Advances in small ruminants management sameti class for vets- dr sreehari s
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Material prepared for Refresher course for veterinarians working in Animal Husbandry Department, Kerala State. Please note this is my new site address. https://sites.google.com/view/drsreehari98vetsite-new/home?authuser=0 (Google has stopped support to old version of site referred in the ppt ) Please give a like if it's helpful to you 🙏
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Advances in small ruminants management sameti class for vets- dr sreehari s
- 1. ADVANCES IN SMALL RUMINANTS MANAGEMENT Dr SREEHARI S 7907612645 https://sites.google.com/site/drsreehari98vetsite/
- 2. A REFRESHER LETS TAKE A WALK BACK THE MEMORY LANE Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 3. ആടു ഫാം ലാഭകരമാകാന്- 10 കല്പനകള് ഡ ോ.ആര്‍ .ഡവണുഡഗോപോല് അസിസ്റ്റന്റ്‍ യറക്ടര്‍ മൃഗ‍സംരക്ഷണ‍വകുപ്പ് Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 4. 1-ആടുകളിലല‍അന്തര്‍ പ്പജനനം ഒഴിവോക്കുക.ഇതിനോയി‍പ്പജനന‍രജിസ്റ്റര്‍ സൂക്ഷിക്കുക 2-പോരന്റ്‍ഡസ്റ്റോക്കിലുള്ള‍ലപണ്ണോടുകളുലട ഇരട്ടി‍എണ്ണം‍കുട്ടികള്‍ ഒരു‍വര്‍ ഷം‍ഫോമില്‍ ഉണ്ടോകണം 3 – ആട്ടിന്‍ കുട്ടികളുലട‍ജനന‍സമയലെ തൂക്കം2kg യില്‍ കുറവ്‍വരോലത‍ഗര്‍ ഭ‍കോല തീറ്റ‍പ്കമീകരിക്കുക. 4-കുട്ടികളിലല വോര്‍ ഷിക‍മരണ‍നിരക്ക്‍10 ശതമോനം‍കവിയരുത്...മുതിര്‍ ന്ന ആടുകളില്‍ പരമോവധി2ശതമോനം വലരയും 5-ആട്‍വസന്ത.കുരലടപ്പന്‍ ,എന്റഡറോഡടോക്സിമിയ‍എന്നീ കുെിവയ്പുകള്‍ വര്‍ ഷം‍ഡതോറും‍നല്‍ കുക Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 5. പ്പജനന‍രജിസ്റ്റര്‍ മുട്ടന്‍ ആടിന്‍ ററ പേര്/കമ്മ ല്‍ റകൊറ്റി ആടിന്‍ ററ പേര്/കമ്മല്‍ ഇണ‍പേര്‍ ത്ത ദിവസം/കൃത്രി മ‍ബീജദൊനം ത്േരീക്ഷിക്കുന്ന ത്േസവ‍രീയരി കുട്ടിക ളുറട എണ്ണം കുട്ടികളുറട രൂക്കം (കിപലൊ) 007 രൊമന്‍ 999 റഹൌവ്വ 17/6/2021 24/12/2022 3 1,1.5,1.2 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 11. 6-ശരീര‍തിനോവശയമോയ‍ഖര വസ്തുക്കള്‍ (ശരീര‍തൂക്കെിന്ലറ5%) ലഭിക്കോനോയി‍പൂര്‍ ണമോയും പച്ചപ്പുല്ലു‍നല്‍ കോലത ഒരുഡനരം വൃക്ഷ‍ഇല‍കൂടി നല്‍ കുകഡയോ‍അലല്ലങ്കില്‍ ലവയിലെു‍വോട്ടി‍ജലോംശം‍കുറച്ചു പുല്ല്‍നല്‍ കുന്നത്‍നല്ലതോണ്.. 7-3മോസം‍എെുഡപോള്‍ (പോലുകുടി പ്പോയം‍കഴിയുഡപോള്‍ )കുട്ടികലള വില്‍ ക്കുക...പിന്നീട്‍ നിര്‍ െുകയോലണങ്കില്‍ തീറ്റ‍ചിലവ്‍ വര്‍ ധിക്കും Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 12. 8-രോവിലല8മണിക്ക്‍ആരംഭിച്ചു വവകിട്ടു4മണി‍ലകോണ്ടു‍ഫോമിലല ഡജോലികള്‍ തീരുന്ന‍തരെില്‍ ഒരു വൈനം‍ൈിന‍കലണ്ടര്‍ ഉണ്ടോക്കുക 9-പുറെു‍നിന്നു‍ആടുകലള ലകോണ്ടു‍വരുഡപോള്‍ കര്‍ ശനമോയി quarantine നടപടികള്‍ പോലിക്കുക. 10- ഏറ്റവും‍മികച്ച‍ആട്ടിന്‍ കുട്ടികലള തൂക്കെിന്ലറ‍അടിസ്ഥോനെില്‍ മോപ്തം‍വിപണനം‍ലചയ്യ‍യ്യയുന്ന ഡകപ്രമോക്കി‍ഫോമിലന‍മോറ്റുക Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 13. വയൊവസൊയിക‍സംരംഭമൊക്കൊന്‍ എന്തൊണ്‍റേയ്യുക? ഒരു‍പ്പജനന‍യൂണിറ്റോയി തുടങ്ങുക. ഒരു‍യൂണിറ്റില്‍ 19ലപണ്ണോടുകള്‍ .1മുട്ടനോട്‍..ആലക20 ആടുകള്‍ .. 6മുതല്‍ 8മോസം‍പ്പോയമുള്ള‍വര്‍ ഗ്ഗ‍ഗുണഡമന്ഩ യുള്ള19 മലബോറി ലപണ്ണോടുകലളയും‍രക്തബന്ധം ഇല്ലോെതും‍ഗുണഡമന്ഩയുള്ളതു‍മോയ‍ഒരു‍മുട്ടന്‍ ആടിലനയും‍വോങ്ങി‍ഇന്‍ ഷുറന്‍ സ്‍ലചയ്യുക. ഇവയ്ക്കു‍വിരമരുന്നു നല്‍ കി‍ആടു‍വസന്ത. കുരളടപ്പന്‍ എന്നീ‍പ്പതിഡരോധ‍കുെി‍വയ്പുകള്‍ നല്‍ കി21ൈിവസംquarentine നല്‍ കി‍ഫോമില്‍ പ്പഡവശിപ്പിക്കുക Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 14. 240ചതുരപ്ശ‍അടി‍വിസ്തോരം‍ഉള്ള‍ഒരു‍കൂടു നിര്‍ മിക്കോന്‍ 400രൂപ‍നിരക്കില്‍ 1ലക്ഷം രൂപ‍ഡവണ്ടി‍വരും..ലപണ്ണോടിനു10ചതുരപ്ശ അടി...മുട്ടനോട്‍നു20 ചതുരപ്ശ‍അടി കുട്ടികള്‍ ക്ക്‍1ചതുരപ്ശ‍അടി‍സ്ഥല വിസ്തീര്‍ ണം‍ഡവണ്ടിവരും മൂന്നു‍ലക്ഷം‍രൂപയും50ലസന്റ്‍ സ്ഥലവും ഡവണ്ടി‍വരുന്ന‍ഒരു‍സംരംഭം‍ആണ്‍ഇത്. 20ആടില്‍ കുറവോയത്‍ലകോണ്ടു പഞ്ചോയെു‍വലസന്‍ സ്‍ഡവണ്ട..ഒപ്പം വവൈയതി‍കണക്ഷനും‍ഡവണ്ട..ഒരു ൈിവസം40ലിറ്റര്‍ ലവള്ളവും‍മതിയോകും ....പ്പഡതയകിച്ചു ഡജോലിക്കോലര‍ഡവണ്ടതില്ല Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 15. 8#19ലപണ്ണോടുകലള‍പ്ബീ ്‍ലചയ്യോനോയി‍ഈ മുട്ടോനടിലന‍ഉപഡയോഗിക്കണം..