Lmtc goat class dr sreehari vs rpf-malampuzha.pptm
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presentation prepared for training kerala farmers on commercial goat production
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Lmtc goat class dr sreehari vs rpf-malampuzha.pptm
- 1. ആട് വളർത്തേൽ ലാഭകരമാക്കാൻ Dr SREEHARI S (MVSc ,PhD, Livestock Production Management) 7907612645 drsreehari98vet@gmail.com https://sites.google.com/site/drsreehari98vetsite/ Dr Velayudhakumar AD, LMTC 8848289622
- 3. ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ ● ആത്മവിശ്വാസം – ○ വിജ്ഞാനം ● സംരംഭങ്ങൾ -വ്യാവസായികം ● ആടുകെള തിരെഞ്ഞടുക്കൽ ○ പാേയാഗിക വശങ്ങൾ ● അനുഭവങ്ങൾ പങ്കെുെവക്കൽ ○ പശ്ന പരിഹാരം- ചർച്ചകൾ ?
- 4. ആടു ഫാം ലാഭകരമാകാൻ-10 കല്പനകൾ േഡാ.ആർ.േവണുേഗാപാൽ... അസിസ്റ്റന്റ ് ഡയറക്ടർ മൃഗ സംരക്ഷണ വകുപ്പ്
- 5. ● 1 - ആടുകളിെല അന്തർ പജനനം ഒഴിവാക്കുക.ഇതിനായി പജനന രജിസ്റ്റർ സൂക്ഷിക്കുക ● 2 - പാരന്റ ് േസ്റ്റാക്കിലുള്ള െപണ്ണാടുകളുെട ഇരട്ടി എണ്ണം കുട്ടികൾ ഒരു വർഷം ഫാമിൽ ഉണ്ടാകണം ● 3 - ആട്ടിൻ കുട്ടികളുെട ജനന സമയെത്തേ തൂക്കം 2 kg യിൽ കുറവ് വരാെത ഗർഭ കാല തീറ്റ കമീകരിക്കുക. ● 4 - കുട്ടികളിെല വാർഷിക മരണ നിരക്ക് 10 ശതമാനം കവിയരുത്...മുതിർന്ന ആടുകളിൽ പരമാവധി 2 ശതമാനം വെരയും ● 5 - ആട് വസന്ത.കുരളടപ്പൻ,എന്റേറാേടാക്സിമിയ എന്നീ കുത്തേിവയ്പുകൾ വർഷം േതാറും നൽകുക
- 6. സൂചിക •Buck = മുട്ടൻ ആട് •Doe = പിട •Mating = ഇണ േചർക്കൽ •Insemination = ബീജസങ്കലനം •Kidding = ആടിെന്റ പസവം •Litter size = ഒരു പസവത്തേിൽ ഉള്ള കുട്ടികളുെട എണ്ണം •Litter weight = ഒരു പസവത്തേിെല കുട്ടികളുെട ആെക തൂക്കം പജനന രജിസ്റ്റർ
- 9. ● 6 - ശരീര തിനാവശ്യമായ ഖര വസ്തുക്കൾ( ശരീര തൂക്കത്തേിെന്റ 5% ) ലഭിക്കാനായി പൂർണമായും പച്ചപ്പുല്ലു നൽകാെത ഒരുേനരം വൃക്ഷ ഇല കൂടി നൽകുകേയാ അെല്ലങ്കിൽ െവയിലത്തേു വാട്ടി ജലാംശം കുറച്ചു പുല്ല് നൽകുന്നത് നല്ലതാണ്.. ● 7 - 3 മാസം എത്തേുേമ്പാൾ (പാലുകുടി പായം കഴിയുേമ്പാൾ) കുട്ടികെള വിൽക്കുക...പിന്നീട് നിർത്തേുകയാെണങ്കിൽ തീറ്റ ചിലവ് വർധിക്കും
- 10. ● 8 - രാവിെല 8 മണിക്ക് ആരംഭിച്ചു ൈവകിട്ടു 4 മണി െകാണ്ടു ഫാമിെല േജാലികൾ തീരുന്ന തരത്തേിൽ ഒരു ൈദനം ദിന കലണ്ടർ ഉണ്ടാക്കുക ● 9 - പുറത്തേു നിന്നു ആടുകെള െകാണ്ടു വരുേമ്പാൾ കർശനമായി quarantine നടപടികൾ പാലിക്കുക. ● 10- ഏറ്റവും മികച്ച ആട്ടിൻ കുട്ടികെള തൂക്കത്തേിെന്റ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തേിൽ മാ തം വിപണനം െചയ്യ യ്യ്യുന്ന േക ന്ദമാക്കി ഫാമിെന മാറ്റുക
- 12. വ്യാവസായിക സംരംഭമാക്കാൻ എന്താണ് െചയ്യുക ? ● ഒരു പജനന യൂണിറ്റായി തുടങ്ങുക. ● ഒരു യൂണിറ്റിൽ 19 െപണ്ണാടുകൾ .1മുട്ടനാട് .. ആെക 20 ആടുകൾ.. ● 6 മുതൽ 8 മാസം പായമുള്ള വർഗ്ഗ ഗുണേമന്മ യുള്ള19 മലബാറി െപണ്ണാടുകെളയും രക്തബന്ധം ഇല്ലാത്തേതും ഗുണേമന്മയുള്ളതു മായ ഒരു മുട്ടൻ ആടിെനയും വാങ്ങി ഇൻഷുറൻസ് െചയ്യുക. ● ഇവയ്ക്കു വിരമരുന്നു നൽകി ആടു വസന്ത. കുരളടപ്പൻ എന്നീ പതിേരാധ കുത്തേി വയ്പുകൾ നൽകി 21 ദിവസം quarentine നൽകി ഫാമിൽ പേവശിപ്പിക്കുക
- 13. ● 240 ചതുര ശ അടി വിസ്താരം ഉള്ള ഒരു കൂടു നിർമിക്കാൻ 400 രൂപ നിരക്കിൽ 1 ലക്ഷം രൂപ േവണ്ടി വരും..െപണ്ണാടിനു 10 ചതുര ശ അടി... മുട്ടനാട് നു 20 ചതുര ശ അടി കുട്ടികൾക്ക് 1 ചതുര ശ അടി സ്ഥല വിസ്തീർണം േവണ്ടിവരും ● മൂന്നു ലക്ഷം രൂപയും 50 െസന്റ ് സ്ഥലവും േവണ്ടി വരുന്ന ഒരു സംരംഭം ആണ് ഇത്. ● 20 ആടിൽ കുറവായത് െകാണ്ടു പഞ്ചായത്തേു ൈലസൻസ് േവണ്ട.. ഒപ്പം ൈവദ്യതി കണക്ഷനും േവണ്ട ..ഒരു ദിവസം 40 ലിറ്റർ െവള്ളവും മതിയാകും .... പേത്യകിച്ചു േജാലിക്കാെര േവണ്ടതില്ല
- 14. ● 8# 19 െപണ്ണാടുകെള ബീഡ് െചയ്യാനായി ഈ മുട്ടാനടിെന ഉപേയാഗിക്കണം.. അവയ്ക്കുണ്ടാകുന്ന മുഴുവൻ കുട്ടികെളയും 3 മാസം എത്തേുേമ്പാൾ വിൽക്കണം..ഈ സംരംഭത്തേിൽ ഒരു വർഷം 38 ആട്ടിൻ കുട്ടികെള വിൽക്കാൻ കഴിയും.. ● 9# 10 കിേലാ തൂക്കം വരുന്ന 3 മാസം പായത്തേിൽ 350 രൂപ നിരക്കിൽ 10 കുട്ടികളുെട വില്പനയിലൂെട 1.33 ലക്ഷം രൂപ വരുമാനമായി ലഭിക്കും.3 വർഷം െകാണ്ടു േ പാജക്ട് േ ബക്ക് ഇവൻ ആവുകയും െചയ്യും ● 10# നല്ലയിനം ആട്ടിൻ കുട്ടികെള അന്തർ പജനനം ഒഴിവാക്കി പാേദശികമായി ഉല്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്ന അംഗീകൃത ആടു വളർത്തേൽ യൂണിറ്റായി ഈ സംരഭെത്തേ മാറ്റാം.ഒപ്പം ഇടനിലക്കാരുെട ചൂഷണം ഒഴിവാക്കി ഗുണേമന്മയുള്ള ആട്ടിൻ കുട്ടികളുെട വിപനനേക ന്ദം ആയി ലാഭകരമായി പവർത്തേിക്കാം....
