to connect the source node to all nodes subject to delay constraints on broadcast routing. In this paper, we proposed a genetic algorithm for solving broadcast routing by finding the low-cost broadcast tree with minimum cost and delay constraints. In this research we present a genetic algorithm to find the broadcast routing tree of a given network in terms of its links. The algorithm uses the connection matrix of the given network to find the spanning trees and considers the weights of the links to obtain the minimum spanning tree. Our proposed algorithm is able to find a better solution, fast convergence speed and high reliability. The scalability and the performance of the algorithm with increasing number of network nodes are also encouraging.
The document discusses data communications and networking. It describes how data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via a transmission medium. It also explains that a network is a set of connected devices that can send and receive data. The document outlines different topics in data communications including components of the system, data flow methods, network criteria, physical structures, and categories of networks such as local area networks and wide area networks.
Experimental Applications of Mapping Services in Wireless Sensor NetworksM H
Wireless sensor networks typically gather data at a number of locations. However, it is desirable to be able to design applications and reason about the data in more abstract forms than points of data. This paper examines one way in which this can be done. By bestowing the ability to predict inter-node values upon the network, it is proposed that it will become possible to build applications that are unaware of the concrete reality of sparse data. This interpolation capability is realised as a service of the network. We present an implementation of this service and discuss its merits and shortcomings. Additionally, we present an initial application of the service in the form of isopleth generation. That is, the delineation of contours of constant parameter value. Finally, we discuss the improvements required to create more sophisticated applications and services and examine the benefits these improvements would bring.
ESTIMATION OF MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL LAYER PACKET DELAY DISTRIBUTION FOR IEEE ...ijwmn
The most important standard in wireless local area networks is IEEE 802.11. This is why much of the
research work for the enhancement of wireless network is usually based on the behavior of IEEE 802.11
protocol. However, some of the ways in which IEEE 802.11 medium access control layer behaves is still
unreliable to guarantee quality of service. For instance, medium access control layer packet delay, jitter
and packet loss rate still remain a challenge. The main objective of this research is to propose an
accurate estimation of the medium access control layer packet delay distribution for IEEE 802.11. This
estimation considers the differences between busy probability and collision probability. These differences
are employed to achieve a more accurate estimation. Finally, the proposed model and simulation are
implemented and validated - using MATLAB program for the purpose of simulation, and Maple program
to undertake the calculation of the equations.
Determining the Efficient Subband Coefficients of Biorthogonal Wavelet for Gr...CSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an invisible blind watermarking scheme for the gray-level images. The cover image is decomposed using the Discrete Wavelet Transform with Biorthogonal wavelet filters and the watermark is embedded into significant coefficients of the transformation. The Biorthogonal wavelet is used because it has the property of perfect reconstruction and smoothness. The proposed scheme embeds a monochrome watermark into a gray-level image. In the embedding process, we use a localized decomposition, means that the second level decomposition is performed on the detail sub-band resulting from the first level decomposition. The image is decomposed into first level and for second level decomposition we consider Horizontal, vertical and diagonal subband separately. From this second level decomposition we take the respective Horizontal, vertical and diagonal coefficients for embedding the watermark. The robustness of the scheme is tested by considering the different types of image processing attacks like blurring, cropping, sharpening, Gaussian filtering and salt and pepper noise effect. The experimental result shows that the embedding watermark into diagonal subband coefficients is robust against different types of attacks.
Abstract: The increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews one of the data hiding techniques - digital image watermarking. Through this paper we will explore some basic concepts of digital image watermarking techniques.Two different methods of digital image watermarking namely spatial domain watermarking and transform domain watermarking are briefly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two different algorithms for a digital image watermarking have also been discussed. Also the comparision between the different algorithms,tests performed for the robustness and the applications of the digital image watermarking have also been discussed.