അവയ്ക്കുണ്ടോകുന്ന മുഴുവന്‍ കുട്ടികലളയും3മോസം‍എെുഡപോള്‍ വില്‍ ക്കണം..ഈ‍സംരംഭെില്‍ ഒരു‍വര്‍ ഷം38 ആട്ടിന്‍ കുട്ടികലള‍വില്‍ ക്കോന്‍ കഴിയും.. 9#10കിഡലോ‍തൂക്കം‍വരുന്ന 3മോസം‍പ്പോയെില്‍ 350 രൂപ‍നിരക്കില്‍ 10കുട്ടികളുലട‍വില്പനയിലൂലട1.33 ലക്ഷം‍രൂപ‍വരുമോനമോയി‍ലഭിക്കും.3വര്‍ ഷം ലകോണ്ടു‍ഡപ്പോജക്ട്‍ഡപ്ബക്ക്‍ഇവന്‍ ആവുകയും ലചയ്യും 10#നല്ലയിനം‍ആട്ടിന്‍ കുട്ടികലള‍അന്തര്‍ പ്പജനനം ഒഴിവോക്കി‍പ്പോഡൈശികമോയി‍ഉല്പോൈിപ്പിക്കുന്ന അംഗീകൃത‍ആടു‍വളര്‍ െല്‍ യൂണിറ്റോയി‍ഈ സംരഭലെ മോറ്റോം.ഒപ്പം‍ഇടനിലക്കോരുലട‍ചൂഷണം ഒഴിവോക്കി‍ഗുണഡമന്ഩയുള്ള‍ആട്ടിന്‍ കുട്ടികളുലട വിപനനഡകപ്രം‍ആയി‍ലോഭകരമോയി പ്പവര്‍ െിക്കോം.... Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 34. https://www.betterhensandgarden s.com/dairy-goat-linear-appraisal- 2/ Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 35. Improvised crate for weighing Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 37. Aadugramam Dr Mathews SVS, VH Kodakara, Trissur Mob 9447161736 Dr Manoj M SVS, VH Cherpu, Trissur Mob 9447033241 Marketing channels Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 38. Shed construction Small sheds 1-വവഡക്കോല്‍ /തീറ്റപ്പുര 2-തള്ളയും‍നവജോത കുട്ടികളും 3-കറവയുള്ള‍പിടകള്‍ /ലകോറ്റി 4-മുട്ടനോട്‍/ലകോറ്റന്‍ 5-കറവ‍മുറി 6-തീറ്റപ്പോപ്തം 7-കുടിലവള്ളം 8-തുറന്ന‍സ്ഥലം 9-അടച്ച‍കൂട്‍ 1 2 3 4 6 8 7 9 5ആടിനുള്ള‍കൂട് Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 39. Commercial goat farm Courtesy – Prof. Giggin (KVK Calicut) mob : 9847335759 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 41. ഒഴിവോഡക്കണ്ടതും നിലനിര്‍ ഡെണ്ടതും‍എങ്ങലന തീരുമോനിക്കോം? അകിടുവീക്കം േശുക്കറള‍അപേക്ഷിച്ചു‍ആടുകളില്‍ കുറവൊണ്‍ Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus aglactiae ശരീരഭൊരവും‍ത്േരയുര്േൊദനവും‍ജനരികമൊയി ബന്ധമുണ്ട്‍ കൂടും‍പരൊറും‍നല്ലര്‍ ആദയ‍ത്േസവം‍രീയരിയും‍ആദയ‍ത്േസവത്തിനു പശഷം‍കിട്ടിയ‍േൊലിന്ററ‍അളവും‍ത്േധൊനം. പരഖകള്‍ Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 42. പ്പതയുത്പോൈന മികവ്‍ ആദയറത്ത‍‍ഇണ‍പേര്‍ ക്കല്‍ Productive life span of males and females Annual mortality in the breeding flock വളര്‍ ത്തുന്ന‍കുട്ടികളുറട‍‍എണ്ണം(100 േിടക്ക്‍എത്ര?) േിന‍േിടിക്കൊത്ത‍ആടുകളുറട‍എണ്ണം ഒന്നില്‍ കൂടുരല്‍ കുട്ടികള്‍ ഉണ്ടൊവല്‍ ത്േസവത്തിന്ററ‍പരൊര്‍ ആദയ‍ഇണപേര്‍ ക്കല്‍ മുന്‍ േ്‍മരണറെടുന്ന എണ്ണം Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 43. പ്പതയുത്പോൈന മികവ്‍ േിടകളുറട‍ജനരിക‍മൂലയം5-7വര്ഷം േിടയും‍കുട്ടിയും‍വൊങ്ങപണൊ? മുരല്‍ മുടക്ക്‍രിരിച്ചു‍േിടിക്കല്‍ ത്േസവം‍കഴിഞ്ഞു‍ഇണപേര്‍ ക്കല്‍ 2-3മൊസം റകൊറ്ററന‍ആഴ്ചയില്‍ 3രവണ 2മൊസം‍ത്േൊയം‍വറര‍ആണും‍റേണ്ണും പവററ‍പവററ Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 54. {]mbw icoc Xq¡w (In.- {Kmw) ]mensâ Afhv ({Kmw) InUv ÌmÀ«À ]ച്ച-¸pÃv Pw apX 4 Znhkw {]mbw 1.5-þ2 I¶n-¸m þ þ 5þ30 Znhkw 2þ3 300-þ500 sNdnb Af-hn sNdnb Af-hn 30-þ60 Znhkw 3þ5 400-þ500 50-þ100 sNdnb Af-hn 60-þ90 Znhkw 5þ7.5 350-þ400 100-þ150 250-þ500 90-þ120 Znhkw 7.5-þ10 þ 200-þ250 500-þ750 5þ6 amkw 10-þ15 þ 250-þ300 750-þ1000 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 55. InUv ÌmÀ«À ne¡Se ]n®m¡v 12 apXnc 30 tKmX¼v/aª-tച്ചുmfw 30 XhnSv (Acn/tKmX-¼v) 15 DW-¡-aÕyw (D¸n-Ãm-¯-Xv) 10 [mXp-e-h-W-an-{inXw 1.5 D¸v 1.5 (hnäm-an³ AB2D3 – 25 g /100 kg ^oUv) Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 56. Composition of ideal creep feed (ആട്ടിന്‍ കുട്ടിയുലട‍തീറ്റ) Maize (പേൊളം)- 40% Ground nut cake (കെലണ്ടി‍േിണ്ണൊക്ക്)-30 % Wheat bran (പഗൊരമ്പ്‍രവിട്) – 10 % Deoiled rice bran (അരി‍രവിട്‍-എണ്ണയിത്തര്‍)- 13 % Molasses (ശര്‍ ക്കരെൊവ്‍ )– 5% Mineral mixture (ലവണ‍മിശൃരം) - 2% Salt – 1% fortified with vitamins A, B2 and D3 and antibiotic feed supplements Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 57. {]mbw icm-icn ico-c- `mcw (In.