- 15. മറ്റു േമഖലകെളക്കാൾ ആടിന് എന്താണ് െമച്ചം ? ● 1* കാശപ്പുനിയ ന്തണേമാ കാലിച്ചന്ത നിയ ന്തണേമാ ബാധകമാകുന്നില്ല. ● 2* െവള്ളത്തേിെന്റയും ൈവദ്യുതിയുെടയും ആവശ്യം കുറവ് ● 3* 100 ആടിനു േവണ്ട പുൽക്കൃഷി െചയ്യാൻ 50 െസൻറ് സ്ഥലം മതി ● 4* പാൽ,മുട്ട,േകാഴി ഇറച്ചി എന്നിവെയ േപാെല അന്യ സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നുമുള്ള ഇറക്കുമതി ഈ േമഖലെയ ബാധിക്കുന്നില്ല ● 5* ആട്ടിറച്ചിയുെടയും ആട്ടിൻ കുട്ടികളുെടയും ഡിമാൻഡ് അനുദിനം വർധിച്ചുവരുന്നു.
- 16. ● 6* െവള്ളത്തേിെന്റ ഉപേയാഗം കുറവായതിനാൽ പരിസരമലിനീകരണം കുറവാണ്. ● 7* 8 മണിക്കൂർ േജാലി സമയം മതിയാകും ● 8* 40 ആടിെന പരിപാലിക്കാൻ ഒരാൾ മതിയാകും ● 9* ൈകകാര്യം െചയ്യാൻ എളുപ്പ മായതിനാൽ ഒരു വനിതാ സംരംഭം ആയി നടപ്പിലാക്കാൻ കഴിയും ● 10* െമച്ചെപ്പട്ട വരുമാനം..20 ആടിെന്റ ഒരു യൂണിറ്റിൽ നിന്നു 80000 രൂപ വെര വാർഷിക വരുമാനം
- 17. (മിനുസമുള്ള x എല്ല് മുഴച്ച ) േതാൾഭാഗം നീണ്ടു െമലിഞ്ഞ കഴുത്തേ് പരന്ന മുതുക് ബലിഷ്ടമായ കാലുകൾ വണ്ണവും വീതിയും ഉള്ള ഇടുപ്പ് ബലമുള്ള നിവർന്ന കാലുകൾ ഇറച്ചിക്ക് േവണ്ടി ഉള്ള ആടിന് േവണ്ട ലക്ഷണങ്ങൾ
- 28. Improvised crate for weighing
- 29. Aadugramam
- 30. Shed construction ● Small sheds 1 -ൈവേക്കാൽ/തീറ്റപ്പുര 2 -തള്ളയും നവജാത കുട്ടികളും 3 -കറവയുള്ള പിടകൾ /െകാറ്റി 4 -മുട്ടനാട് / െകാറ്റൻ 5 -കറവ മുറി 6 -തീറ്റപ്പാ തം 7 -കുടിെവള്ളം 8 -തുറന്ന സ്ഥലം 9 -അടച്ച കൂട് 1 2 3 4 6 8 7 9
- 31. •50 കിേലാ ഗാം തൂക്കം ഉള്ള മുട്ടന് പതിദിനം 9.5 ലിറ്റർ െവള്ളം ആവശ്യമാണ്. •കുട്ടികൾ പതിദിനം 7.7 ലിറ്റർ ഉപേയാഗിക്കുന്നു. •െകാറ്റി/ പിടകൾക്ക് പതിദിനം ശരാശരി 13.2 ലിറ്റർ (ഇതിൽ മുലയൂട്ടുന്നവർക്ക് അവർ ഉത്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ഒേരാ ലിറ്റർ പാലിനും 1.9 ലിറ്റർ അധിക െവള്ളം ആവശ്യമാണ് ( പതിദിന ആവശ്യത്തേിനു പുറേമ) •ഉയർന്ന േ പാട്ടീൻ (മാംസ്യം) അടങ്ങിയ തീറ്റയാണ് ആടുകൾക്ക് െകാടുക്കുന്നത് എങ്കിൽ അവർ കൂടുതൽ െവള്ളം കുടിക്കും,
- 32. Courtesy – Dr Venugopal mob-9387830718
- 34. Commercial goat farm Courtesy – Prof. Giggin (KVK Calicut) mob : 9847335759
- 36. Unique Biology Ruminants ● Three compartment forestomach ○ Rumen, reticulum, omasum ● Rumen ○ Anaerobic fermentation chamber ■ bacteria & protozoa ■ Cellulase & other enzymes ○ Produce volatile fatty acids (VFA) – main source of energy ■ Acetic, propionic, butyric
- 37. മദി ലക്ഷണം തുടങ്ങുന്ന പായം 7 months to 1 year ആദ്യ ഇണ േചർക്കൽ - ശരീര തൂക്കം 15-18 kg ആദ്യ ഇണ േചർക്കൽ - വയസ്സ് 8 months to 12 months മദിച കം/ പുള വരുന്ന ഇടേവള Generally every 18-21 days മദി/ പുളയുെട ൈദർഘ്യം 14 – 48 hours ഗർഭകാലം 145 – 156 days ആദ്യ പസവം - പായം 13 –17 months പസവ േതാത് 3 in 2 consecutive years പസവം കഴിഞ്ഞു
- 41. േരാഗങ്ങളും നിയ ന്തണവും “ആേരാഗ്യമാണ് ഏറ്റവും വലിയ സമ്മാനം.” ബുദ്ധൻ “േരാഗം വരുന്നതുവെര ആേരാഗ്യെത്തേ വിലമതിക്കുന്നില്ല.” േതാമസ് ഫുള്ളർ ആേരാഗ്യത്തേിെന്റ ഏറ്റവും ഉയർന്ന രൂപ മാണ് സേന്താഷം. ” ദൈലലാമ “ആേരാഗ്യമുള്ള പൗരന്മാരാണ് ഏെതാരു രാജ്യത്തേിനും ലഭിക്കുന്ന ഏറ്റവും വലിയ സ്വത്തേ്.” വിൻസ്റ്റൺ ചർച്ചിൽ “നിങ്ങൾ കഴിക്കുന്നത് അക്ഷരാർത്ഥത്തേിൽ നിങ്ങളായിത്തേീരും. നിങ്ങൾ നിർമ്മിച്ചതിൽ നിങ്ങൾക്ക് ഒരു വലിയ പങ്കുണ്ട്. ” അജ്ഞാതൻ
- 42. ഭക്ഷ്യ സുരക്ഷ
- 43. •അളവ് •ഗുണം സുരക്ഷ ? • ജനെപ്പെരുപ്പെം • നഗരവല്കരണം • ക്ര്ഷിസ്ഥലം കുറയുന്നെു • ആഹാരം മനുഷ്യേനാ മൃഗത്തിേനാ? • കുറഞ്ഞ എണ്ണം മർഗങ്ങൾ കൂടുതൽ ഉത്പാദനം • പരിസ്ഥിതി നാശം • ആേരാഗ്യം േമാശം • ദാരി ദ്യം പട്ടിണി
- 45. ചൂട്
- 46. •കാലാവസ്ഥ •നല്ല കൂട്/ െതാഴുത്ത് •അത്യുല്പാദനം •േപാഷക സമൃദ്ധമായ ആഹാരം •േരാഗങ്ങൾ • പതിേരാധം •ചികിത്സ
- 54. ഇനം െസന്റിേ ഗഡ് C ഫെരന്ഹീറ്റ് ° F ഇറച്ചി - കാള 36.7–39.1 98.0–102.4 കറവപ്പശു 38.0–39.3 100.4–102.8 േകാഴി 40.6–43.0 105.0–109.4 ആട് 38.5–39.7 101.3–103.5 പന്നി 38.7–39.8 101.6–103.6 മുയൽ 38.6–40.1 101.5–104.2 െചമ്മരി ആടുകൾ 38.3–39.9 100.9–103.8 േറാബർട്ട്േഷാ ഡി. െടമ്പേറച്ചർ െറഗുേലഷൻ ആൻഡ് െതർമൽ എൻവേയാൺെമൻറിൽ നിന്ന് അഡാപ്റ്റുെചയ്തത്, ഡ്യൂക്ക്സിെൻ്റെ ഫിസിേയാളജി ഓഫ് െഡാമസ്റ്റിക് അനിമൽസ്, 12 മത് പതിപ്പ്, റീസ് ഡബ്ല്യുഒ, എഡ്. പകർപ്പവകാശം 2004 േകാർെനൽ
- 56. ഫാം െകട്ടിടങ്ങളുെട സ്ഥാനം 1. പുൽ കൃഷി - pasture 2. അടച്ച സ്ഥലം – confined area 3. Manure – വളം
- 57. പരിമിതമായ പേവശനം
- 61. Unique Biology Ruminants ● VFA absorbed in large intestine ○ Unlike monogastrics ● Microorganisms also synthesizes vitamins B, K and provide protein ● Gases produced and eructated ○ CO2, Methane, Nitrogen ● Spiral Colon ● No upper incisors
- 62. Basic Nutrition Ruminant ○ Commercial feeds, pasture, hay, concentrates ○ Sheep & Cattle: Grazers ○ Goats: Browsers ■ Can be very selective, eating only leafy parts; waste hay ■ Tend to eat grasses, seeds, nuts, fruits, and woody stemmed plants ■ Do not tolerate finely ground concentrates ■ Do not prefer “sweet” feeds (except our “fat” goats) ○ Make nutrition changes slowly
- 63. Behavior ○ Sheep ■ Easily scared – move slowly and gently ○ Goats ■ Orally investigative ■ May readily chew through wooden gates or fencing ■ May make sneezing noises to confront unfamiliar intruders ○ Cattle ■ Dairy=docile; Beef=not ■ Calves: non-nutritive suckling