IRJET- Digital Watermarking using Integration of DWT & SVD TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document describes a digital image watermarking technique that uses a combination of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The proposed algorithm embeds a watermark image into the low-low (LL) sub-band of a cover image after applying 2-level DWT and SVD. For embedding, the singular values of the watermark and cover image LL sub-band are added together. Extraction involves applying DWT and SVD to extract the watermark from the watermarked image. The algorithm is tested on standard test images and is shown to be robust against various attacks like JPEG compression, median filtering, and rotation.
Joint Fixed Power Allocation and Partial Relay Selection Schemes for Cooperat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the future wireless systems, non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) with partial relay selection scheme is considered as developing research topic. In this paper, dual-hop relaying systems is deployed for NOMA, in which the signals are communicated with the assistance of decode-and-forward (DF) scheme. This paper presents exact expressions for outage probability over independent Rayleigh fading channels, and two partial relay selection schemes are provided. Using analytical result and Monte-Carlo method, we introduce forwarding strategy selection for fixed user allocation and exactness of derived formula is checked. The presented simulations confirm the the advantage of such proposed NOMA, and the effectiveness of the proposed forwarding strategy.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm to optimize energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Specifically:
- It clusters sensor nodes using a genetic algorithm to minimize total transmission distance and prolong network lifetime.
- The genetic algorithm determines the optimal number of clusters, cluster heads, cluster members, and transmission schedules.
- It defines a fitness function accounting for total transmission distance, number of cluster heads, and energy used to transmit from clusters to the base station.
- Simulation results show the genetic algorithm approach can find an optimal solution and decreases total distance and number of cluster heads with each generation, improving energy efficiency.
A Survey Paper on Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several cluster head selection techniques for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses techniques that select the cluster head based on attributes like node ID, degree of connectivity, mobility, load balancing, and power consumption. Some techniques aim to improve stability and reduce overhead by minimizing cluster changes. Each technique has advantages like simplicity or load balancing, and disadvantages like additional messaging or inability to eliminate ties between nodes. The survey provides a comparison of the techniques on their selection criteria and merits and demerits.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for identifying reliable nodes in an ad hoc wireless network to form stable routing paths. The method evaluates nodes based on their transmission range, signal strength, packet forwarding capacity, and position. Nodes meeting certain thresholds for these metrics are identified as reliable and added to a neighbor routing table. Simulation results showed this selective approach to identifying reliable nodes performed better than the traditional AODV routing protocol at maintaining stable routes in the face of node mobility.
This document summarizes a study that compares the performance of the MAC layer in flat and hierarchical mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The study uses simulation to analyze throughput and packet drops. It finds that throughput is the same for both network structures, but that hierarchical networks have fewer packet drops at the MAC layer. Specifically, packet drops only occurred at 3 nodes in the hierarchical network, whereas 14 nodes experienced drops in the flat network structure. Therefore, the hierarchical approach improves MAC layer performance by reducing packet drops.
Modelling of Crosstalk and Delay for Distributed RLCG On-Chip Interconnects F...IDES Editor
In order to accurately model high frequency affects,
inductance has been taken into consideration. No longer can
interconnects be treated as mere delays or lumped RC networks.
In that frequency range, the most accurate simulation model for
on-chip VLSI interconnects is the distributed RLC model.
Unfortunately, this model has many limitations at much higher
of operating frequency used in today’s VLSI design. The reduction
in cross-sectional dimension leads to more tightly couple
interconnects and therefore, a higher probability of unwanted
crosstalk interference. This can lead to inaccurate simulations
if not modelled properly. At even higher frequency, the aggressor
net carries a signal that couples to the victim net through the
parasitic capacitances. To determine the effects that this crosstalk
will have on circuit operation, the resulting delays and logic
levels for the victim nets must be computed. This paper proposes
a difference model approach to derive crosstalk and delay in the
transform domain. A closed form solution for crosstalk and delay
is obtained by incorporating initial conditions using difference
model approach for distributed RLCG interconnects. The
simulation is performed in 0.18μm technology node and an error
of less than 1% has been achieved with the proposed model when
compared with SPICE.