-{Kmw) Hcp Znhkw sImSp- t¡- Xoä km{µo-Ir- Xm-lmcw ]ച്ചു- ¸pÃv 6þ12 amkw 15-þ20 300-þ400 1þ2 apXnÀ¶ BSp-IÄ 25-þ30 200-þ300 2þ3 ap«-m-Sp-IÄ (C-W- tNÀ¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h) 30-þ40 400-þ500 3þ5 ]mep-ev]m-Z--¯nv þ Hcp enറ്റÀ ]m Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ 400 {Kmw km{µo-Ir-Xm-lm-cw. KÀ`n-Wn-bm-Snv þ Ah-km-s¯ 2 amk-¡mew 300 {Kmw Xoറ്റ IqSp-X ÂI-Ww. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 58. tNmfw 47 ne-¡-Se ]n®m¡v 30 XhnSv (A-cn, tKmX-¼v) 20 [mXp-e-h-W-an-{inXw 1.5 D¸v 1.5 100 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 59. IS-e-¸n-®m¡v 12 apXnc 30 .tNmfw/tKmX¼v 30 Acn-¯-hnSv 15 DW-¡-aÕyw (D-¸n-Ãm-¯-Xv) 10 [mXp-e-h-W-an-{inXw 1.5 D¸v 1.5 100 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 60. “ആഡരോഗയമോണ്‍ഏറ്റവും‍വലിയ സമ്മോനം.” ബുദ്ധന്‍ “ഡരോഗം‍വരുന്നതുവലര‍ആഡരോഗയലെ വിലമതിക്കുന്നില്ല.” ഡതോമസ്‍ഫുള്ളര്‍ ആഡരോഗയെിന്ലറ‍ഏറ്റവും‍ഉയര്‍ ന്ന‍രൂപ മോണ്‍സഡന്തോഷം.” ൈവലലോമ “ആഡരോഗയമുള്ള‍പൗരന്ഩോരോണ്‍ഏലതോരു രോജയെിനും‍ലഭിക്കുന്ന‍ഏറ്റവും‍വലിയ സവെ്.” വിന്‍ സ്റ്റൺ‍ചര്‍ ച്ചില്‍ Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 66. HOW DO I KNOW IF I HAVE A PROBLEM WITH WORMS? Do you see animals with clinical signs consistent with worms? Diarrhea? Weight loss? Exercise intolerance? Pale mucus membranes? Peripheral edema (bottle jaw)? Poor rate of gain? What is your death loss in the herd? Do you know why animals die?
- 67. HUMIDITY Larvae are readily destroyed by drying Parasitism is rare in arid climates Pasture contamination is greatly reduced in July and August
- 68. AGE OF HOST Acquired immunity Young animals more susceptible
- 69. PASTURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Traditional pasture strategies Multiple small paddocks Strip grazing Strategic (pre-turn-out) deworming Forage harvesting strategies
- 70. ANTHELMINTHICS Available products Benzimidazole Avermectins Others – levamisole Resistance Use of fecal examinations When? FAMACHA
- 71. CONTROL STRATEGIES AND PRINCIPALS Deworming is most beneficial in neonates Pastures are less contaminated in early spring and mid-summer Strategic deworming will limit pasture contamination Spring deworming limits pasture contamination Pasture rotation will limit exposure to parasite ova
- 72. # 1 ON THE MOST UNWANTED LIST: Haemonchus contortus – barber pole worm Major cause of anemia, bottle jaw, death Thrives in warm, humid conditions Larvae will live on short grasses Early to mid-morning Will dry out but can survive until moist conditions return 10,000 adults can kill a sheep or goat
- 74. TAPEWORM
- 75. OTHER ENEMIES: COMMON PARASITES OF SHEEP & GOATS Lice Flies
- 78. OTHER ENEMIES: COMMON PARASITES OF SHEEP & GOATS Flat worms Control the vector (SNAIL) = control the problem Liver fluke cause severe damage during migration - bacteria can invade migration path causing Blacks disease - Lifecycle - (~4 months) - within the snail Symptoms - Jaundice Enlarged Painful Abdomen Bottle Jaw Anemia Poor body condition
- 80. # 2 OUR WEAKNESSES - POOR MANAGEMENT Overgrazing Keep their heads up Poor nutrition Can’t fight parasite infestation without any energy We haven’t been culling Get rid of the goats that harbor worms Some are genetically more prone to infestations We haven’t been smart dewormers Manage correctly to decrease deworming
- 82. MCMASTER EGG COUNTS Most common technique used Relies on the use of a floatation fluid in which eggs float and heavier debris in feces sinks Common floatation media are various salt solutions including Saturated common salt (NaCl) Sodium nitrate Sugar
- 83. MCMASTER EGG COUNTS Fill each chamber of the counting slide separately going back and refilling the pipette each time.