- 64. Fodder shortage? ● Hydroponics ● Enrichment of roughage
- 66. Aadugramam ● Dr Mathews SVS, VH Kodakara, Trissur ○ Mob 9447161736 ● Dr Manoj M SVS, VH Cherpu, Trissur ○ Mob 9447033241 ● Marketing channels
- 67. Target Audiences for Goat Meat-Animal Type Preference,Processing Preferences and Seasonal Demand
- 68. General flock shed (Ewe / Doe shed) ● The flock shed shall be used for housing ewes or does kept for breeding purpose. ● The shed shall be 15m (l) x 4m (w) x 3 m (h) and can accommodate not more than 60 ewes or does. ● The shed should be three metre high and should have brick-on-edge floor. ● In low lying and heavy rainfall areas, the floors should preferably be elevated and in temperate regions they may be made of strong wood.
- 69. Ram / buck shed ● Rams or bucks kept for breeding purpose are housed individually in these sheds. Alternatively, wooden partitions can be raised in bigger shed to partition in to stalls. ● The dimension is of 4m (l) ×2.5m (w) ×3m (h) and can accommodate about 3 rams/ bucks. ● The shed shall be partitioned lengthwise to form three equal compartments. ● The partition between each shed should not exceed one metre. ● The partitions may be either of wooden planks or half-cut ballis. ● The partition shall be not more than one metre high from the floor.
- 70. Lamb/ kid shed ● Lambs or kids from weaning upto attaining maturity are housed in these sheds at the rate of about 25 animals per shed. ● By making suitable partitions in a larger shed, unweaned, weaned but immature and nearby maturity lambs can be housed separately. ● On larger farms however, three separate sheds may be constructed to house three categories of kids or lambs. ● The shed shall be with a dimension of 7.5m (l) ×4m (w) ×3m (h) to accommodate not more than 75 animals. ● The shed shall be partitioned breadth wise dividing into two compartments. ○ The compartments having dimension of 5m (l) ×4m (w) ×3m (h) shall be used to keep the unweaned animals and other compartment with dimension of 2.5m(l)×4m(w) x3m(h) shall be used for keeping the weaned animals.
- 71. Sick animal shed ● There shall be a sick animal shed for segregating ailing and disabled animals. ● Away from the other sheds one or more sick animal sheds may be constructed with a dimension of 3m (l) ×2m (w) × 3 m (h). ● The lower half of the door may be made of wooden planks and the upper half of wire-netting. ● There may also be a window of 0.7 m broad and 1.2 m high with a wire net covering.
- 72. Shearing and storeroom ● The shearing and storeroom consist of two compartments with a dividing wall. ● One room may be exclusively meant for storing wool and shearing equipment and the other for keeping feed and medicines. ● The other room used for shearing may be 6m (l) x 2.5m (w) x 3m (h). ● There shall be a door one metre wide and two metres high in front side of the room. ● The door leaf may be made of wooden battens. It may also have two windows, one on each side of the long sides of the room. ● This room should have clean smooth floors and walls lined with glazed tiles upto a height of one and half metre. ● The room should be made damp and dust proof. ● There shall be three windows on three sides.
- 73. Attendant's room ● The shepherd's house meant for caretaker shall be located at a convenient place in the yard. ● The house may be 6m (l) X 4m (w) X 3 m (h). There shall be a door of one metre wide and two metres high on the long side of the shed facing the passage of the yard. ● The door leaf may be of wooden planks. There may be four windows; one of these facing the passage of the yard and the other three facing outside. ● Each window may be 0.7 m broad and 1.2 m high and covered with wire netting.
- 74. Floor ● The flooring may be either of moorum or of strong wooden battens and, where the rainfall is quite heavy; the latter type of flooring may be preferred. ● In the case of wooden-batten flooring, the width of each plank shall vary from 7.5 to 10.0 cm and the thickness between 2.5 cm and 4.0 cm. ● The sides of the planks shall be well rounded and the clearance between two planks shall range between 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm to facilitate the disposal of dung and urine. ● The wooden-batten flooring shall be constructed at a height of at least one metre above the ground level. ● In this case, a suitable ramp or steps of wooden planks shall be provided. ● In the case of moorum flooring, a plinth wall between 15 cm and 30 cm in height shall be provided. ● For the shearing and store room and shepherd's house, the flooring may be of moorum or brick in cement mortar, and the floor shall be levelled properly.
