This document discusses treatment options for metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver. It describes Jefferson's experience treating over 650 patients per year with metastatic uveal melanoma through a multidisciplinary team approach. Key treatments discussed include immunoembolization using GM-CSF, which has shown response rates of 32% and median overall survival of 14.4 months. Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization is also discussed as a salvage treatment for patients who have progressed on other therapies, with median overall survival of 10 months. The document emphasizes the importance of locoregional therapies for this disease given the lack of effective systemic therapies.
A short overview of Image Guided Radiotherapy process in Lung Cancer presented at TMC Kolkata circa 2016. Basic principles and concepts as well as examples are outlined.
Radiobiological aspects of radiotherapy precisionAmin Amin
This document discusses the required accuracy and uncertainties in radiotherapy. It begins by introducing improvements in radiotherapy technologies that allow more precise dose delivery to tumors. It then discusses various modern radiotherapy modalities and the need for precision radiotherapy given technical and scientific advances. While survival improvements have not been conclusively shown, strategies to widen the therapeutic window include improved treatment conformity and personalized biological treatments. Accuracy requirements in radiotherapy are clinically driven and depend on dose-response curves for tumors and normal tissues. Overall uncertainties of 3% or less are recommended to minimize changes to tumor control or normal tissue complications. The document examines sources of uncertainty and accuracy achievable with techniques like 3D conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
This document discusses planned and unplanned gaps in radiation therapy treatment schedules. Planned gaps are built into the schedule to account for tumor repopulation during weekends and holidays. Unplanned gaps negatively impact treatment outcomes by prolonging the overall time and allowing tumors to regrow. The effects of gaps depend on the prolongation length, tumor proliferation rate, and timing of the interruption. Corrections like increasing the dose or number of fractions are sometimes made to account for biological effects of treatment gaps.
Final ICRU 62 ( International commission on radiation units and measurements)DrAyush Garg
The document discusses recommendations from reports by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) for defining volumes used in radiation therapy planning and reporting. ICRU Report 62 provides additional details on volumes such as the internal target volume (ITV) and planning organ at risk volume (PRV), and introduces metrics like the conformity index. It also further classifies organs at risk as serial, parallel or serial-parallel based on their radiosensitivity.
extra corporeal irridation and bone transport.pptRaj Harshwal
This document discusses extracorporeal irradiation (ECI) and reimplantation as a method for reconstruction after tumor resection from long bones. It provides details on the procedure, which involves removing the tumor-bearing bone segment, sterilizing it with radiation therapy at 50Gy, and reimplanting the bone. The summary highlights that ECI is a useful reconstruction option that is oncologically safe, cost-effective compared to prosthetics, and can provide good functional results by acting as a scaffold for bone regeneration. However, it notes the procedure is technically challenging and best performed in specialized musculoskeletal oncology centers.
This document discusses various time-dose models used in radiotherapy, including the Strandqvist, Cohen, NSD, and TDF models. It explains the need for these models to optimize treatment regimes for tumor control while sparing normal tissues. The document also covers gap correction factors used when treatment schedules are interrupted and the various factors that can affect tumor control outcomes due to gaps in treatment. Compensatory methods like accelerated scheduling and increased dosing are presented to account for treatment gaps.
This document discusses treatment options for metastatic uveal melanoma to the liver. It describes Jefferson's experience treating over 650 patients per year with metastatic uveal melanoma through a multidisciplinary team approach. Key treatments discussed include immunoembolization using GM-CSF, which has shown response rates of 32% and median overall survival of 14.4 months. Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization is also discussed as a salvage treatment for patients who have progressed on other therapies, with median overall survival of 10 months. The document emphasizes the importance of locoregional therapies for this disease given the lack of effective systemic therapies.
A short overview of Image Guided Radiotherapy process in Lung Cancer presented at TMC Kolkata circa 2016. Basic principles and concepts as well as examples are outlined.
Radiobiological aspects of radiotherapy precisionAmin Amin
This document discusses the required accuracy and uncertainties in radiotherapy. It begins by introducing improvements in radiotherapy technologies that allow more precise dose delivery to tumors. It then discusses various modern radiotherapy modalities and the need for precision radiotherapy given technical and scientific advances. While survival improvements have not been conclusively shown, strategies to widen the therapeutic window include improved treatment conformity and personalized biological treatments. Accuracy requirements in radiotherapy are clinically driven and depend on dose-response curves for tumors and normal tissues. Overall uncertainties of 3% or less are recommended to minimize changes to tumor control or normal tissue complications. The document examines sources of uncertainty and accuracy achievable with techniques like 3D conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
This document discusses planned and unplanned gaps in radiation therapy treatment schedules. Planned gaps are built into the schedule to account for tumor repopulation during weekends and holidays. Unplanned gaps negatively impact treatment outcomes by prolonging the overall time and allowing tumors to regrow. The effects of gaps depend on the prolongation length, tumor proliferation rate, and timing of the interruption. Corrections like increasing the dose or number of fractions are sometimes made to account for biological effects of treatment gaps.
