The document discusses methods for analyzing rates of morphological evolution over time using phylogenetic trees. It summarizes previous methods, their limitations, and proposes modifying Westoll's scoring method for use with cladistic character-taxon matrices while retaining his plotting approach. It then applies this modified method to a lungfish dataset, confirming their pattern of arrested evolutionary tempo. However, it notes this pattern may be a more general feature seen across other groups that specialize in restricted adaptive zones.
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF PERUVIAN PROSOPIS (FABACEAE)Enrique Bravo
Pollen morphology from ten Peruvian species of Prosopis genus (P. alba, P. chilensis, P. limensis, P. mantaroensis, P. pallida, P. peruviana, P. piurensis, P. purpurea, P. reptans and P. tupayachensis) was examined using light microscopy (LM), looking for new features that might contribute to clarify classification of the genus in Peru. The Prosopis species are stenopalynous, which is an agreement with observations in previous studies of other species. Pollen is shed in monads and characterized by being isopolar, radially symmetric, generally prolate, and psilate. Pollen is medium size (31.41 – 23.89 μm in P. alba and 40.65 – 22.04 μm in P. reptans), tricolporate, with long and narrow colpi, a circular endoaperture and a reduced polar area. The exine has a range between 1.72 to 2.37 μm thick.
Key words: Prosopis, Peruvian species, pollen morphology.
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF PERUVIAN PROSOPIS (FABACEAE)Enrique Bravo
Pollen morphology from ten Peruvian species of Prosopis genus (P. alba, P. chilensis, P. limensis, P. mantaroensis, P. pallida, P. peruviana, P. piurensis, P. purpurea, P. reptans and P. tupayachensis) was examined using light microscopy (LM), looking for new features that might contribute to clarify classification of the genus in Peru. The Prosopis species are stenopalynous, which is an agreement with observations in previous studies of other species. Pollen is shed in monads and characterized by being isopolar, radially symmetric, generally prolate, and psilate. Pollen is medium size (31.41 – 23.89 μm in P. alba and 40.65 – 22.04 μm in P. reptans), tricolporate, with long and narrow colpi, a circular endoaperture and a reduced polar area. The exine has a range between 1.72 to 2.37 μm thick.
Key words: Prosopis, Peruvian species, pollen morphology.
Evolution 2012 Talk: When do we Lack Resolvable Clades?David Bapst
A talk presenting my work recently published in PLoS One, at the Evolution meeting in 2012, in Ottawa. Examples of morphological differentiation illustrated with colorful pictures of a group known to many.
You can find the published paper here, without the pocket monsters:
Bapst DW (2013) When Can Clades Be Potentially Resolved with
Morphology? PLoS ONE 8(4): e62312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062312
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062312
Obviously all the Pokemon are copyright of Nintendo of America. But how useful pedagogically they were!
A talk based on my chapter in _Species Problems and Beyond_ (CRC Press, 2022) in which I argue that some concepts are neither model-based as Nercessian argues, nor theory-derived, but come from the operative traditions as they develop out of folk concepts.
Evolution 2012 Talk: When do we Lack Resolvable Clades?David Bapst
A talk presenting my work recently published in PLoS One, at the Evolution meeting in 2012, in Ottawa. Examples of morphological differentiation illustrated with colorful pictures of a group known to many.
You can find the published paper here, without the pocket monsters:
Bapst DW (2013) When Can Clades Be Potentially Resolved with
Morphology? PLoS ONE 8(4): e62312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062312
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062312
Obviously all the Pokemon are copyright of Nintendo of America. But how useful pedagogically they were!
A talk based on my chapter in _Species Problems and Beyond_ (CRC Press, 2022) in which I argue that some concepts are neither model-based as Nercessian argues, nor theory-derived, but come from the operative traditions as they develop out of folk concepts.
An informative, rather enjoyable presentation & explanation of Neo-Darwinism (evolution) based on the theory in my 12th-grade book.