- 75. Commercial goat farm Courtesy – Prof. Giggin (KVK Calicut) mob : 9847335759
- 76. Slatted floor
- 77. Symptoms at various stages of gestation in goats Stage of gestation Cervix Vagina Uterus Non pregnant or before 25 days No tension of the wall Within pelvic cavity no hypertrophy Located within pelvic cavity, no clear asymmetry of horns (slightly asymmetric in some of the does), harder consistency. 30 days -do- Within pelvic cavity Located at pelvic brim, clear asymmetry of horns with softer and fluid filled consistency. 45 days Slight stretching of the wall Located at pelvic brim, slightly hard in consistency but no hypertrophy Located in front of the pelvic brim, complete retroversion into the pelvic cavity possible. Clear distension of uterus, softer in consistency, horns distinguishable in some cases. 60 days Stretched forward At pelvic brim, slightly hypertrophied and soft. Located in front of the pelvic brim, complete retroversion possible in about 20% cases, marked distension of uterus, fluid filled consistency, uterine horns indistinguishable. 90 days Stretched forward In front of pelvic brim, slightly hypertrophied and softer. Uterus within abdominal cavity, only posterior aspect of uterus palpable. Internal ballotment of foetus possible in 80% of the cases, placentome slip palpable in 30%. 120 days Slight relaxation of vaginal stretching In front of pelvic brim, large and soft, difficult to palpate in 20% cases Only posterior aspect of uterus palpable, internal ballotment of foetus possible and placentome slip palpable in all cases. Foetal parts and large placentomes palpable in 90% of the animals. 145 days Slight relaxation of vaginal stretching In front of pelvic brim, large and soft, difficult to palpate in 20% cases. Foetal parts palpable within pelvic and placentomes palpable in 85% of the animals.
- 78. ഒഴിവാേക്കണ്ടതും നിലനിർേത്തേണ്ടതും എങ്ങെന തീരുമാനിക്കാം ? ● അകിടുവീക്കം ○ പശുക്കെള അേപക്ഷിച്ചു ആടുകളിൽ കുറവാണ് Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus aglactiae ● ശരീരഭാരവും പത്യുത്പാദനവും ജനതികമായി ബന്ധമുണ്ട് ○ കൂടും േതാറും നല്ലത് ● ആദ്യ പസവം തീയതിയും ആദ്യ പസവത്തിനു േശഷം കിട്ടിയ പാലിെൻ്റെ അളവും പധാനം . ○ േരഖകൾ
- 79. Roof ● The roof may be made gabled. ● The roofing material may be either plain or corrugated galvanized steel sheets or asbestos cement sheets and where the rainfall is not heavy, it may be of thatch.
- 80. Gate ● Each shed may be provided with one or more gates either on the long or broad sides of the sheds depending upon the dimensions of the shed. ● The dimensions of each gate may be 0.8 m broad and one metre high. The gate leaf and frame may be made of wooden battens. It shall fit the entrance closely.
- 81. Manger ● The manger may be either of cement concrete or of wood with two compartments for providing feed and hay. ● A separate hay rack may also be provided by fixing at level or slightly below the heads of the animals. ● With the help of clamps, the manger may be raised within the height ranging between 450 and 600 mm from the ground. ● The water trough may be of cement concrete or galvanized steel pails or buckets and may be fixed or hung from a hook fixed to the walls. ● The manger may also be of portable type. The number of mangers and water troughs in each shed may vary according to the number of animals.
- 82. Dipping Tank ● To protect the animals from infection a dipping tank may be made either of galvanized steel sheets or constructed of stone or brick in cement mortar, whichever is likely to prove economical, according to local conditions. ● If a galvanized steel tank is used, it shall be well bedded down and the soil rammed tight against it to prevent the sides of the bath from bulging when it is filled. ● If the base of the soil is unstable, the tank may be bedded in cement concrete. ● The dipping tank may be at one side of the yard.
- 83. Footbath ● A footbath made of galvanized steel sheets or brick in cement mortar shall be provided at the entrance to the yard to protect the animals from foot-rot disease. ● These baths may be embedded in the soil suitably.
- 84. Rotational grazing method ● Rotational grazing should be practiced under which the pasture land should be divided by temporary fences into several sections. The animals are then moved from one section to another section. By the time the entire pasture is grazed, the first section will have sufficient grass cover to provide second grazing. Parasitic infestations can be controlled to a great extent. Further, it helps to provide quality fodder for most part of the year. Under this system, it is advisable to graze the lambs first on a section and then bring in ewes to finish up the feed left by the lambs.
- 85. GRAZING MANAGEMENT ● Growing lambs should be allowed to graze first, followed by pregnant and lactating ewes, and dry stock at the last. (If cattle, sheep and goats are to graze on the same pasture, it will be desirable to allow goats first, followed by cattle and sheep, in that order). ● Avoid grazing until the dew has dried off. ● During grazing, sheep should have free access to clean water. ● Even a good pasture does not meet the dietary requirements of advanced pregnant and lactating ewes, and hence additional concentrate feed of 250-300 gm/day should be given.
- 86. Pasture management ● The many advantages of leguminous fodder trees: ○ availability on farms or in surrounding countryside ○ accessibility to farmers ○ flexible use (browsing/cut-and-carry) ○ the provision of variety in the diet ○ the provision of dietary nitrogen, energy, minerals and vitamins ○ their laxative influence on the alimentary system ○ the reduced requirement for purchased concentrates resulting from their use and hence ○ the reduction in the cost of feeding they permit.
- 87. Utilisation of Pasture in Plantations ● In the humid tropics there are large areas of tree crops such as coconut, rubber and oil palm. They are established in association with a tropical legume cover crop which in time regresses to grasses and weeds. Except in coconut plantations often grazed by cattle the herbage available is generally not used at all. Attention has been given by the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (Tan and Abraham, 1980) to using sheep to consume this herbage and to reduce the high cost of weed control. Promising results are being achieved, confirming that a considerable potential exists for the utilisation of this large feed resource.
- 88. ● Combined production of grass and legumes can increase forage production by 20-30 per cent as compared to that of grass alone. The legumes, besides being rich in protein content, are more palatable and digestible, enrich the soil by nitrogen fixation, and help in checking soil erosion. ● During the first year of pasture establishment, grazing should not be allowed; the fodder must be harvested, conserved as hay, and fed during the lean period. ● Pastures should be top dressed with sufficient quantities of farmyard and inorganic fertilizers at regular intervals.
- 89. ● Pest control by means of spraying and dusting with pesticides should be done as and when required. Sheep should not be allowed to graze for 2-3 weeks after spraying. ● Protection of pasture, removal of undesirable bushes and weeds, soil and water conservation, application of fertilizers, proper stocking rate and grazing system (rotational or deferred rotational) are essential components of good pasture management.
- 90. Silviculture ● Fodder trees serve as a potential source of feed for sheep during December to June when the grazing resources become scarce. ● Fodder trees also provide shade during summer, check soil erosion and improve soil texture. ● Fodder trees should be planted in well-managed pastures after the first monsoon rains at a spacing of 20 x 10 metres (approx. 50 trees/hectare). ● Lopping can be done twice a year in Oct-Nov (conserved) and May-Jun (fed green) in such a manner that the top branches are left in situ; yielding about 8-10 quintals of good quality green fodder/hectare.
- 95. Vagai / dirasana
- 96. Arasu / arayal
- 97. Kodukapuli
- 99. Agathi keera
- 100. Subabul
- 101. Semi-intensive system ● Semi-intensive system of sheep / goat production is an intermediate compromise between extensive and intensive system followed in some flocks having limited grazing. ● It involves extensive management but usually with controlled grazing of fenced pasture. ● It consists of provision of stall feeding, shelter at night under shed and 3 to 5 hour daily grazing and browsing on pasture and range. ● In this method, the feed cost is somewhat increased.