Final ICRU 62 ( International commission on radiation units and measurements)DrAyush Garg
The document discusses recommendations from reports by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) for defining volumes used in radiation therapy planning and reporting. ICRU Report 62 provides additional details on volumes such as the internal target volume (ITV) and planning organ at risk volume (PRV), and introduces metrics like the conformity index. It also further classifies organs at risk as serial, parallel or serial-parallel based on their radiosensitivity.
extra corporeal irridation and bone transport.pptRaj Harshwal
This document discusses extracorporeal irradiation (ECI) and reimplantation as a method for reconstruction after tumor resection from long bones. It provides details on the procedure, which involves removing the tumor-bearing bone segment, sterilizing it with radiation therapy at 50Gy, and reimplanting the bone. The summary highlights that ECI is a useful reconstruction option that is oncologically safe, cost-effective compared to prosthetics, and can provide good functional results by acting as a scaffold for bone regeneration. However, it notes the procedure is technically challenging and best performed in specialized musculoskeletal oncology centers.
This document discusses various time-dose models used in radiotherapy, including the Strandqvist, Cohen, NSD, and TDF models. It explains the need for these models to optimize treatment regimes for tumor control while sparing normal tissues. The document also covers gap correction factors used when treatment schedules are interrupted and the various factors that can affect tumor control outcomes due to gaps in treatment. Compensatory methods like accelerated scheduling and increased dosing are presented to account for treatment gaps.
This document discusses intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) for breast cancer. It provides background on breast cancer risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It then describes IORT specifically, noting that it allows targeted radiation to be delivered during surgery directly to the tumor bed in one session using a miniature X-ray source. The technique aims to complete local radiation treatment immediately while avoiding six weeks of daily external beam radiotherapy. Details are provided on the Intrabeam system and applicators used to deliver a uniform radiation dose in a spherical field confined to the tumor bed.
1. The document discusses various radiotherapy techniques including conventional 2D radiotherapy, conformal radiotherapy, IMRT, VMAT, and stereotactic radiotherapy.
2. Conformal radiotherapy uses multiple beams and CT imaging to more accurately delineate the tumor and organs at risk compared to conventional 2D radiotherapy.
3. IMRT and VMAT (volumetric modulated arc therapy) further improve dose conformity to the tumor compared to conformal radiotherapy by modulating the intensity of the radiation beams.
SBRT versus Surgery in Early lung cancer : DebateRuchir Bhandari
This document discusses stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) versus surgery for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SBRT delivers a high dose of precision radiation to the tumor target in 1-5 fractions. Several studies have shown comparable survival and recurrence rates between lobectomy and sublobar resection for stage I lung cancer. SBRT has comparable or better local tumor control and survival rates than conventional radiation therapy for early stage NSCLC, with fewer side effects. While surgery may remain the standard of care, SBRT has emerged as a viable alternative to surgery for medically inoperable early stage NSCLC patients, with some studies investigating its use in operable patients as well.
This document discusses the basics of radiotherapy treatment plan evaluation. It covers topics such as defining the gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OAR). It describes dose volume histograms (DVHs) and how to analyze metrics like the median dose, minimum and maximum doses received by the target and OARs. Other areas covered include isodose lines, equivalent radiation, conformity and homogeneity indices, and ensuring appropriate dose coverage of the target while sparing OARs. The document emphasizes balancing target coverage with OAR protection in treatment plan evaluation.
1. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) delivers a high single dose of radiation during surgery to the tumor bed or residual tumor. This allows dose escalation while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues, which are displaced or shielded.
2. IORT has advantages over external beam radiation therapy including reduced local recurrence rates, maximizing the radiobiological effect of a single high dose, and optimizing the timing of combined surgery and radiation.
3. Clinical trials show IORT combined with external beam radiation reduces side effects compared to external beam radiation alone, while maintaining local control rates in early stage breast cancer.
Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer.pptxAsha Arjunan
1) The document outlines studies evaluating hypofractionated whole breast radiotherapy (HF-WBI) for breast cancer treatment. The Ontario Clinical Oncology Group trial found local recurrence rates and overall survival were similar between HF-WBI (42.5 Gy in 16 fractions) and standard WBI (50 Gy in 25 fractions), with lower late toxic effects for HF-WBI.
2) The UK START trials also found similar local recurrence rates between HF-WBI schedules (39-41.6 Gy) and standard WBI (50 Gy), with lower normal tissue effects for HF-WBI. The UK FAST trial found mild/marked breast changes were higher for 30 Gy compared to 50 Gy but not for
The document discusses various radiation fractionation schedules used in cancer treatment. It begins with an overview of conventional fractionation, which divides the total radiation dose into smaller daily doses to allow healthy cells to repair sublethal damage between fractions. It then explores the radiobiological rationale of the 5 R's of fractionation - repair, redistribution, reoxygenation, repopulation, and radiosensitivity. The document discusses various altered fractionation schedules including hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation, split-course, and hypofractionation, explaining how each schedule aims to improve the therapeutic ratio for cancer patients.