- 84. FAMACHA Based upon the color of the membranes around/near the eye If paler than the skin under your thumbnail, consider deworming http://www.scsrpc.org/
- 86. #3: OUR STRENGTHS – AMMUNITION Deworming Programs “Deworming is the worst way to control parasites” but…. D.G. Pugh Different Strategies Deworm every 3 weeks Cost $$$$$ Time ? Utilizing hosts defenses ? Eventually leads to resistance
- 90. ഇനം ലസന്റിഡപ്ഗ ്C ഫലരന്ഹീറ്റ്‍° F ഇറച്ചി-കോള 36.7–39.1 98.0–102.4 കറവപ്പശു 38.0–39.3 100.4–102.8 ഡകോഴി 40.6–43.0 105.0–109.4 ആട് 38.5–39.7 101.3–103.5 പന്നി 38.7–39.8 101.6–103.6 മുയല്‍ 38.6–40.1 101.5–104.2 ലചമ്മരി‍ആടുകള്‍ 38.3–39.9 100.9–103.8 ഡറോബര്‍ ട്ട്ഡഷോ ി.ലടപഡറച്ചര്‍ ലറഗുഡലഷന്‍ ആന്‍ ്‍ലതര്‍ മല്‍ എന്‍ വഡയോണ്‍ ലമന്‍ റില്‍ നിന്ന്‍അ ോപ്റ്റുലചയ്തത്, യൂക്ക്സിന്ലറ ഫിസിഡയോളജി ഓഫ് ല ോമസ്റ്റിക് അനിമല്സ്, 12മത്‍പതിപ്പ്,റീസ്‍ ബ്ല്യുഒ,എ ്. പകര്‍ പ്പവകോശം2004ഡകോര്‍ ലനല്‍ സര്‍ വകലോശോല. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 92. ഫൊം‍റകട്ടിടങ്ങളുറട സ്ഥൊനം 1. േുല്‍ കൃഷി -pasture 2. അടച്ച സ്ഥലം – confined area 3. Manure – വളം Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 98. s]®mSv 1 hb-Ênp apI-fn 1 kvIzbÀ aoറ്റÀ 5þ12 amkw 0.75 kvIzbÀ aoറ്റÀ B«n³ Ip-«n-IÄ 0þ4 amkw 0.3 kvIzbÀ aoറ്റÀ ap«³ 1 hb-Ênp apI-fn 1.8 kvIzbÀ aoറ്റÀ Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 99. Age groups Covered space(sq.m) Open space (sq.m) Up to 3 months 0.2-0.30 0.4-0.5 3 months to 6 months 0.3-0.75 1.0-1.5 6 months to 12 months 0.75-1.0 1.5-2.0 Adult animal 1.0-1.5 3.0 Male, Pregnant or lactating doe 1.5-3.0 3.0- 4.0 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 100. Name of the shed lx w x h (m) No. of animals Housed Remarks doe shed 15 x 4 x 3 60 - Buck shed 4 x 2.5 x 3 8 Make partition length wise kid shed 7.5 x 4 x 3 75 Make partition width wise kidding shed 1.5 x 1.2 x 3 1 Provide manger and waterer Milch doe shed 1.2 x 0.8 x 3 1 - Isolation / sick animal shed 3 x 2 x 3 1 Provide proper ventilation and bedding materials Attendant room 6 x 4 x 3 - It should be located nearer to flock Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 102. aq¶mw L«w memw L«w A©mw L«w Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 103. Unique Biology Ruminants VFA absorbed in large intestine Unlike monogastrics Microorganisms also synthesizes vitamins B, K and provide protein Gases produced and eructated CO2, Methane, Nitrogen Spiral Colon No upper incisors Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 104. Basic Nutrition Ruminant Commercial feeds, pasture, hay, concentrates Sheep & Cattle: Grazers Goats: Browsers Can be very selective, eating only leafy parts; waste hay Tend to eat grasses, seeds, nuts, fruits, and woody stemmed plants Do not tolerate finely ground concentrates Do not prefer “sweet” feeds (except our “fat” goats) Make nutrition changes slowly Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 105. Behavior Sheep Easily scared – move slowly and gently Goats Orally investigative May readily chew through wooden gates or fencing May make sneezing noises to confront unfamiliar intruders Cattle Dairy=docile; Beef=not Calves: non-nutritive suckling Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 106. Target Audiences for Goat Meat- Animal Type Preference, Processing Preferences and Seasonal Demand Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 108. Rotational grazing method Rotational grazing should be practiced under which the pasture land should be divided by temporary fences into several sections. The animals are then moved from one section to another section. By the time the entire pasture is grazed, the first section will have sufficient grass cover to provide second grazing. Parasitic infestations can be controlled to a great extent. Further, it helps to provide quality fodder for most part of the year. Under this system, it is advisable to graze the lambs first on a section and then bring in ewes to finish up the feed left by the lambs. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 109. GRAZING MANAGEMENT Growing lambs should be allowed to graze first, followed by pregnant and lactating ewes, and dry stock at the last. (If cattle, sheep and goats are to graze on the same pasture, it will be desirable to allow goats first, followed by cattle and sheep, in that order). Avoid grazing until the dew has dried off. During grazing, sheep should have free access to clean water. Even a good pasture does not meet the dietary requirements of advanced pregnant and lactating ewes, and hence additional concentrate feed of 250-300 gm/day should be given. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 110. Pasture management The many advantages of leguminous fodder trees: availability on farms or in surrounding countryside accessibility to farmers flexible use (browsing/cut-and-carry) the provision of variety in the diet the provision of dietary nitrogen, energy, minerals and vitamins their laxative influence on the alimentary system the reduced requirement for purchased concentrates resulting from their use and hence the reduction in the cost of feeding they permit. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 111. Utilisation of Pasture in Plantations In the humid tropics there are large areas of tree crops such as coconut, rubber and oil palm. They are established in association with a tropical legume cover crop which in time regresses to grasses and weeds. Except in coconut plantations often grazed by cattle the herbage available is generally not used at all. Attention has been given by the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (Tan and Abraham, 1980) to using sheep to consume this herbage and to reduce the high cost of weed control. Promising results are being achieved, confirming that a considerable potential exists for the utilisation of this large feed resource. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 112. Combined production of grass and legumes can increase forage production by 20-30 per cent as compared to that of grass alone. The legumes, besides being rich in protein content, are more palatable and digestible, enrich the soil by nitrogen fixation, and help in checking soil erosion. During the first year of pasture establishment, grazing should not be allowed; the fodder must be harvested, conserved as hay, and fed during the lean period. Pastures should be top dressed with sufficient quantities of farmyard and inorganic fertilizers at regular intervals. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 113. Pest control by means of spraying and dusting with pesticides should be done as and when required. Sheep should not be allowed to graze for 2-3 weeks after spraying. Protection of pasture, removal of undesirable bushes and weeds, soil and water conservation, application of fertilizers, proper stocking rate and grazing system (rotational or deferred rotational) are essential components of good pasture management. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 114. Silviculture Fodder trees serve as a potential source of feed for sheep during December to June when the grazing resources become scarce. Fodder trees also provide shade during summer, check soil erosion and improve soil texture. Fodder trees should be planted in well-managed pastures after the first monsoon rains at a spacing of 20 x 10 metres (approx. 50 trees/hectare). Lopping can be done twice a year in Oct-Nov (conserved) and May-Jun (fed green) in such a manner that the top branches are left in situ; yielding about 8-10 quintals of good quality green fodder/hectare. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 126. Supplementary feeding A growth rate of only 50–55 g both in indigenous lambs and kids maintained on natural grazing/browsing is observed. This can be improved to 70–75 g by supplementary feeding with legume hay and to 90–100 g/day by supplementing them with 150 g concentrate mixture up to weaning and 250 g/day post-weaning. The crossbred lambs supplemented with 200 g/day concentrate mixture before weaning and with 350 g after weaning show a growth rate of about 150 g/day. The dressing percentage on liveweight basis can improve from 30– 40% obtained on natural grazing to about 48–50 by the above supplementary feeding. The supplementary feeding of kids with 550 g concentrate, in addition to browsing results in an increase of 45% in pre-slaughter weight, 65% in carcass weight and 14% in dressing percentage over browsing alone. FIB goat ration Nutrient requirements Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 127. Supplementary feeding Intensive feeding on 50 concentrate:50 roughage feedlot rations from 91 to 180 days of age results in a daily liveweight gain of 130 g in indigenous and 175–200 g in crossbred lambs. The dressing percentage improves to 50–51 with marked improvement in bone:meat ratio towards more meat. The kids, however, do not perform well under total confinement and stall feeding. The indigenous lambs and kids which are not normally supplemented with concentrates or legume hay attain a body weight of 13 to 16 kg at the age of 8–9 months. The growth rate is only about 40 g in kids and 50 g in lambs, dressing percentage is about 35 and 40 and the bone:meat ratio very poor. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 128. Poor Nutrition During Late Pregnancy An increase of ketosis (pregnancy disease). An increase chance of losing ewes from pneumonia or starvation, especially older ewes. An increase in light-weight lambs. In itself, light- weight lambs are not bad because you have fewer difficult births. However, some of these light lambs will be weak lambs as well and if weather conditions are rough, these lambs will be the first to die or will require more special care. Milk production of the ewes will be reduced as will lamb gains. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 129. Managing Pregnant Ewe The importance of ewe nutrition in late gestation cannot be emphasis enough. Poor nutrition during this period can have the following results: An increase of ketosis (pregnancy disease). An increase chance of losing ewes from pneumonia or starvation, especially older ewes. An increase in light-weight lambs. In itself, light-weight lambs are not bad because you have fewer difficult births. However, some of these light lambs will be weak lambs as well and if weather conditions are rough, these lambs will be the first to die or will require more special care. Milk production of the ewes will be reduced as will lamb gains. Pregnant ewe lamb -Remember her calcium and phosphorous requirements are higher than an older ewe. A free-choice mineral supplement containing calcium, phosphorous, and a trace- mineralized salt should be made available Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 130. Future – long term goals Food security – model farm in every panchayat The breeding programme proposed is very simple and easy to apply. Mate all prospective replacement females to give birth at about one year of age. Retain only females for further breeding that wean offspring from this first mating. In subsequent years discard any that fail when they fail. Mate only twin males born from mothers at an age of about one year, or if no twins are born select the heaviest singles from yearling mothers. Mate all males so that the sire is about one year of age when offspring are born. Add research and development in nucleus flocks on experimental or government farms to follow the above steps more exactly and fully, to add selection for success of artificial insemination with frozen semen, and to use embryo transfer to increase selection differentials and to decrease generation interval on the female side Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 131. Proper records – selection - improvement Mastitis Ateiology of infectious mastitis is same in cattle and goats but goats are affected less frequently. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus aglactiae are most commonly involved. Genetic correlations between live weight and reproduction traits are generally positive Selection for Milk Production : Considering the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters Singh et al., (1970) suggested than an Index combining age at first kidding and first lactation yield would be the most efficient index in making rapid genetic progress in the first lactation milk yield and age at first kidding. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 141. PARASITE MANAGEMENT IN GOATS Dr. Beth Walker Missouri State University & Dr. Dusty Nagy University of Missouri Columbia
- 143. നരി പലങ്കടുെ VETS - എലന്ന ഇപ്തയും സഹിച്ചതിന് ഡ ോ. ഡവണുഡഗോപോല് (തിരുവനന്തപുരം), ഡ ോ. ഗിഗിന് (ഡകോഴിഡക്കോട്), ഡ ോ. മോതയൂസ് (തൃശ്ശൂര്), ഡ ോ. ൈിഡനശ് (പോലക്കോട്), ഡ ോ. ശുഡദ്ധോൈനന് (പോലക്കോട്) -എൻ്്ലറ ആട്ജീവിത വഴികോട്ടികള്. ഡപര്‍‍പ്പഡതയകം‍എടുെു പറയോന്‍ വിട്ടുഡപോയ സര്‍ വകലോശോലയിലലയും വകുപ്പിലലയും അധയോപകര്‍ ക്കും സഹപ്പവര്‍ െകര്‍ ക്കും Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 146. Symptoms at various stages of gestation in goats Stage of gestation Cervix Vagina Uterus Non pregnant or before 25 days No tension of the wall Within pelvic cavity no hypertrophy Located within pelvic cavity, no clear asymmetry of horns (slightly asymmetric in some of the does), harder consistency. 30 days -do- Within pelvic cavity Located at pelvic brim, clear asymmetry of horns with softer and fluid filled consistency. 45 days Slight stretching of the wall Located at pelvic brim, slightly hard in consistency but no hypertrophy Located in front of the pelvic brim, complete retroversion into the pelvic cavity possible. Clear distension of uterus, softer in consistency, horns distinguishable in some cases. 60 days Stretched forward At pelvic brim, slightly hypertrophied and soft. Located in front of the pelvic brim, complete retroversion possible in about 20% cases, marked distension of uterus, fluid filled consistency, uterine horns indistinguishable. 90 days Stretched forward In front of pelvic brim, slightly hypertrophied and softer. Uterus within abdominal cavity, only posterior aspect of uterus palpable. Internal ballotment of foetus possible in 80% of the cases, placentome slip palpable in 30%. 120 days Slight relaxation of vaginal stretching In front of pelvic brim, large and soft, difficult to palpate in 20% cases Only posterior aspect of uterus palpable, internal ballotment of foetus possible and placentome slip palpable in all cases. Foetal parts and large placentomes palpable in 90% of the animals. 145 days Slight relaxation of vaginal stretching In front of pelvic brim, large and soft, difficult to palpate in 20% cases. Foetal parts palpable within pelvic and placentomes palpable in 85% of the animals. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 148. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLK7xUIM5caPL0uU5nQw9dKgvyU2 e3ZHK0
- 150. Parasite class Drug for treatment Cestodes Praziquantal (5 mg /kg b.wt) Nematodes Fenbendazole (5-10 mg /kg b.wt) Closantel (5-7 mg /kg b.wt) Ivermectin (0.25-0.5 mg /kg b.wt) Trematodes Oxyclozanide (5-10 mg /kg b.wt) Niclosamide (5-10 mg /kg b.wt) Rafoxanide (7.5 mg /kg b.wt) Ticks Carbaryl spray / Dipping Mites, lice & flea Ivermectin (0.25-0.5 mg /kg b.wt) C0ccidiosis Sulphadimidne( 140 mg/ kg b.wt.) * 7 days Amprolium (10 mg /kg b.wt)* 7 days Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 151. WHAT IS NORMAL? GOATS Normal rectal temp 101-103 Estrus cycle 18-21 days Gestation Length 150 days+/- 5 days Physical appearance of healthy/sick animal Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 153. Common Diseases Tetanus Enterotoxemia – “Overeating Disease” Pneumonia CCPP PPR Foot Diseases (Footrot, Interdigital dermatitis) Parasitism Poliocencephalomalacia - “Thiamine Deficiency” Urinary Calculi Johne’s Disease Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 155. PPR (Goat plague) Viral disease Young animals most affected Ages 2 months to 2 years Varies by species, immunity, breed Morbidity and mortality rates Up to 100% Lower in endemic areas High case fatality rate Exotic ungulates Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 156. Transmission Close contact, inhalation Virus shed in nasal and ocular secretions, saliva, urine, and feces Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 157. Clinical Signs Incubation period 2 to 10 days Peracute Acute High fever Serous nasal, ocular discharge (mucopurulent) Hyperemic gums, necrotic oral lesions Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 158. Clinical Signs Profuse diarrhea Dehydration Emaciation Rapid respiration, dyspnea Abortion Skin nodules around muzzle Subacute, asymptomatic disease Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 159. Treatment No specific treatment Drugs to control bacterial and parasitic complications May decrease mortality Supportive care Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 160. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae Formerly known as biotype F38 Four lineages Other mycoplasmas cause similar but distinct disease in small ruminants Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 161. Morbidity/Mortality Morbidity Often 100% Disease severe in naïve animals Chronic disease in endemic areas Mortality Ranges from 60 to 100% Increased with close contact Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 162. Animal Transmission Incubation period: 6 to 10 days Highly contagious Direct contact Inhalation of infectious respiratory droplets Carrier animals may exist Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 163. Clinical Signs Respiratory symptoms Peracute Minimal clinical signs Acute High fever, anorexia, productive cough, wide stance, extended neck Chronic Cough, nasal charge, debilitation Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 164. Treatment Antibiotics Erythromycin, tylosin, tetracycline, streptomycin Early intervention and treatment needed Newly infected countries Trade, movement restrictions Slaughter of infected animals Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 165. Diseases Metabolic Lactic Acidosis (Grain overload) Cause: excessive ingestion of highly fermentable carbohydrates Leads to shift from gram-negative rumen bacterial population to gram-positive Streptococcus and Lactobacillus Lactic acid acidifies the rumen leading to inflammation ulcers, liver abscesses, laminitis, polioencephalomalacia Prevention: avoid sudden dietary changes avoid over feeding of high carbohydrate diets Treatment: IV fluids magnesium hydroxide intraruminal; Na bicarb IV flush rumen or rumenotomy transfaunation Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 166. Enterotoxemia “Overeating disease” Caused by Clostridium perfringens Type C or D Usually induced by sudden change in gut flora by overconsumption of grain or stress. Easily prevented by vaccination Treatment usually unrewarding Results in Death!!!! Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 167. Pneumonia Sudden Death – usually caused by Pasteurella sp. Verminous pneumonia (Coccidia, lungworms, etc.) Usually have elevated temperature (105-106) Chronic (Poor-doer) Chronic cough Unthrifty • Treatment • Antibiotics (Extralabel use requires VPCR) • Antiinflammatories • Supportive Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 168. Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Disease Complex of Ruminants Onset of disease related to stress: Shipping, weaning, weather changes, dietary changes, overcrowding, shearing Signs: nasal discharge, fever, coughing, dyspnea, diarrhea, depression, death Treatment: Antibiotics: ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, tilosin Anti-inflammatory: Banamine Supportive Care Prevention: reduce stress, precondition, vaccinate Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 169. Abscesses Contagious abscesses is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Draining abscesses is source of infection, contamination of feeding equipment and environment Bacteria “set up shop” in regional lymph nodes Most common site is mandibular region (lower jaw) Can occur in any lymph node of body; therefore, can have internal or external abscesses Treatment: Isolate, lance abscess, flush and keep isolated until healed. Cull affected animals Vaccinate herd Diagnosis: Culture exudate Serological test Do not test if vaccinated. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 170. Foot Care Footrot Caused by bacteria that invades the tissue between the hoof wall and sole of the foot Causes lameness Prevention: Hoof Trimming Control environment Foot baths Vaccine Genetic selection Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 171. Diseases Bacterial Foot Rot of Sheep and Goats Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum (normal inhabitant) and Dichelobacter nodosus (environmental contaminant) Most common cause of lameness in sheep Prevention maintain dry, clean environment reject clinical cases at delivery vaccinate Treatment foot baths - 10% formalin or 10% zinc sulfate or 10% copper sulfate penicillin and streptomycin trim affected tissue Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 172. Interdigital Dermatitis Caused by bacterial infection between the claws Can cause severe lameness Increased incidence in moist conditions, i.e. winter and spring. Provide clean, dry environment to minimize infection Treat with topical and systemic antibiotics Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 173. Polioencephalomalacia “Thiamine Deficiency” Reduction of thiamine in rumen resulting in reduced thiamine in bloodstream which then results in reduced level of thiamine in white matter of brain. Causes: Poisonous plants – thiaminase enzyme Stress – ruminal microflora change to bacteria that produce thiaminase enzyme Sudden Diet Change Acute onset: Initial stages – “stargazing” Progresses to blindness which then progresses to incumbency , seizure then death. From initial stage to death can occur within 24 hours. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 174. Diseases Metabolic Thiamine Deficiency (Polioencephalomalacia) Animals affected: Adult ruminant on high-concentrate diets – most common Ruminants exposed to toxic plants or moldy feed containing thiaminases Ruminants on high-sulfate feeds Signs: bruxism, hyperesthesia, involuntary muscle contractions, opisthotonus, seizures, wandering aimlessly, head-pressing, death Prevention: provide enough high quality roughage to prevent overgrowth of thiaminase-producing ruminal flora Treatment: thiamine hydrochloride Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 175. Urolithiasis “Urinary Calculi” Most common presentation is owner calls with “constipated” wether. Sheep and goats do not get constipated! They are straining to urinate. Sit animal on rump and exteriorize penis. Calculi is usually identified in urethral process on end of penis which is then removed by excision. Mix 1 tsp NH3Cl crystals with small amount of warm water and give orally once daily for 7 days then biweekly for control. Be sure animal has proper amounts of NH3Cl in ration. Treat with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 176. Diseases Bacterial Corynebacterium renale group C. renale Normal inhabitant of bovine genitourinary tract acute pyelonephritis in cattle results from ascending infection following a compromise of protective mechanisms Tx: penicillin (3 weeks) C. pilosum & C. cystitidis Normal inhabitants of prepuce of sheep and goats Posthitis (pizzle rot) and vulvovaginitis high-protein diets increase urinary pH; ammonia irritates prepucial and vulvar skin, increasing vulnerability Tx: decrease dietary protein Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 177. Johne’s Disease Chronic debilatating disease affecting mature sheep, goats, cattle Caused by Mycobacteria paratuberculosis Transmitted by fecal-oral route Offspring from infected dam at more risk of contracting disease. No treatment available Remove affected animal from herd immediately Serological and fecal testing available but false negatives occur Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 178. Reproductive Diseases Pregnancy