- 102. Semi-intensive system-advantage ● Meeting the nutrient requirement both from grazing and stall feeding. ● Managing medium to large flock of 50 to 350 heads and above. ● Utilizing cultivated forage during lean period. ● Harvesting good crop of kids both for meat and milk. ● Making a profitable gain due to less labour input.
- 103. Composition of ideal creep feed (ആട്ടിൻ കുട്ടിയുെട തീറ്റ) ● Maize (േചാളം)- 40% ● Ground nut cake (കപ്പെലണ്ടി പിണ്ണാക്ക്)-30 % ● Wheat bran (േഗാതമ്പ് തവിട്) – 10 % ● Deoiled rice bran (അരി തവിട് -എണ്ണയിത്തത് )- 13 % ● Molasses (ശർക്കരപ്പൊവ്)– 5% ● Mineral mixture (ലവണ മിശൃതം) - 2% ● Salt – 1% fortified with vitamins A, B2 and D3 and antibiotic feed supplements
- 106. Supplementary feeding ● A growth rate of only 50–55 g both in indigenous lambs and kids maintained on natural grazing/browsing is observed. This can be improved to 70–75 g by supplementary feeding with legume hay and to 90–100 g/day by supplementing them with 150 g concentrate mixture up to weaning and 250 g/day post-weaning. ● The crossbred lambs supplemented with 200 g/day concentrate mixture before weaning and with 350 g after weaning show a growth rate of about 150 g/day. ● The dressing percentage on liveweight basis can improve from 30–40% obtained on natural grazing to about 48–50 by the above supplementary feeding. ● The supplementary feeding of kids with 550 g concentrate, in addition to browsing results in an increase of 45% in pre-slaughter weight, 65% in carcass weight and 14% in dressing percentage over browsing alone. ● FIB goat ration ● Nutrient requirements
- 107. Supplementary feeding ● Intensive feeding on 50 concentrate:50 roughage feedlot rations from 91 to 180 days of age results in a daily liveweight gain of 130 g in indigenous and 175–200 g in crossbred lambs. ● The dressing percentage improves to 50–51 with marked improvement in bone:meat ratio towards more meat. ● The kids, however, do not perform well under total confinement and stall feeding. ● The indigenous lambs and kids which are not normally supplemented with concentrates or legume hay attain a body weight of 13 to 16 kg at the age of 8–9 months. ● The growth rate is only about 40 g in kids and 50 g in lambs, dressing percentage is about 35 and 40 and the bone:meat ratio very poor.
- 108. പത്യുത്പാദന മികവ് ● ആദ്യെത്ത ഇണ േചർക്കൽ ● Productive life span of males and females ● Annual mortality in the breeding flock ● വളർത്തുന്നെ കുട്ടികളുെട എണ്ണം (100 പിടക്ക് എ ത ?) ○ ചിന പിടിക്കാത്ത ആടുകളുെട എണ്ണം ○ ഒന്നെിൽ കൂടുതൽ കുട്ടികൾ ഉണ്ടാവൽ ○ പസവത്തിെൻ്റെ േതാത് ○ ആദ്യ ഇണേചർക്കൽ മുൻപ് മരണെപ്പെടുന്നെ എണ്ണം
- 109. പത്യുത്പാദന മികവ് ● പിടകളുെട ജനതിക മൂല്യം 5 - 7 വര്ഷം ● പിടയും കുട്ടിയും വാങ്ങേണാ? ○ മുതൽ മുടക്ക് തിരിച്ചു പിടിക്കൽ ● പസവം കഴിഞ്ഞു ഇണേചർക്കൽ 2 -3 മാസം ● െകാറ്റെന ആഴ്ചയിൽ 3 തവണ ● 2 മാസം പായം വെര ആണും െപണ്ണും േവെറ േവെറ
- 110. Poor Nutrition During Late Pregnancy ● An increase of ketosis (pregnancy disease). ● An increase chance of losing ewes from pneumonia or starvation, especially older ewes. ● An increase in light-weight lambs. In itself, light-weight lambs are not bad because you have fewer difficult births. However, some of these light lambs will be weak lambs as well and if weather conditions are rough, these lambs will be the first to die or will require more special care. ● Milk production of the ewes will be reduced as will lamb gains.
- 111. Managing Pregnant Ewe ● The importance of ewe nutrition in late gestation cannot be emphasis enough. Poor nutrition during this period can have the following results: ○ An increase of ketosis (pregnancy disease). ○ An increase chance of losing ewes from pneumonia or starvation, especially older ewes. ○ An increase in light-weight lambs. In itself, light-weight lambs are not bad because you have fewer difficult births. However, some of these light lambs will be weak lambs as well and if weather conditions are rough, these lambs will be the first to die or will require more special care. ○ Milk production of the ewes will be reduced as will lamb gains. ○ Pregnant ewe lamb -Remember her calcium and phosphorous requirements are higher than an older ewe. A free-choice mineral supplement containing calcium, phosphorous, and a trace-mineralized salt should be made available
- 112. Future –long term goals ● Food security – model farm in every panchayat ● The breeding programme proposed is very simple and easy to apply. ○ Mate all prospective replacement females to give birth at about one year of age. ○ Retain only females for further breeding that wean offspring from this first mating. In subsequent years discard any that fail when they fail. ○ Mate only twin males born from mothers at an age of about one year, or if no twins are born select the heaviest singles from yearling mothers. Mate all males so that the sire is about one year of age when offspring are born. ○ Add research and development in nucleus flocks on experimental or government farms to follow the above steps more exactly and fully, to add selection for success of artificial insemination with frozen semen, and to use embryo transfer to increase selection differentials and to decrease generation interval on the female side
- 113. Goat milk-PFA
- 114. Proper records –selection -improvement ● Mastitis ○ Ateiology of infectious mastitis is same in cattle and goats but goats are affected less frequently. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus aglactiae are most commonly involved. ● Genetic correlations between live weight and reproduction traits are generally positive ● Selection for Milk Production : Considering the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters Singh et al., (1970) suggested than an Index combining age at first kidding and first lactation yield would be the most efficient index in making rapid genetic progress in the first lactation milk yield and age at first kidding.
- 115. Thank you നന്ദി പെങ്കെടുത്ത പിയ കർഷകർക്ക് - എെന്നെ ഇ തയും സഹിച്ചതിന് േഡാ. േവണുേഗാപാൽ (തിരുവനന്തപുരം), േഡാ. ഗിഗിൻ (േകാഴിേക്കാട്), േഡാ. മാത്യൂസ് (തൃശ്ശൂർ), േഡാ. ദിേനശ് (പാലക്കാട്), േഡാ. ശുേദ്ധാദനൻ (പാലക്കാട്) - എെൻ്റെ ആട്ജീവിത വഴികാട്ടികൾ.