This document discusses the history and techniques of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It begins by outlining the early development of SRS by Lars Leksell in the 1950s. It then defines key terms like SRS, SBRT, and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. The document goes on to discuss the rationale and advantages of SRS/SBRT, including its ability to deliver high radiation doses with steep dose gradients using multiple beams and image guidance. It also covers topics like tumor oxygenation, cell kill mechanisms, and recent technological advances in the field like VMAT, flattening filter free beams, and 4D
This document discusses various aspects of fractionation in radiotherapy. It begins by describing early experiments by Regaud showing that fractionated doses achieved tumor sterilization without excessive skin damage, compared to single high doses. It then discusses the four R's of radiobiology - repair, repopulation, redistribution and reoxygenation - which form the basis for fractionated regimens. Various fractionation schedules are described, including conventional, hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation and hypofractionation. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches are summarized.
RADIOTHERAPY FOR ENDOMETRIUM AND CERVICAL CANCERSKanhu Charan
1. The document discusses radiotherapy techniques for treating gynaecological malignancies such as cancer of the cervix, endometrium, vulva, and ovaries.
2. It describes the evolution of radiotherapy from conventional 2D techniques to newer approaches like 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
3. Key factors in treatment planning and delivery discussed include patient immobilization, imaging techniques for treatment planning like CT and PET scanning, and methods of verifying accurate patient positioning and treatment delivery such as electronic portal imaging.
1. Re-irradiation involves delivering a second course of radiation to patients who develop recurrent or new primary tumors in an area previously treated with radiation. It requires careful patient selection and consideration of normal tissue tolerance to minimize toxicity risks.
2. A multidisciplinary evaluation is necessary to determine if re-irradiation provides a survival or palliative benefit over other treatment options like chemotherapy or surgery. Factors like tumor type, initial treatment details, disease control, and patient performance status must be considered.
3. Advanced radiation techniques like IMRT can help spare nearby organs-at-risk and lower toxicity when used for re-irradiation. Close monitoring during treatment is still needed to watch for normal tissue complications.
This document discusses the history and current state of radiation therapy. It begins with definitions of radiation oncology and its aims to precisely deliver radiation to tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. It then covers the evolution of the field from early experimentation with X-rays and radium to the development of modern radiation equipment like linear accelerators. The roles of various pioneering physicians are also summarized.
1.Aim of Radiotherapy
The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation to the Target while sparing surrounding Healthy tissues to the largest extent possible
2.Organ Motion
Intra-fraction motion
during the fraction
Heartbeat
Swallowing
Coughing
Eye movement
Inter-fraction motion
- in between the fractions
Tumour change
Weight gain/loss
Positioning deviation
Breathing
Bowel and rectal filling
Bladder filling
Muscle relaxation/tension
3. Respiratory motion affects:
Respiratory motion affects all tumour sites in the thorax, abdomen and Pelvis. Tumours in the Lung, Liver, Pancreas, Oesophagus, Breast, Kidneys, prostate
Tumour displacement varies depending on the site and organ Location
Lung tumours can move several cm in any direction during irradiation
It is most prevalent and prominent in Lung cancers
4. Problems associated with respiratory motion during RT
Image acquisition limitations
Treatment planning limitations
Radiation delivery limitations
5. Methods to Account for Respiratory Motion
1. Motion encompassing methods
2. Respiratory gating methods
3. Breath hold methods
4. Forced shallow breathing with abdominal compression
5. Real-time tumor tracking methods
Summary:
The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology is an evolving field
IGRT provides a solution for combating organ motion in radiotherapy
Delivering higher dose to tumor and less dose to normal tissue.
Limited clinical studies, needs to be studied further
IGRT – the future of radiotherapy
This document discusses the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for treating cervix cancer. It notes that IMRT is rarely used currently but could help reduce dose to normal tissues and potentially replace brachytherapy. The document outlines the need for accurate target volume definition using imaging like MRI and CT. It also describes the inverse planning process for IMRT and challenges like organ motion. While IMRT may help spare organs at risk, issues like increased leakage, integral dose and treatment time must be considered.
This document discusses the forward intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique known as field-in-field (FIF) for whole breast radiotherapy. It begins by explaining how FIF uses multiple subfields in addition to the main tangential fields to improve dose homogeneity throughout the breast. Studies show improved homogeneity decreases skin toxicities. The document then evaluates three FIF techniques - single pair of subfields, multiple pairs of subfields, and alternate subfields. It finds the alternate subfields technique provides the best dose distribution and target coverage while being less time-consuming than other techniques. Finally, the document discusses how FIF with lung blocks further reduces lung dose compared to physical wedges.