This document defines an architecture for implementing scalable service differentiation in the Internet. The architecture uses packet marking with the DS field to select a per-hop forwarding behavior. Complex classification and conditioning functions are implemented only at network boundaries. A small set of per-hop behaviors are defined to allocate resources among traffic streams within network nodes. This allows differentiated services to be provided without per-flow state in core network devices.
Neural network based energy efficient clustering and routingambitlick
This document summarizes a paper that proposes a neural network based approach for energy efficient clustering and routing in wireless sensor networks. The key points are:
1. It proposes a neural network based clustering algorithm to select cluster heads in a way that balances energy consumption.
2. It defines a routing metric based on transmission and reception energy and uses it to formulate the routing problem as a linear program to optimize energy efficiency.
3. It presents algorithms for cluster head selection using the neural network, and for multi-path routing and data transmission based on the routing metric and linear program formulation.
The document proposes a dynamic network selection algorithm using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to address the problem of selecting a network for multiple simultaneous calls from a mobile terminal in heterogeneous wireless networks. The FAHP method is used to assign weights to different network selection criteria. The TOPSIS method then ranks the network alternatives based on the ideal and negative-ideal solutions to select the most suitable network. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduces handoffs and improves throughput compared to existing approaches.
Los gobernadores de Chiapas y Oaxaca se reunieron con el Subsecretario de Gobernación para discutir el conflicto limítrofe entre los estados en la zona de Los Chimalapas. De no lograr un acuerdo, la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación resolverá definitivamente la situación. Los gobernadores aceptaron instalar una mesa de trabajo para buscar una solución amistosa y también acordaron impulsar el desarrollo social de la zona.
Prezentacja pt. "Elektośmieci" wykonana na potrzeby przedmiotu Ekologia i Zarządzanie Środowiskiem przez Aleksandrę Januszek, Mateusza Bika oraz Mateusza Gosa.
This document provides guidelines for presenting an AS ePortfolio. It outlines the compulsory and supplementary evidence required for the personal performance, leader, and official roles. For each role, it describes best practices for the eight-week log/diary, health and safety and child protection reviews, performance analyses, and use of supplemental materials like videos, photos and certifications. It also covers expectations for the local and national studies assignments, including addressing all criteria, critical analysis, referencing, and meeting the word count.
Informe de Estrategia Semanal del 20 al 26 de enero de 2014Inversis Banco
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Optimal Network Locality in Distributed Services
1. Optimal Network
Locality in Distributed
Services
Gwendal Simon
Department of Computer Science
Institut Telecom - Telecom Bretagne
2010
2. Telecom Bretagne
Institut Telecom: graduate engineering schools
Telecom Bretagne: 1200 students (200 PhD)
Computer Science: 20 full-time research lecturers
2 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
3. Credits
Funding:
Thomson R&D (now Technicolor)
French grant with Orange, NDS Tech. and INRIA
3 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
4. Credits
Funding:
Thomson R&D (now Technicolor)
French grant with Orange, NDS Tech. and INRIA
Co-authors:
Jimmy Leblet (post-doc)
Yiping Chen (PhD student)
Zhe Li (PhD student)
Gilles Straub (senior researcher Thomson)
Di Yuan (Ass. Professor: Linkopping Univ. Sweden)
3 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
5. Service Delivery Network
CLOUD
end user
4 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
6. Service Delivery Network
data-center
CLOUD
end user
4 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
7. Service Delivery Network
data-center CDN
CLOUD
end user
4 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
8. Service Delivery Network
data-center CDN
in-network servers
CLOUD
end user
4 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
9. Service Delivery Network
data-center CDN
in-network servers
set-top-box
CLOUD
set-top-box
set-top-box
set-top-box
end user
4 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
10. Toward a Decentralized Architecture
servers’ capacities scale down1
services scale up2
=⇒ multi-servers multi-component architectures3
1
J. He, A. Chaintreau and C. Diot. “A performance evaluation of scalable
live video streaming with nano data centers” Computer Networks, 2009
2
J. Pujol, V. Erramilli, and P. Rodriguez, “Divide and Conquer:
Partitioning Online Social Networks” Arxiv preprint arXiv:0905.4918, 2009.