- 116. ADDENDUM
- 121. Parasite class Drug for treatment Cestodes Praziquantal (5 mg /kg b.wt) Nematodes Fenbendazole (5-10 mg /kg b.wt) Closantel (5-7 mg /kg b.wt) Ivermectin (0.25-0.5 mg /kg b.wt) Trematodes Oxyclozanide (5-10 mg /kg b.wt) Niclosamide (5-10 mg /kg b.wt) Rafoxanide (7.5 mg /kg b.wt) Ticks Carbaryl spray / Dipping Mites, lice & flea Ivermectin (0.25-0.5 mg /kg b.wt) C0ccidiosis Sulphadimidne( 140 mg/ kg b.wt.) * 7 days Amprolium (10 mg /kg b.wt)* 7 days
- 122. WHAT IS NORMAL? ● GOATS ○ Normal rectal temp ■ 101-103 ○ Estrus cycle ■ 18-21 days ○ Gestation Length ■ 150 days+/- 5 days ○ Physical appearance of healthy/sick animal
- 124. Common Diseases ● Tetanus ● Enterotoxemia – “Overeating Disease” ● Pneumonia ● CCPP ● PPR ● Foot Diseases (Footrot, Interdigital dermatitis) ● Parasitism ● Poliocencephalomalacia - “Thiamine Deficiency” ● Urinary Calculi ● Johne’s Disease
- 125. TETANUS Treatment Unrewarding Prevention (Disbudding, dehorning, tail docking, castration) Tetanus Antitoxin 150 units IM Cl. perfringens Type CD&T Toxoid Remember to booster
- 126. PPR (Goat plague) ● Viral disease ● Young animals most affected ○ Ages 2 months to 2 years ● Varies by species, immunity, breed ● Morbidity and mortality rates ○ Up to 100% ○ Lower in endemic areas ● High case fatality rate ○ Exotic ungulates
- 127. Transmission ● Close contact, inhalation ● Virus shed in nasal and ocular secretions, saliva, urine, and feces
- 128. Clinical Signs ● Incubation period ○ 2 to 10 days ● Peracute ● Acute ○ High fever ○ Serous nasal, ocular discharge (mucopurulent) ○ Hyperemic gums, necrotic oral lesions
- 129. Clinical Signs ● Profuse diarrhea ○ Dehydration ○ Emaciation ● Rapid respiration, dyspnea ● Abortion ● Skin nodules around muzzle ● Subacute, asymptomatic disease
- 130. Treatment ● No specific treatment ● Drugs to control bacterial and parasitic complications ○ May decrease mortality ● Supportive care
- 131. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) ● Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae ○ Formerly known as biotype F38 ○ Four lineages ○ Other mycoplasmas cause similar but distinct disease in small ruminants Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
- 132. Morbidity/Mortality ● Morbidity ○ Often 100% ○ Disease severe in naïve animals ○ Chronic disease in endemic areas ● Mortality ○ Ranges from 60 to 100% ○ Increased with close contact Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
- 133. Animal Transmission ● Incubation period: 6 to 10 days ● Highly contagious ● Direct contact ○ Inhalation of infectious respiratory droplets ● Carrier animals may exist Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
- 134. Clinical Signs ● Respiratory symptoms ○ Peracute ■ Minimal clinical signs ○ Acute ■ High fever, anorexia, productive cough, wide stance, extended neck ○ Chronic ■ Cough, nasal charge, debilitation Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
- 135. Treatment ● Antibiotics ○ Erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline, streptomycin ○ Early intervention and treatment needed ● Newly infected countries ○ Trade, movement restrictions ○ Slaughter of infected animals Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
- 136. Diseases Metabolic ● Lactic Acidosis (Grain overload) ○ Cause: excessive ingestion of highly fermentable carbohydrates ■ Leads to shift from gram-negative rumen bacterial population to gram-positive Streptococcus and Lactobacillus ■ Lactic acid acidifies the rumen leading to inflammation ■ 🡪 ulcers, liver abscesses, laminitis, polioencephalomalacia ○ Prevention: ■ avoid sudden dietary changes ■ avoid over feeding of high carbohydrate diets ○ Treatment: ■ IV fluids ■ magnesium hydroxide intraruminal; Na bicarb IV ■ flush rumen or rumenotomy ■ transfaunation
- 137. Enterotoxemia “Overeating disease” ● Caused by Clostridium perfringens Type C or D ● Usually induced by sudden change in gut flora by overconsumption of grain or stress. ● Easily prevented by vaccination ● Treatment usually unrewarding ● Results in Death!!!!
- 138. Pneumonia ● Sudden Death – usually caused by Pasteurella sp. ● Verminous pneumonia (Coccidia, lungworms, etc.) ● Usually have elevated temperature (105-106) ● Chronic (Poor-doer) ○ Chronic cough ○ Unthrifty • Treatment • Antibiotics (Extralabel use requires VPCR) • Antiinflammatories • Supportive
- 139. Diseases Bacterial ● Respiratory Disease Complex of Ruminants ○ Onset of disease related to stress: ■ Shipping, weaning, weather changes, dietary changes, overcrowding, shearing ○ Signs: nasal discharge, fever, coughing, dyspnea, diarrhea, depression, death ○ Treatment: ■ Antibiotics: ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, tilosin ■ Anti-inflammatory: Banamine ■ Supportive Care ○ Prevention: reduce stress, precondition, vaccinate
- 140. Abscesses ● Contagious abscesses is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ● Draining abscesses is source of infection, contamination of feeding equipment and environment ● Bacteria “set up shop” in regional lymph nodes ○ Most common site is mandibular region (lower jaw) ○ Can occur in any lymph node of body; therefore, can have internal or external abscesses ● Treatment: ○ Isolate, lance abscess, flush and keep isolated until healed. ○ Cull affected animals ○ Vaccinate herd ● Diagnosis: ○ Culture exudate ○ Serological test Do not test if vaccinated.
- 141. Foot Care ● Footrot ○ Caused by bacteria that invades the tissue between the hoof wall and sole of the foot ○ Causes lameness ○ Prevention: ■ Hoof Trimming ■ Control environment ■ Foot baths ■ Vaccine ■ Genetic selection
- 142. Diseases Bacterial ● Foot Rot of Sheep and Goats ○ Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum (normal inhabitant) and Dichelobacter nodosus (environmental contaminant) ○ Most common cause of lameness in sheep ○ Prevention ■ maintain dry, clean environment ■ reject clinical cases at delivery ■ vaccinate ○ Treatment ■ foot baths - 10% formalin or 10% zinc sulfate or 10% copper sulfate ■ penicillin and streptomycin ■ trim affected tissue
- 143. Interdigital Dermatitis ● Caused by bacterial infection between the claws ● Can cause severe lameness ● Increased incidence in moist conditions, i.e. winter and spring. Provide clean, dry environment to minimize infection ● Treat with topical and systemic antibiotics
- 144. Polioencephalomalacia “Thiamine Deficiency” ❑ Reduction of thiamine in rumen resulting in reduced thiamine in bloodstream which then results in reduced level of thiamine in white matter of brain. Causes: ■ Poisonous plants – thiaminase enzyme ■ Stress – ruminal microflora change to bacteria that produce thiaminase enzyme ■ Sudden Diet Change ❑ Acute onset: Initial stages – “stargazing” Progresses to blindness which then progresses to incumbency , seizure then death. From initial stage to death can occur within 24 hours.
- 145. Diseases Metabolic ● Thiamine Deficiency (Polioencephalomalacia) ○ Animals affected: ■ Adult ruminant on high-concentrate diets – most common ■ Ruminants exposed to toxic plants or moldy feed containing thiaminases ■ Ruminants on high-sulfate feeds ○ Signs: bruxism, hyperesthesia, involuntary muscle contractions, opisthotonus, seizures, wandering aimlessly, head-pressing, death ○ Prevention: provide enough high quality roughage to prevent overgrowth of thiaminase-producing ruminal flora ○ Treatment: thiamine hydrochloride
- 146. Urolithiasis “Urinary Calculi” Most common presentation is owner calls with “constipated” wether. Sheep and goats do not get constipated! They are straining to urinate. Sit animal on rump and exteriorize penis. Calculi is usually identified in urethral process on end of penis which is then removed by excision. Mix 1 tsp NH3Cl crystals with small amount of warm water and give orally once daily for 7 days then biweekly for control. Be sure animal has proper amounts of NH3Cl in ration. Treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories.