Evaluation of radiotherapy treatment planningAmin Amin
This document discusses the evaluation of radiotherapy treatment planning through the use of various tools and indices. The goals of treatment planning are to ensure the prescription dose adequately covers and conforms to the target volume while minimizing doses to surrounding healthy tissues. Key evaluation tools discussed include isodose distributions, orthogonal planes, dose volume histograms, dose statistics, homogeneity indices, and conformity/coverage indices. These tools provide both qualitative and quantitative assessments of the dose distribution and how well it meets the goals of treatment planning.
Hormonal treatment of metastatic breast cancer dr. abeer elsayedAbeer Ibrahim
This document discusses hormonal treatment options for breast cancer. It covers:
1. The modes of action of different hormonal therapies like tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, LHRH agonists, and fulvestrant.
2. Treatment choices in the adjuvant and metastatic settings for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. This includes sequencing options and combination therapies.
3. Mechanisms of resistance to hormonal therapies and potential predictive biomarkers for treatment response.
1. Amifostine is a radioprotector that is approved for reducing radiation-induced toxicity in head and neck cancer and ovarian cancer patients. It works by scavenging free radicals and promoting DNA repair.
2. When given intravenously 30 minutes before radiation, amifostine significantly reduces xerostomia, esophagitis, pneumonitis, and fibrosis without affecting tumor control rates. It has a narrow therapeutic window.
3. While amifostine reduces acute toxicity from chemoradiation, allowing for full treatment doses, its potential for also protecting tumors remains a concern due to lack of large randomized studies. Tolerability issues have also limited its use.
A thoughtful presentation on participation in clinical trials from the Thomas Jefferson University team at the 2017 CURE OM Patient & Caregiver Symposium.
Advances in immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1, have significantly improved outcomes for patients with metastatic melanoma. Combination immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab produces response rates over 60%, compared to around 40% for nivolumab alone and 11% for ipilimumab alone. Many patients receiving the combination immunotherapy continue to respond even after stopping treatment, achieving a state of treatment-free survival. While combination immunotherapy is more toxic than single-agent treatments, the toxicities are often manageable. Ongoing research continues to explore optimizing combination immunotherapy regimens to improve outcomes while reducing toxicity.
This document discusses intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) for breast cancer. It provides background on breast cancer risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It then describes IORT specifically, noting that it allows targeted radiation to be delivered during surgery directly to the tumor bed in one session using a miniature X-ray source. The technique aims to complete local radiation treatment immediately while avoiding six weeks of daily external beam radiotherapy. Details are provided on the Intrabeam system and applicators used to deliver a uniform radiation dose in a spherical field confined to the tumor bed.
1. The document discusses various radiotherapy techniques including conventional 2D radiotherapy, conformal radiotherapy, IMRT, VMAT, and stereotactic radiotherapy.
2. Conformal radiotherapy uses multiple beams and CT imaging to more accurately delineate the tumor and organs at risk compared to conventional 2D radiotherapy.
3. IMRT and VMAT (volumetric modulated arc therapy) further improve dose conformity to the tumor compared to conformal radiotherapy by modulating the intensity of the radiation beams.
SBRT versus Surgery in Early lung cancer : DebateRuchir Bhandari
This document discusses stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) versus surgery for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SBRT delivers a high dose of precision radiation to the tumor target in 1-5 fractions. Several studies have shown comparable survival and recurrence rates between lobectomy and sublobar resection for stage I lung cancer. SBRT has comparable or better local tumor control and survival rates than conventional radiation therapy for early stage NSCLC, with fewer side effects. While surgery may remain the standard of care, SBRT has emerged as a viable alternative to surgery for medically inoperable early stage NSCLC patients, with some studies investigating its use in operable patients as well.
This document discusses the basics of radiotherapy treatment plan evaluation. It covers topics such as defining the gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OAR). It describes dose volume histograms (DVHs) and how to analyze metrics like the median dose, minimum and maximum doses received by the target and OARs. Other areas covered include isodose lines, equivalent radiation, conformity and homogeneity indices, and ensuring appropriate dose coverage of the target while sparing OARs. The document emphasizes balancing target coverage with OAR protection in treatment plan evaluation.
1. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) delivers a high single dose of radiation during surgery to the tumor bed or residual tumor. This allows dose escalation while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues, which are displaced or shielded.
2. IORT has advantages over external beam radiation therapy including reduced local recurrence rates, maximizing the radiobiological effect of a single high dose, and optimizing the timing of combined surgery and radiation.
3. Clinical trials show IORT combined with external beam radiation reduces side effects compared to external beam radiation alone, while maintaining local control rates in early stage breast cancer.
Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer.pptxAsha Arjunan
1) The document outlines studies evaluating hypofractionated whole breast radiotherapy (HF-WBI) for breast cancer treatment. The Ontario Clinical Oncology Group trial found local recurrence rates and overall survival were similar between HF-WBI (42.5 Gy in 16 fractions) and standard WBI (50 Gy in 25 fractions), with lower late toxic effects for HF-WBI.