Toxemia Mastitis Cystic Follicles/Corpus luteum Nonbreeders Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis/Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Retained placenta ABORTIONS (Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Q-fever, Toxoplasmosis) Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 179. Pregnancy Toxemia Usually occurs in obese animals carrying multiple fetuses Can occur as early as 6 weeks before kidding/lambing date Clinical signs: Decreased appetite Swollen Legs Lethargy Unwillingness to stand due to pain &/or weakness Moist, nonproductive cough Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 180. Pregnancy Toxemia (Cont’d) Treatment Place in area where food and water easily accessible Vitamin B-complex (B12) Propylene Glycol drench Antibiotics if indicated Probiotics Calcium/Dextrose Termination of pregnancy Prevention Place animals in separate groups based on fetal numbers Place animals in separate groups based on body condition Prevent obesity Have food available in adequate quantities Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 181. Diseases Metabolic Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis, Twin Lamb Disease) 1o in Sheep and Goats that are overweight or bearing twins Seen in during late gestation or early lactation Signs depression, anorexia, weakness, neurologic signs, fetal death, ketonuria Cause: inadequate glucose production secondary to increased requirements Prevention: increase nutrition Treatment: IV fluids, IV glucose, B vitamins, propylene glycol, induce abortion or c-section Protein Energy Malnutrition in heifer cattle is similar, but generally not associated with overconditioning or twins Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 182. Abortions Causes: Campylobacter (vaccine available) Toxoplasmosis Chlamydia (vaccine available) Coxiella burnetti – “Q-fever” Neospora Schmallenberg virus (Usually congenital deformities associated with this virus) Other bacterial causes Utilize diagnostic lab to confirm diagnosis!!!! Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 183. Diseases Chlamydial Enzootic Abortion Cause: Chlamydphila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) Signs: late abortion birth of stillborns birth of weak kids/lambs Transmission direct contact with infectious secretions (placental, fetal, and uterine fluids) Indirect contact with contaminated feed and water Prevention Vaccinate – prevents abortions, but not infection Quarantine - recovered does/ewes usually immune thereafter Treatment - Oxytetracycline Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 184. Diseases Genetic Entropion – sheep and goats Beta-Mannosidosis – goats (Nubian) Lysosomal storage disease Intention tremors, difficulty standing, deaf Congenital Myotonia – goats “fainting goats” – transient spasms of skeletal muscle brought about by visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli Congenital erythropoietic porphyria – cattle Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome –cattle (Holstein) Goiter of Sheep – sheep (Merino) Spider Lamb Syndrome – sheep (Suffollk and Hampshire) Hereditary chondrodysplasia Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 185. Mastitis Environmental causes - Coliform Gangrenous Contagious mastitis – Staph, Strep Treatment Systemic antibiotics Intramammary infusions Anti-inflammatories IV Fluids Prevention Reduce environment contamination Dairy sheep/goats – proper sanitation during milking procedure Use of “dry cow” intramammary infusions Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 186. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis “CAE” Seen primarily in dairy goats Viral disease primarily transmitted in milk, especially in colostrum Causes swollen joints, lameness, hard udders, decreased milk production, pneumonia, shortens life span of infected animal Easily diagnosed through blood sample Test, cull positive animals, feed kids heat treated colostrum and pasteurized milk from negative does. Be sure all recipient does are tested for CAE! Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 187. Diseases Viral Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Most important viral disease of goats Cause: Lentivirus (similar to OPPV) Transmission vertical via colostrum and milk Signs progressive arthritis (six months and older) Carpal joint most common, followed by stifle, hock, and hip neurological symptoms in kids pneumonia (older animals) mastitis (older animals) Prevention: remove kids at birth; test and cull Treatment: None – Infection is lifelong Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 188. Maedi-Visna Ovine Progressive Pneumonia “OPP” Viral disease primarily affecting respiratory system of sheep Can cause progressive paralysis, wasting, arthritis and chronic mastitis Transmitted in colostrum, milk, fecal contamination, respiratory secretions Related to CAE virus of goats. Serologic test to identify carrier sheep, cull Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 189. Diseases Viral Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus (OPPV, Maedi/Visna) Cause: Lentivirus (closely related to CAEV) Signs after long incubation period (up to 2 years) progressive weight loss, pneumonia, lameness, paralysis, mastitis, death Transmission horizontal (aerosol) vertical - in utero and via infected milk and colostrum Prevention: Test and cull Remove lambs from ewes at birth Treatment: none Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 190. Skin Diseases Ringworm Zinc Deficiency Soremouth Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 191. Diseases Fungal Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) Common fungal infection of cattle Trichophyton verrucosum is 1 o agent Signs: multiple, gray, crusty, circumscribed, hyperkeratotic lesions around head, neck and ears Dx: Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM) Spontaneous recovery 1-4 months Treatment Topical: 2-5% lime-sulfur solution, 3% captan, iodophors, thiabendazole, and 0.5% hypochlorite Systemic: griseofulvin Zoonotic Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 192. Diseases Viral Contagious Ecthyma (Orf) Viral infection of sheep and goats Cause: parapoxvirus - capable of surviving for years Usually seen in young animals Signs: lesions and scab formation around mouth, nostrils, eyes, non-wooled areas around mammary gland and vulva Most commonly at commissures of mouth Infected lactating ewes may abandon lambs Treatment: supportive Prevention: Vaccinate Disinfect equipment etc. in between use Zoonotic Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 193. Diseases Caseous Lymphadenitis Common, chronic contagious infection of lymph nodes of sheep and goats Cause: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Prevention: reject animals with lymphadenopathy or wounds Treatment: antibiotics, lance and drain abscesses, cull animals Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 194. Zoonotic Diseases • Abortion diseases Toxoplasmosis Coxiella burnetti (“Q-fever”) • Soremouth • Ringworm Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 195. Zoonotic Diseases, Cont’d Causes of Abortions Coxiella burnetti- “Q-Fever” Organisms shed in feces, urine, milk and highest numbers are shed in vaginal secretions and uterine fluids during abortion Immunocompromised individuals should avoid contact Flu-like symptoms Toxoplasmosis Newborns may be weak or born dead Avoid fecal contamination of feed sources/troughs by “barn cats” Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 202. Sarcoptic Mange Pathology Dog Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 204. Notoedres Cati Face Mange Mite Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 205. Face Mange Mite Pathology Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 208. Ear Canal With Ear Mite Debri Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 209. Cheyletiella “Walking Dandruff” Dog and Cat Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 210. Psoroptes Ovis “Scab