- 147. Diseases Bacterial ● Corynebacterium renale group ○ C. renale ■ Normal inhabitant of bovine genitourinary tract ■ acute pyelonephritis in cattle results from ascending infection following a compromise of protective mechanisms ■ Tx: penicillin (3 weeks) ○ C. pilosum & C. cystitidis ■ Normal inhabitants of prepuce of sheep and goats ■ Posthitis (pizzle rot) and vulvovaginitis ● high-protein diets increase urinary pH; ammonia irritates prepucial and vulvar skin, increasing vulnerability ■ Tx: decrease dietary protein
- 148. Johne’s Disease ● Chronic debilatating disease affecting mature sheep, goats, cattle ● Caused by Mycobacteria paratuberculosis ● Transmitted by fecal-oral route ● Offspring from infected dam at more risk of contracting disease. ● No treatment available ● Remove affected animal from herd immediately ● Serological and fecal testing available but false negatives occur
- 149. Reproductive Diseases ● Pregnancy Toxemia ● Mastitis ● Cystic Follicles/Corpus luteum ● Nonbreeders ● Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia ● Retained placenta ● ABORTIONS (Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Q-fever, Toxoplasmosis)
- 150. PregnancyToxemia ● Usually occurs in obese animals carrying multiple fetuses ● Can occur as early as 6 weeks before kidding/lambing date ● Clinical signs: ○ Decreased appetite ○ Swollen Legs ○ Lethargy ○ Unwillingness to stand due to pain &/or weakness ○ Moist, nonproductive cough
- 151. PregnancyToxemia (Cont’d) ▪ Treatment ▪ Place in area where food and water easily accessible ▪ Vitamin B-complex (B12) ▪ Propylene Glycol drench ▪ Antibiotics if indicated ▪ Probiotics ▪ Calcium/Dextrose ▪ Termination of pregnancy ▪ Prevention ▪ Place animals in separate groups based on fetal numbers ▪ Place animals in separate groups based on body condition ▪ Prevent obesity ▪ Have food available in adequate quantities
- 152. Diseases Metabolic ● Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis, Twin Lamb Disease) ○ 1o in Sheep and Goats that are overweight or bearing twins ○ Seen in during late gestation or early lactation ○ Signs ■ depression, anorexia, weakness, neurologic signs, fetal death, ketonuria ○ Cause: inadequate glucose production secondary to increased requirements ○ Prevention: increase nutrition ○ Treatment: ■ IV fluids, IV glucose, B vitamins, propylene glycol, induce abortion or c-section ○ Protein Energy Malnutrition in heifer cattle is similar, but generally not associated with overconditioning or twins
- 153. Abortions Causes: ▪ Campylobacter (vaccine available) ▪ Toxoplasmosis ▪ Chlamydia (vaccine available) ▪ Coxiella burnetti – “Q-fever” ▪ Neospora ▪ Schmallenberg virus (Usually congenital deformities associated with this virus) ▪ Other bacterial causes ▪ Utilize diagnostic lab to confirm diagnosis!!!!
- 154. Diseases Chlamydial ● Enzootic Abortion ○ Cause: Chlamydphila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) ○ Signs: ■ late abortion ■ birth of stillborns ■ birth of weak kids/lambs ○ Transmission ■ direct contact with infectious secretions (placental, fetal, and uterine fluids) ■ Indirect contact with contaminated feed and water ○ Prevention ■ Vaccinate – prevents abortions, but not infection ■ Quarantine - recovered does/ewes usually immune thereafter ○ Treatment - Oxytetracycline
- 155. Diseases Genetic ● Entropion – sheep and goats ● Beta-Mannosidosis – goats (Nubian) ○ Lysosomal storage disease ○ Intention tremors, difficulty standing, deaf ● Congenital Myotonia – goats ○ “fainting goats” – transient spasms of skeletal muscle brought about by visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli ● Congenital erythropoietic porphyria – cattle ● Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome –cattle (Holstein) ● Goiter of Sheep – sheep (Merino) ● Spider Lamb Syndrome – sheep (Suffollk and Hampshire) ○ Hereditary chondrodysplasia
- 156. Mastitis ▪ Environmental causes - Coliform Gangrenous ▪ Contagious mastitis – Staph, Strep ▪ Treatment ▪ Systemic antibiotics ▪ Intramammary infusions ▪ Anti-inflammatories ▪ IV Fluids ▪ Prevention ▪ Reduce environment contamination ▪ Dairy sheep/goats – proper sanitation during milking procedure ▪ Use of “dry cow” intramammary infusions
- 157. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis “CAE” ● Seen primarily in dairy goats ● Viral disease primarily transmitted in milk, especially in colostrum ● Causes swollen joints, lameness, hard udders, decreased milk production, pneumonia, shortens life span of infected animal ● Easily diagnosed through blood sample ● Test, cull positive animals, feed kids heat treated colostrum and pasteurized milk from negative does. ● Be sure all recipient does are tested for CAE!
- 158. Diseases Viral ● Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ○ Most important viral disease of goats ○ Cause: Lentivirus (similar to OPPV) ○ Transmission ■ vertical via colostrum and milk ○ Signs ■ progressive arthritis (six months and older) ● Carpal joint most common, followed by stifle, hock, and hip ■ neurological symptoms in kids ■ pneumonia (older animals) ■ mastitis (older animals) ○ Prevention: ■ remove kids at birth; test and cull ○ Treatment: None – Infection is lifelong
- 159. Maedi-Visna Ovine Progressive Pneumonia “OPP” ● Viral disease primarily affecting respiratory system of sheep ● Can cause progressive paralysis, wasting, arthritis and chronic mastitis ● Transmitted in colostrum, milk, fecal contamination, respiratory secretions ● Related to CAE virus of goats. ● Serologic test to identify carrier sheep, cull
- 160. Diseases Viral ● Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus (OPPV, Maedi/Visna) ○ Cause: Lentivirus (closely related to CAEV) ○ Signs ■ after long incubation period (up to 2 years) ■ progressive weight loss, pneumonia, lameness, paralysis, mastitis, death ○ Transmission ■ horizontal (aerosol) ■ vertical - in utero and via infected milk and colostrum ○ Prevention: ■ Test and cull ■ Remove lambs from ewes at birth ○ Treatment: none
- 161. Skin Diseases ● Ringworm ● Zinc Deficiency ● Soremouth
- 162. Diseases Fungal ● Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) ○ Common fungal infection of cattle ○ Trichophyton verrucosum is 1o agent ○ Signs: multiple, gray, crusty, circumscribed, hyperkeratotic lesions around head, neck and ears ○ Dx: Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM) ○ Spontaneous recovery 1-4 months ○ Treatment ■ Topical: 2-5% lime-sulfur solution, 3% captan, iodophors, thiabendazole, and 0.5% hypochlorite ■ Systemic: griseofulvin ○ Zoonotic
- 163. Diseases Viral ● Contagious Ecthyma (Orf) ○ Viral infection of sheep and goats ○ Cause: parapoxvirus - capable of surviving for years ○ Usually seen in young animals ○ Signs: ■ lesions and scab formation around mouth, nostrils, eyes, non-wooled areas around mammary gland and vulva ● Most commonly at commissures of mouth ■ Infected lactating ewes may abandon lambs ○ Treatment: supportive ○ Prevention: ■ Vaccinate ■ Disinfect equipment etc. in between use ○ Zoonotic
- 164. Diseases ● Caseous Lymphadenitis ○ Common, chronic contagious infection of lymph nodes of sheep and goats ○ Cause: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ○ Prevention: reject animals with lymphadenopathy or wounds ○ Treatment: antibiotics, lance and drain abscesses, cull animals
- 165. Zoonotic Diseases • Abortion diseases ■ Toxoplasmosis ■ Coxiella burnetti (“Q-fever”) • Soremouth • Ringworm