2) The UK START trials also found similar local recurrence rates between HF-WBI schedules (39-41.6 Gy) and standard WBI (50 Gy), with lower normal tissue effects for HF-WBI. The UK FAST trial found mild/marked breast changes were higher for 30 Gy compared to 50 Gy but not for
The document discusses various radiation fractionation schedules used in cancer treatment. It begins with an overview of conventional fractionation, which divides the total radiation dose into smaller daily doses to allow healthy cells to repair sublethal damage between fractions. It then explores the radiobiological rationale of the 5 R's of fractionation - repair, redistribution, reoxygenation, repopulation, and radiosensitivity. The document discusses various altered fractionation schedules including hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation, split-course, and hypofractionation, explaining how each schedule aims to improve the therapeutic ratio for cancer patients.
This document discusses the history and techniques of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It begins by outlining the early development of SRS by Lars Leksell in the 1950s. It then defines key terms like SRS, SBRT, and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. The document goes on to discuss the rationale and advantages of SRS/SBRT, including its ability to deliver high radiation doses with steep dose gradients using multiple beams and image guidance. It also covers topics like tumor oxygenation, cell kill mechanisms, and recent technological advances in the field like VMAT, flattening filter free beams, and 4D
This document discusses various aspects of fractionation in radiotherapy. It begins by describing early experiments by Regaud showing that fractionated doses achieved tumor sterilization without excessive skin damage, compared to single high doses. It then discusses the four R's of radiobiology - repair, repopulation, redistribution and reoxygenation - which form the basis for fractionated regimens. Various fractionation schedules are described, including conventional, hyperfractionation, accelerated fractionation and hypofractionation. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches are summarized.
RADIOTHERAPY FOR ENDOMETRIUM AND CERVICAL CANCERSKanhu Charan
1. The document discusses radiotherapy techniques for treating gynaecological malignancies such as cancer of the cervix, endometrium, vulva, and ovaries.
2. It describes the evolution of radiotherapy from conventional 2D techniques to newer approaches like 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
3. Key factors in treatment planning and delivery discussed include patient immobilization, imaging techniques for treatment planning like CT and PET scanning, and methods of verifying accurate patient positioning and treatment delivery such as electronic portal imaging.
1. Re-irradiation involves delivering a second course of radiation to patients who develop recurrent or new primary tumors in an area previously treated with radiation. It requires careful patient selection and consideration of normal tissue tolerance to minimize toxicity risks.
2. A multidisciplinary evaluation is necessary to determine if re-irradiation provides a survival or palliative benefit over other treatment options like chemotherapy or surgery. Factors like tumor type, initial treatment details, disease control, and patient performance status must be considered.
3. Advanced radiation techniques like IMRT can help spare nearby organs-at-risk and lower toxicity when used for re-irradiation. Close monitoring during treatment is still needed to watch for normal tissue complications.
This document discusses the history and current state of radiation therapy. It begins with definitions of radiation oncology and its aims to precisely deliver radiation to tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. It then covers the evolution of the field from early experimentation with X-rays and radium to the development of modern radiation equipment like linear accelerators. The roles of various pioneering physicians are also summarized.
1.Aim of Radiotherapy
The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation to the Target while sparing surrounding Healthy tissues to the largest extent possible
2.Organ Motion
Intra-fraction motion
during the fraction
Heartbeat
Swallowing
Coughing
Eye movement
Inter-fraction motion
- in between the fractions
Tumour change
Weight gain/loss
Positioning deviation
Breathing
Bowel and rectal filling
Bladder filling
Muscle relaxation/tension
3. Respiratory motion affects:
Respiratory motion affects all tumour sites in the thorax, abdomen and Pelvis. Tumours in the Lung, Liver, Pancreas, Oesophagus, Breast, Kidneys, prostate
Tumour displacement varies depending on the site and organ Location
Lung tumours can move several cm in any direction during irradiation
It is most prevalent and prominent in Lung cancers
4. Problems associated with respiratory motion during RT
Image acquisition limitations
Treatment planning limitations
Radiation delivery limitations
5. Methods to Account for Respiratory Motion
1. Motion encompassing methods
2. Respiratory gating methods
3. Breath hold methods
4. Forced shallow breathing with abdominal compression
5. Real-time tumor tracking methods
Summary:
The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology is an evolving field
IGRT provides a solution for combating organ motion in radiotherapy
Delivering higher dose to tumor and less dose to normal tissue.
Limited clinical studies, needs to be studied further
IGRT – the future of radiotherapy
This document discusses the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for treating cervix cancer. It notes that IMRT is rarely used currently but could help reduce dose to normal tissues and potentially replace brachytherapy. The document outlines the need for accurate target volume definition using imaging like MRI and CT. It also describes the inverse planning process for IMRT and challenges like organ motion. While IMRT may help spare organs at risk, issues like increased leakage, integral dose and treatment time must be considered.