Remember: When assigned a group project, always give proper and equal time to each member. (Designed for teamwork)
My thesis in Computational Ecology was carried under the supervision of Prof. Ronen Kadmon, and submitted on Dec 2013 to the senate of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
Data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and, more recently, the Planck Mission, have provided us with unprecedented quantitative information that has helped to establish the current `concordance' cosmology. These observations have also revealed a number of features that we do not understand so well, prompting suggestions of departures from the standard framework. In this talk I will review a few of these interesting such anomalies, touching on the methods used to identify them and what their physical origin might be if they are not simply experimental artifacts of some sort.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
3. Conference on Genetics, Paleontology and
Evolution held at Princeton, January 1947
Thomas Stanley Westoll
Background
George Gaylord Simpson
4. George Gaylord Simpson
• T&M published 1944
• Confirmed that rates
vary
• Three basic tempos:
Background
– Tachytely (fast)
– Horotely (‘normal’)
– Bradytely (slow, living
fossils)
1902 – 1984 • Only looked at single
characters
5. Thomas Stanley Westoll
• Devised a method to
investigate tempo in
multiple characters
• Constructed character-
taxon matrix and added
Background
states (‘scoring’ taxa)
• 14 dipnoan genera and 26
ordered multi-state
characters
• Plotted scores vs. time
1912 – 1995
7. Problems with Westoll’s
methodology:
• Ancestor artificial (Schopf 1984)
• Only well known taxa can be included
(Knoll et al. 1984)
Methodology
• Error bars required (constrain
interpretation)
• Reversals ignored (Derstler 1982)
• Assumes stratigraphically ordered
ancestor-descendant sequence
8. Previous Solutions
• Derstler 1982 and Forey 1988
• Used cladistic (character-taxon) matrices
• Scored internal nodes of phylogeny (which
Methodology
are complete)
• Scored as number of character changes
between nodes (i.e. include reversals)
But:
• These authors were calculating rates
9. The Problem With Rates I
• Rate of change = Δx / Δt
• Δt often zero between nodes (rate = ∞)
• Solution: add arbitrary value to Δt
Methodology
– Derstler 1982 Δt + 1Ma
– Cloutier 1991 Δt + 2Ma
– Forey 1988 Δt + 5Ma
• Problem: predicts earlier origin of clade,
e.g. Forey value necessitates pre-
Cambrian lungfish
10. The Problem With Rates II
• Rates also suffer from the problem of
comparability
Solution:
Methodology
• Use the desirable properties of scoring
internal nodes, incorporating reversals
and a phylogenetic context, but…
• …retain Westoll’s plotting method
• Reduces assumptions (e.g.
anagenesis/cladogenesis)
11. Revisiting Lungfish Evolution
• Compiled ‘supermatrix’ from six published
matrices
• 85 dipnoan taxa, 2 outgroups and 132
Methodology
characters
• 4118 MPTs
• Tree with best-fit to stratigraphy used
(worst-fit very similar)
13. “it appears possible that the pattern of scores
follows directly from the method of analysis”
(Schopf 1984)
1. Artificial ancestor
2. Number of characters and states
recognised a function of number of taxa
(most of which are Devonian)
Artefact?
14. Schopf 2: Number of characters and states is a
function of number of taxa
Artefact?
15. Schopf 2: Number of characters and states is a
function of number of taxa
r2 = 0.98853131
Artefact?
16. Schopf 2: Number of characters and states is a
function of number of taxa
Artefact?
17. “it appears possible that the pattern of scores
follows directly from the method of analysis”
(Schopf 1984)
1. Artificial ancestor
2. Number of characters and states recognised a
function of number of taxa (most of which are
Devonian)
3. If changes were late we would recognise a
new group instead (e.g. birds from reptiles)
Artefact?
4. A paedomorphic trend (Bemis 1984) in
lungfish would limit the number of available
character states as time progressed
18. Paedomorphosis as an explanation
for the lungfish pattern
• Paedomorphosis can be obligate and
irreversible (Bonett & Chippindale 2006)
• Bemis’ (1984) hypothesis for a paedomorphic
trend in lungfish can be tested as 5 of his 7
characters appear here
• However, all 5 have low CI’s (0.2-0.4) and most
Artefact?
include reversals (under DELTRAN)
• Peramorphic trends also known in lungfish
(Long 1993)
19. Lungfish Pattern as a Biological
Phenomena
Biologically Real?
• Westoll/Simpson saw it as ‘quantum
evolution’
20. “The lungfish [adaptive] zone would seem to be quite narrow and
yet it has persisted without marked change…for perhaps 200
million years” (Simpson 1953)
Biologically Real?
21. Lungfish Pattern as a Biological
Phenomena
Biologically Real?
• Westoll/Simpson saw it as ‘quantum
evolution’
• Others argue for specialisation
(aestivation/air-breathing)
30. Conclusions
• A simple modification of Westoll’s
methodology for use with cladistic
matrices is presented
• Application of this method to a lungfish
Conclusions
‘supermatrix’ confirms a pattern of
arrested evolutionary tempo
• However, this pattern may be a more
general feature of evolution