3
R. Baeza-Yates, A. Gionis, F. Junqueira, V. Plachouras, and L. Telloli,
“On the feasibility of multi-site web search engines”, in ACM CIKM 2009
5 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
11. Problem Modelling
and Analysis
6 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
12. Problem Formulation (Assumptions)
About the n servers and the k components:
only one component per server
no capacity bounds
components are uniformly accessed
7 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
13. Problem Formulation (Assumptions)
About the n servers and the k components:
only one component per server
no capacity bounds
components are uniformly accessed
About the global service architecture:
client requests are routed toward the closest server
characteristics of links between servers are known
a generic distance (cost) function dij
7 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
14. Problem Formulation (Definition)
Rainbow distance for a server i:
total cost to fetch all missing components
j4
5
=
dij4 j3
=4
dij3
3 j2
dij2 =
i dij1 = 2 j1
8 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
15. Problem Formulation (Definition)
Rainbow distance for a server i:
total cost to fetch all missing components
j4
d(i) = dij1 + dij4 = 7 =
5
j3
dij4
=4
dij3
3 j2
dij2 =
i dij1 = 2 j1
8 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
16. Problem Formulation (Objective)
Global goal: assign components to servers
Optimization: minimize sum of rainbow distances
d(i)
0<i≤n
9 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
17. Problem Formulation (Objective)
Global goal: assign components to servers
Optimization: minimize sum of rainbow distances
d(i)
0<i≤n
Motivations:
network operator: reduce cross-domain traffic
service provider: reduce overall latency
academic: funny unknown problem
9 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
18. Problem Complexity
The problem is NP-complete:
closely related with domatic partition
6 4
7
3
8
9
5
1 0
2
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19. Problem Complexity
The problem is NP-complete:
closely related with domatic partition
6 4
7
3
8
9
5
1 0
2
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20. Problem Complexity
The problem is NP-complete:
closely related with domatic partition
6 4
7
3
8
9
5
1 0
2
10 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
21. Problem Complexity
The problem is NP-complete:
closely related with domatic partition
6 4
7
3
8
9
5
1 0
2
10 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
22. Problem Complexity
The problem is NP-complete:
closely related with domatic partition
6 4
7
3
8
9
5
1 0
2
10 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
23. Integer Programming
1 if component c is allocated at server i
xic =
0 otherwise
c 1 if i obtains component c from j
yij =
0 otherwise
n k n
c
Minimize d(i, j)yij
i=1 c=1 j=1
k
Subject to xic = 1, only one component per server
c=1
c
yij = 1 − xic , a server has c or has exactly one pointer to c
j=i
c
yij ≤ xjc , a server has c from another server if this latter has c
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24. Related Works
12 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
25. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
⇒ open a subset of facilities with minimal overall cost
c1 = 9 c2 = 3 c3 = 5
u1 u2 u3
26. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
⇒ open a subset of facilities with minimal overall cost
c1 = 9 c2 = 3 c3 = 5
u1 u2 u3
i1
i2
27. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
⇒ open a subset of facilities with minimal overall cost
c1 = 9 c2 = 3 c3 = 5
u1 u2 u3
6 8
3
i1
i2
28. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
⇒ open a subset of facilities with minimal overall cost
c1 = 9 c2 = 3 c3 = 5
u1 u2 u3
6 8 12 11
3
7
i1
i2
13 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
29. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
most variants are NP-complete
3
close variant is k-PUFLP: a 2 k − 1 -approx. algo4
possible transformation from our prob. to k-PUFLP
4
H. C. Huang and R. Li, “A k-product uncapacitated facility location
problem”, European Journal of Op. Res., vol. 185, no. 2, 2008.