This document discusses the forward intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) technique known as field-in-field (FIF) for whole breast radiotherapy. It begins by explaining how FIF uses multiple subfields in addition to the main tangential fields to improve dose homogeneity throughout the breast. Studies show improved homogeneity decreases skin toxicities. The document then evaluates three FIF techniques - single pair of subfields, multiple pairs of subfields, and alternate subfields. It finds the alternate subfields technique provides the best dose distribution and target coverage while being less time-consuming than other techniques. Finally, the document discusses how FIF with lung blocks further reduces lung dose compared to physical wedges.
Evaluation of radiotherapy treatment planningAmin Amin
This document discusses the evaluation of radiotherapy treatment planning through the use of various tools and indices. The goals of treatment planning are to ensure the prescription dose adequately covers and conforms to the target volume while minimizing doses to surrounding healthy tissues. Key evaluation tools discussed include isodose distributions, orthogonal planes, dose volume histograms, dose statistics, homogeneity indices, and conformity/coverage indices. These tools provide both qualitative and quantitative assessments of the dose distribution and how well it meets the goals of treatment planning.
Hormonal treatment of metastatic breast cancer dr. abeer elsayedAbeer Ibrahim
This document discusses hormonal treatment options for breast cancer. It covers:
1. The modes of action of different hormonal therapies like tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, LHRH agonists, and fulvestrant.
2. Treatment choices in the adjuvant and metastatic settings for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. This includes sequencing options and combination therapies.
3. Mechanisms of resistance to hormonal therapies and potential predictive biomarkers for treatment response.
1. Amifostine is a radioprotector that is approved for reducing radiation-induced toxicity in head and neck cancer and ovarian cancer patients. It works by scavenging free radicals and promoting DNA repair.
2. When given intravenously 30 minutes before radiation, amifostine significantly reduces xerostomia, esophagitis, pneumonitis, and fibrosis without affecting tumor control rates. It has a narrow therapeutic window.
3. While amifostine reduces acute toxicity from chemoradiation, allowing for full treatment doses, its potential for also protecting tumors remains a concern due to lack of large randomized studies. Tolerability issues have also limited its use.
A thoughtful presentation on participation in clinical trials from the Thomas Jefferson University team at the 2017 CURE OM Patient & Caregiver Symposium.
Advances in immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1, have significantly improved outcomes for patients with metastatic melanoma. Combination immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab produces response rates over 60%, compared to around 40% for nivolumab alone and 11% for ipilimumab alone. Many patients receiving the combination immunotherapy continue to respond even after stopping treatment, achieving a state of treatment-free survival. While combination immunotherapy is more toxic than single-agent treatments, the toxicities are often manageable. Ongoing research continues to explore optimizing combination immunotherapy regimens to improve outcomes while reducing toxicity.
This document discusses ocular melanoma, including uveal melanoma and conjunctival melanoma. It covers diagnosis and staging, treatment options like radiation and enucleation, prognostic features, and the role of biopsy and surveillance. It also mentions new clinical trials for therapies like adoptive cell transfer and a light-activated nanoparticle drug being tested by Aura Biosciences.
On April 5, 2014 the MRF partnered with Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center to provide a free educational event dedicated to melanoma patients and the people who support them.
Richard Carvajal, MD presents Targeted Therapy for Uveal Melanoma and the Uveal Melanoma Clinical Research Landscape at the 2017 CURE OM Patient & Caregiver Symposium.
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document summarizes an update on the Emory Eye Tumor SPORE (Specialized Programs of Research Excellence), which aims to advance research on ocular melanoma through collaboration between basic and clinical scientists. It describes the origins and goals of the SPORE program and the Emory Eye Tumor SPORE in particular. The Emory SPORE has added conjunctival malignant melanoma to its research focus. It provides details on the principal investigators, projects, and scoring of the SPORE grant application to the NIH, noting strengths in significance, innovation, investigators, and environment.
3. The Management Of Hepatic Metastases In Gastrointestinalensteve
The document discusses various treatment options for hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Supportive care and octreotide analogues are first-line treatments aimed at symptom control rather than increasing survival. Local hepatic therapies like chemoembolization and ablation can be tried if first-line treatments fail. Liver resection is the first choice for resection candidates but only 10% qualify. Liver transplantation is reserved for rare cases that are refractory to other options. Aggressive local and systemic therapies may increase 5-year survival to 50-70% compared to 0-40% with no treatment.
Transitioning Survival from Months to Years in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung C...H. Jack West
Dr. Jack West reviews the evolution of new treatment options for advanced NSCLC that have steadily improved survival. This progress has been incremental but now means that an ever-growing proportion of patients with advanced NSCLC have a realistic promise of potentially living several years after their diagnosis and the start of treatment. Note that this presentation does not address advances in immunotherapy, which were covered in a separate talk at the same conference at which Dr. West delivered this presentation.