- 166. Zoonotic Diseases,Cont’d Causes of Abortions ● Coxiella burnetti- “Q-Fever” ○ Organisms shed in feces, urine, milk and ○ highest numbers are shed in vaginal secretions and uterine fluids during abortion ○ Immunocompromised individuals should avoid contact ○ Flu-like symptoms ● Toxoplasmosis ○ Newborns may be weak or born dead ○ Avoid fecal contamination of feed sources/troughs by “barn cats”
- 167. External Parasites
- 168. Mites
- 169. Demodex Mite
- 170. Demodex Mite
- 171. Demodex Pathology
- 172. Sarcoptic Mange Mite
- 173. Sarcoptic Mange Pathology Dog
- 175. Notoedres Cati Face Mange Mite
- 176. Face Mange Mite Pathology
- 178. Ear Mite Debri
- 179. Ear Canal With Ear Mite Debri
- 182. Fleas and Lice
- 184. Flea Eggs and Feces
- 185. Flea Larvae
- 186. Flea Pupae
- 187. Flea Lifecycle
- 188. Felicola Subrostrata Sucking Louse of Cats
- 189. Human Body Louse Pediculus Humanus
- 190. Human Head Louse Next to Dime
- 192. Louse“Nit”
- 193. Ticks
- 194. Diseases Bacterial ● Q-Fever ○ Highly contagious disease of sheep and goats ○ Agent: Coxiella burnetti - rickettsial organism ○ Transmission ■ Ixodid or Argasid ticks ■ Ingestion of infected materials (placenta, milk, urine , feces, nasal secretions) ○ Major cause of late abortion in sheep ○ Usually asymptomatic in cattle and goats ○ Treatment: oxytetracycline ○ Zoonotic (single organism shown to cause disease)
- 196. Deer Tick Female Engorged,Eggs,and Normal Adult
- 197. Amblyomma Americanum
- 198. Dermacentor Variabilis American Dog Tick
- 200. Tick Mouth Parts
- 201. Tick Lifecycle One Host Cycle
- 205. Stylosanth es
- 206. Stylosanthes ● A genus of summer growing perennial pasture / fodder legumes. Most of its species are native of south and central America and the Caribbean Islands. This is a fodder cum leguminous cover crop, which is suited for intercropping in coconut gardens, either alone or in combination with other fodder grasses. The crop controls soil erosion by giving a protective soil cover. It also helps to smother weed growth. ●https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=HxIZq7gsTjw
- 207. •Caribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano): This is a short-lived perennial legume similar to Townsville stylo. It is slow growing and develops a flat crown under grazing. Erect stem may grow up to 80 cm. The stems of Verano are smooth. As against the bristly stems of Townsville stylo it has a line of very fine, short white hairs on one side only. The flowering spike of Verano produces double seeds; the upper has a reduced hook about 3 to 5 mm long, while the lower seed has no hook. Verano combines many of the virtues of both annuals and perennials.
- 208. •Seeds of stylo are very small. The seed rate is 2 to 3.5 kg ha-1 when grown as an intercrop in coconut gardens. For grass legume mixtures, 1.5 kg ha-1 is sufficient. Seeds are soaked in water overnight and mixed with Rhizobium culture before sowing. •Prepare a fine seedbed. Seeds are mixed with sand when sown as a pure crop or mixed with grass seeds for mixtures. Seeds are sown broadcast and covered with thin layer of soil or dibbled at a spacing of 30 cm between rows. The depth of sowing should be 5-10 mm. Seeds germinate within a week.
- 209. •Recommended dose of N, P2 O5 and K2 O for both annual and perennial stylosanthes are 20, 80 and 30 kg per ha respectively. For perennial crops, phosphorus @ 80 kg ha-1 and potash @ 30 kg ha-1 may be applied in subsequent years. Application of lime @ 375 kg ha-1 is also recommended in acid soils. •Gap filling may be done 15 days after sowing. First weeding is given 45 days after sowing. A second weeding and hoeing may also be done after the first harvest.
- 210. •Gentle raking of the interspace after the application of fertilizers in the subsequent years may be done. •First harvest is taken 3-4 months after sowing and subsequent harvest at 45 days intervals or according to the growth of the crop. A maximum of 4-5 harvests can be taken in a year for a perennial crop, which will remain in the field for 3 years. The crop yields 25-30 t ha-1 green fodder per year.
- 211. Grazing management-stylo ● Grazing should be avoided within the first year of establishment in order to promote seed setting. Heavy, continuous or rotational grazing is beneficial to its growth at the expense of grass growth. When rotationally grazed or cut, four-week rest periods should be respected (Cook et al., 2005). Grazing is necessary for perennation, otherwise Caribbean stylo is more likely to behave as an annual (Cameron, 2010; Cook et al., 2005; Edye et al., 1992). Even after leaf shedding under dry conditions, the Caribbean stylo remains well-grazed by livestock, which selects green stems, fallen leaves and seed heads. ● http://www.feedipedia.org/node/7740
- 212. FODDER MAIZE (Zea mays) ● Maize grows best in warm climate where the day temperature is fairly light. Heavy rains and dry hot winds are not suitable. Favourable annual rainfall is 60-100 cm. The crop comes up well in soils with good drainage and fair moisture status. ● The optimum season for sowing is the last week of June to second week of July and September to October. The crop can be raised throughout the year in areas where irrigation facilities are available.
- 213. The land is ploughed two or three times and beds and channels are formed. Seeds can be either broadcasted or dibbled at a spacing of 30 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants. Hybrid varieties are Deccan, Ganga-5, Ganga safed-2, and Ganga-3 and composite variety Vijay. Seed rate for broadcasting is 80 kg ha-1 and for dibbling 40-60 kg ha-1 (to be dibbled at 5-6 cm depth @ two seeds per hole).
- 214. FYM @ 10 t ha-1 may be applied at the time of preparation of land as basal dressing. N, P2 O5 and K2 O at the rate of 120, 60 and 40 kg/ha respectively, may be given as topdressing. Weeding may be done according to necessity. First cutting of maize can be taken after 60 days of planting or at the milky stage of the crop. A second cut can also be taken if there is sufficient moisture in the soil.
- 217. Fodder sorghum is an ideal tropical forage crop. It is fairly drought resistant and suited for areas where moisture is a limiting factor for crop growth. The crop can be raised during both monsoons. All soils except sandy soils are suited for the crop. Apply N, P2 O5 and K2 O fertilizers @ 60, 40 and 20 kg per ha, respectively. Important varieties are M.P.Chari, MPKV-1, JS-20, S-1049 and JS-3.
- 218. Some species of sorghum can contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine, and nitrates lethal to grazing animals in the early stages of the plants' growth. When stressed by drought or heat, plants can also contain toxic levels of cyanide and/or nitrates at later stages in growth.[13]
- 220. Land preparation
- 221. Width 10cm Spacing -60 cm Depth-20 cm
- 222. FYM-20t/ha: 80kg/cent FYM alone : 180 kg/cent
- 223. Urea -1kg/cent Mussouriphos-1 kg/cent MOP - 350 gm/cent
- 224. Mixing FYM and fertilizers
- 225. Uprooting old clumps
- 226. Separating slips
- 228. Spacing :60x30 cm
- 229. MATURE STEM
- 230. 3 NODED CUTTINGS
- 232. BN Hybrid-60x60 cm
- 243. Best 2 -3 rotations Green fodder yield (q/ha) 1. Sorghum + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea 1,107 2. Maize + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea 1,060 3. Guinea grass round the year 935
- 245. ● Courtesy ○ Trainings conducted by Kerala Agricultural University and Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University ○ http://old.kau.edu/pop/foddercrops.htm