13 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
30. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
3
a 2k − 1 -approx. algo
13 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
31. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
3
a 2k − 1 -approx. algo
Content Delivery Networks
k-median problem: no multiple servers
13 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
32. Related Works
Facility Location Problem
3
a 2k − 1 -approx. algo
Content Delivery Networks
k-median problem: no multiple servers
Nano data centers powered by set-top-boxes
uniform random allocation of components to servers
13 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
33. Our Algorithms
14 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
34. Approximate Algorithm
For a server i:
¯
1. compute distance d(i) to k − 1 closest servers
¯
2. wait until every server j with smaller d(j) are OK
3. try to optimize locally −→ optimized state
4. if impossible −→ saved state
5. uncolored saved nodes get furthest components
15 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
43. Proof
¯
d(i), cost to i’s k − 1 nearest neighbors.
d(i), rainbow cost of i.
6
7
10
13 4
15 2
5
1 18
11
8 3
16
12
17
14
9
17 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
44. Proof
¯
d(i), cost to i’s k − 1 nearest neighbors.
d(i), rainbow cost of i.
¯
optimized node: d(i) = d(i)
6
7
10
13 4
15 2
5
1 18
11
8 3
16
12
17
14
9
17 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
45. Proof
¯
d(i), cost to i’s k − 1 nearest neighbors.
d(i), rainbow cost of i.
¯
optimized node: d(i) = d(i)
6
7
10 i node conflicting with its nearest neighbor:
13 4
15 2
optimized node at one hop
5 i
1 18
11 ¯
d(i) ≤ (k − 2)d(i)
8 3
16
12
17
14
9
17 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
46. Proof
¯
d(i), cost to i’s k − 1 nearest neighbors.
d(i), rainbow cost of i.
¯
optimized node: d(i) = d(i)
6
7
10 node conflicting with its nearest neighbor:
13 4
15 2
optimized node at one hop
5
1 18
11 ¯
d(i) ≤ (k − 2)d(i)
3 i
8
16
12
17
node with two conflicting nearest neighbors:
14
9 j1 optimized node at two hops
i
¯
d(i) ≤ ( 3 k − 5 )d(i)
2 2
17 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
47. A Heuristic Algorithm
Idea: use the similarity with domatic partition
domatic coloring of a proximity graph
18 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
48. A Heuristic Algorithm
Idea: use the similarity with domatic partition
domatic coloring of a proximity graph
1. build a k-nearest neighbor graph O(n · log n)
2. augment it into an interval graph O(n)
3. build the domatic partition O(n)
18 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
49. Another Heuristic Algorithm
Based on a k-nearest neighbor graph, two rounds
1. explore surroundings: do not pick a component
hosted by a direct neighbor
hosted by a peer that considers you as a direct neighbor
hosted by one of its direct neighbors
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50. Another Heuristic Algorithm
Based on a k-nearest neighbor graph, two rounds
1. explore surroundings: do not pick a component
hosted by a direct neighbor
hosted by a peer that considers you as a direct neighbor
hosted by one of its direct neighbors
2. try to maximize the benefits
pick component satisfying in average the direct neighbors
19 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
52. Configurations
Several contexts have been considered:
network of latencies
select randomly n peers among 20, 000 entries
⇒ minimize the global latency
network of Autonomous Systems
put µ peers into every AS
inter-AS routing
⇒ minimize the cross-domain traffic
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53. Comparing to Exact Solutions
22 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
54. Going Further
23 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
55. Cross-Domain Gain
6
5
1,346
Average Hops
4
3,778 1,072 1,074 1,085
3
2,695 2,764 2,746
2
1
0
Random k-nearest Topo k-nearest Rela k-PUFLP
Peering Transit
24 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
56. Conclusion
25 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
57. Only Preliminary Works
Many theoretical results can be obtained:
relax assumptions (esp. capacity, number of
components)
study families of instances
better approximation
26 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
58. Only Preliminary Works
Many theoretical results can be obtained:
relax assumptions (esp. capacity, number of
components)
study families of instances
better approximation
Many realistic variants can be formulated:
take into account network architecture
objective of fairness
26 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services
59. Any question?
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27 / 27 Gwendal Simon Network Locality in Distributed Services