Cette présentation faite le 27 Avril 2017 à l'Hôpital Saint Joseph organisée par le Dr Vincent de Parades fait le point sur les nouvelles approches multidisciplinaires dans la prise en charge des cancers colorectaux en insistant sur la prise en charge de la maladie métastatique hépatique et de la carcinome péritonéale pour terminer sur les nouvelles approches par immunothérapie. Cette EPU a connu un large succès d'audience avec plus de 60 participants. Merci à toutes et tous.
This document summarizes a study comparing the efficacy of nivolumab versus docetaxel in treating advanced squamous-cell non-small cell lung cancer. The study found that nivolumab demonstrated superior overall survival and objective response rates compared to docetaxel, with less adverse events. Nivolumab treatment resulted in longer overall survival and progression-free survival. Expression of PD-L1 protein was found to be neither prognostic nor predictive of outcomes with nivolumab treatment. The results indicate that nivolumab is more effective and safer than docetaxel for second-line treatment of advanced squamous-cell lung cancer.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the efficacy and safety of nivolumab compared to everolimus for treating advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that has progressed after anti-angiogenic therapy (Checkmate 025). The study found that nivolumab provided a statistically significant improvement in overall survival compared to everolimus, with median survival of 25 months for nivolumab vs 19.6 months for everolimus. Nivolumab also had higher response and duration of response rates. While grade 3-4 adverse events were more common with nivolumab, fewer patients discontinued due to adverse reactions compared to everolimus. The study demonstrates the benefit of nivolumab immunotherapy for previously treated
Thank you for the detailed case presentation. Based on the investigations:
- Serum monoclonal protein >2g/dL
- Clonal BM plasma cells >20%
- FLC ratio >20
The patient meets criteria for high risk smoldering myeloma as per Mayo 2018 criteria.
Diagnosis is high risk smoldering myeloma.
Treatment options would include enrollment in a clinical trial or treatment with a proteasome inhibitor like bortezomib or immunomodulatory drug like lenalidomide. Close monitoring at 3 monthly intervals would also be recommended.
Management of epithelial ovarian cancer depends on FIGO stage. For early stages (I-II), management includes hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, followed by chemotherapy except for stage IA-B. For advanced stages (III-IV), management involves debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy. The standard chemotherapy is paclitaxel and carboplatin given intravenously every 3 weeks for 6 cycles. Prognosis depends on stage, with 5-year survival rates ranging from over 90% for stage IA to under 30% for stage IV disease.
This document discusses the management of metastatic liver tumors, focusing on colorectal liver metastases. Some key points:
- The liver is the most common site of metastasis from colorectal cancer. Surgical resection offers the only chance of cure or prolonged survival for resectable colorectal liver metastases, with 5-year survival rates of 40% for margin-negative resection.
- Factors associated with poorer prognosis include short disease-free interval, multiple tumors, bilobar involvement, large tumor size, and elevated CEA levels.
- Preoperative imaging with CT, MRI, and ultrasound is used to evaluate resectability and tumor extent. Laparoscopy can help identify unresectable disease.
This document summarizes the use of PET-CT in staging and assessing treatment response in Hodgkin's lymphoma. It discusses that PET-CT is an important tool for initial staging, assessing response to chemotherapy, and prognostic indicator when done after partial chemotherapy. The sensitivity and specificity of PET-CT is higher than CT alone for detecting nodal and organ involvement. PET-CT may avoid the need for bone marrow biopsy in some cases. Interim PET imaging helps distinguish residual mass as viable tumor or necrosis/fibrosis. The document also reviews chemotherapy regimens like ABVD, BEACOPP and Stanford V in early and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma.
This document discusses the management of colon cancers. It covers various treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the stage of cancer. For stage III colon cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFOX or CapeOx is preferred after surgery to improve disease-free and overall survival based on clinical trials. Surgery aims to do an R0 resection with adequate margins and lymph node sampling. Laparoscopic surgery has comparable oncologic outcomes to open surgery.
This document provides clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of metastatic colorectal cancer from the ESMO Guidelines Working Group. It discusses that approximately 25% of colorectal cancer patients present with metastases at initial diagnosis and 50% will develop metastases. For diagnosis, imaging such as CT, MRI or PET scans are used to detect metastases. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach and may include surgery to remove metastases, chemotherapy, targeted therapies such as bevacizumab or cetuximab depending on RAS mutation status, and palliative care. The guidelines recommend testing for RAS mutations before using anti-EGFR targeted therapies and discuss various chemotherapy regimens and sequencing of treatments.
El futuro del tratamiento del cáncer renal metastásico: inmunoterapia y terap...Mauricio Lema
Ponencia en el primer simposio de la Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología (ACHO) de cáncer genitourinario, Bogotá, septiembre 23 y 24 de 2016.