Mite” Horses, Sheep, and Cows Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 213. Flea Eggs and Feces Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 217. Felicola Subrostrata Sucking Louse of Cats Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 218. Human Body Louse Pediculus Humanus Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 219. Human Head Louse Next to Dime Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 220. Human “Crab” Louse Pthirus Pubis Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 223. Diseases Bacterial Q-Fever Highly contagious disease of sheep and goats Agent: Coxiella burnetti - rickettsial organism Transmission Ixodid or Argasid ticks Ingestion of infected materials (placenta, milk, urine , feces, nasal secretions) Major cause of late abortion in sheep Usually asymptomatic in cattle and goats Treatment: oxytetracycline Zoonotic (single organism shown to cause disease) Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 225. Deer Tick Female Engorged, Eggs, and Normal Adult Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 227. Dermacentor Variabilis American Dog Tick Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 230. Tick Lifecycle One Host Cycle Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 235. Stylosanthes A genus of summer growing perennial pasture / fodder legumes. Most of its species are native of south and central America and the Caribbean Islands. This is a fodder cum leguminous cover crop, which is suited for intercropping in coconut gardens, either alone or in combination with other fodder grasses. The crop controls soil erosion by giving a protective soil cover. It also helps to smother weed growth. https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=HxIZq7gsTjw Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 236. •Caribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano): This is a short-lived perennial legume similar to Townsville stylo. It is slow growing and develops a flat crown under grazing. Erect stem may grow up to 80 cm. The stems of Verano are smooth. As against the bristly stems of Townsville stylo it has a line of very fine, short white hairs on one side only. The flowering spike of Verano produces double seeds; the upper has a reduced hook about 3 to 5 mm long, while the lower seed has no hook. Verano combines many of the virtues of both annuals and perennials. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 237. •Seeds of stylo are very small. The seed rate is 2 to 3.5 kg ha-1 when grown as an intercrop in coconut gardens. For grass legume mixtures, 1.5 kg ha-1 is sufficient. Seeds are soaked in water overnight and mixed with Rhizobium culture before sowing. •Prepare a fine seedbed. Seeds are mixed with sand when sown as a pure crop or mixed with grass seeds for mixtures. Seeds are sown broadcast and covered with thin layer of soil or dibbled at a spacing of 30 cm between rows. The depth of sowing should be 5-10 mm. Seeds germinate within a week. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 238. •Recommended dose of N, P2O5 and K2O for both annual and perennial stylosanthes are 20, 80 and 30 kg per ha respectively. For perennial crops, phosphorus @ 80 kg ha-1 and potash @ 30 kg ha-1 may be applied in subsequent years. Application of lime @ 375 kg ha-1 is also recommended in acid soils. •Gap filling may be done 15 days after sowing. First weeding is given 45 days after sowing. A second weeding and hoeing may also be done after the first harvest. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 239. •Gentle raking of the interspace after the application of fertilizers in the subsequent years may be done. •First harvest is taken 3-4 months after sowing and subsequent harvest at 45 days intervals or according to the growth of the crop. A maximum of 4-5 harvests can be taken in a year for a perennial crop, which will remain in the field for 3 years. The crop yields 25-30 t ha-1 green fodder per year. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 240. Grazing management- stylo Grazing should be avoided within the first year of establishment in order to promote seed setting. Heavy, continuous or rotational grazing is beneficial to its growth at the expense of grass growth. When rotationally grazed or cut, four-week rest periods should be respected (Cook et al., 2005). Grazing is necessary for perennation, otherwise Caribbean stylo is more likely to behave as an annual (Cameron, 2010; Cook et al., 2005; Edye et al., 1992). Even after leaf shedding under dry conditions, the Caribbean stylo remains well-grazed by livestock, which selects green stems, fallen leaves and seed heads. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/7740 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 241. FODDER MAIZE (Zea mays) Maize grows best in warm climate where the day temperature is fairly light. Heavy rains and dry hot winds are not suitable. Favourable annual rainfall is 60-100 cm. The crop comes up well in soils with good drainage and fair moisture status. The optimum season for sowing is the last week of June to second week of July and September to October. The crop can be raised throughout the year in areas where irrigation facilities are available. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 242. The land is ploughed two or three times and beds and channels are formed. Seeds can be either broadcasted or dibbled at a spacing of 30 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants. Hybrid varieties are Deccan, Ganga-5, Ganga safed-2, and Ganga-3 and composite variety Vijay. Seed rate for broadcasting is 80 kg ha-1 and for dibbling 40-60 kg ha-1 (to be dibbled at 5-6 cm depth @ two seeds per hole). Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 243. FYM @ 10 t ha-1 may be applied at the time of preparation of land as basal dressing. N, P2O5 and K2O at the rate of 120, 60 and 40 kg/ha respectively, may be given as topdressing. Weeding may be done according to necessity. First cutting of maize can be taken after 60 days of planting or at the milky stage of the crop. A second cut can also be taken if there is sufficient moisture in the soil. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 246. Fodder sorghum is an ideal tropical forage crop. It is fairly drought resistant and suited for areas where moisture is a limiting factor for crop growth. The crop can be raised during both monsoons. All soils except sandy soils are suited for the crop. Apply N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizers @ 60, 40 and 20 kg per ha, respectively. Important varieties are M.P.Chari, MPKV-1, JS-20, S-1049 and JS-3. Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 247. Some species of sorghum can contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine, and nitrates lethal to grazing animals in the early stages of the plants' growth. When stressed by drought or heat, plants can also contain toxic levels of cyanide and/or nitrates at later stages in growth.[13] Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 250. Width 10cm Spacing -60 cm Depth-20 cm Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 251. FYM-20t/ha: 80kg/cent FYM alone : 180 kg/cent Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 252. Urea -1kg/cent Mussouriphos-1 kg/cent MOP - 350 gm/cent Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 253. Mixing FYM and fertilizers Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 261. BN Hybrid- 60x60 cm Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 272. Best 2 -3 rotations Green fodder yield (q/ha) 1. Sorghum + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea 1,107 2. Maize + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea - Maize + Cowpea 1,060 3. Guinea grass round the year 935 Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645
- 274. Courtesy Trainings conducted by Kerala Agricultural University and Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University http://old.kau.edu/pop/foddercrops.htm Dr SREEHARI S - 7907612645