1) Radiotherapy is effective at preventing recurrence of non-functional pituitary adenomas, with 10-year local control rates of 87-91% when used post-operatively. Higher radiation doses are associated with improved long-term tumor control.
2) Younger patient age, prolactin- or ACTH-secreting tumors, and treatment for recurrent tumors are associated with worse treatment outcomes.
3) Permanent hypopituitarism is a complication of radiotherapy, with risks of hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism, and hypogonadism shown to increase over time. Close monitoring of pituitary function is required.
Uveal melanoma commonly spreads to the liver. This document discusses uveal melanoma (MUM) that has metastasized to the liver. It provides background on MUM, noting that half of patients develop metastases, usually first appearing in the liver. It describes genetic risk factors for metastasis and different risk classifications. The document advocates for locoregional therapies for liver metastases since there are no effective systemic therapies. It presents evidence that liver-directed therapies may prolong survival more than systemic treatments or surveillance alone.
This document describes a study protocol for a randomized phase III clinical trial comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery versus surgery alone in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The trial aims to enroll 350 patients total with 175 patients in each arm. The primary objective is to compare median survival rates and quality of life between the two treatment groups. Secondary objectives include comparing pathological responses, progression-free survival, number of complete resections, treatment toxicity, and costs. The chemoradiation regimen involves weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy with concurrent radiation over 5 weeks. Patients will then undergo surgery and be followed up for survival and quality of life outcomes
Sunitinib for the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, Moh'd sharshirMoh'd sharshir
1) Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare tumors that arise in the pancreas and often spread to the liver. Surgery is the primary treatment but many tumors are inoperable or metastasize.
2) The study examined using the drug sunitinib to treat advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, as these tumors rely on angiogenesis facilitated by growth factors like VEGF.
3) In a phase 3 clinical trial, 171 patients were randomized to receive either sunitinib or a placebo pill daily. Sunitinib was shown to significantly extend progression-free survival compared to the placebo. Overall survival and response rates were also improved with sunitinib treatment.
This document discusses treatment options for gastric cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. It covers various lymph node dissection classifications (D0-D2) and their roles in different stages of disease. Adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy and chemoradiation are recommended after surgery to improve survival outcomes. Perioperative and postoperative chemotherapy are supported by clinical trials to be beneficial in resectable gastric cancer.
THE EFFECT OF METFORMIN ON CHEMOTHERAPY.pptxShaikhAdnan46
1) This study examined the effect of metformin on chemotherapy-induced toxicities in non-diabetic breast cancer patients receiving an AC-T regimen.
2) Patients receiving metformin plus AC-T experienced significantly less peripheral neuropathy, oral mucositis, fatigue, and liver/heart toxicity compared to the control group on AC-T alone.
3) Metformin may protect against some common toxicities of breast cancer chemotherapy without interfering with the chemotherapy's anti-cancer effects.
Similar to Liver Directed Therapy - Marlana Orloff, MD (20)
The document discusses uveal melanoma (UM) in Ireland. It notes that Ireland has the highest incidence rate of UM in the world at 17.2 cases per million population. An Irish Ocular Oncology Service was established in 2010 to treat UM patients in Dublin, as previously most were sent to Liverpool, UK for treatment. OcuMel Irl was formed in 2017 by three founding members to provide information, support, and advocacy for UM patients and their families, as there was a lack of verbal or written information from the health service. OcuMel Irl's goals are to continue advocating for UM patients, create awareness, support research collaborations, and work towards standardizing surveillance and treatment pathways.
The document summarizes the development of OcuMel UK, a charity that supports patients with ocular melanoma in the UK. It discusses how OcuMel UK was established in 2009, becoming registered as a charity in 2014. It grew its online community and now supports hundreds of patients through information on its website, a helpline, conferences, and by advocating for more research on ocular melanoma. Its priorities include reducing diagnosis delays, improving support for patients and medical professionals, and encouraging research.
Ocumel Canada presented at the Eyes on a Cure Patient & Caregiver Symposium in Raleigh, North Carolina on April 7, 2019. Their presentation discussed the results of a patient survey by the Save Your Skin Foundation to better understand ocular melanoma in Canada, with key goals being to improve patient support, emphasize emotional support, and live their organizational values. They thanked CureOM for their inspiration and support.
Kenny and Sue Colbert share the story of their daughter, Kenan Colbert Koll, and how it led to the initial investigation of ocular melanoma diagnoses in Huntersville, NC.
This document outlines the mission and initiatives of CURE OM, an organization dedicated to supporting research for ocular melanoma. Their mission is to support research to develop effective treatments and a cure for ocular melanoma through collaborations. They provide various programs for patients including an annual symposium, webinars, support groups and educational materials. CURE OM also funds research through grants and scientific meetings to bring experts together to advance the field. Their goals include continuing to develop a patient registry and expanding education, support and funding for ocular melanoma research.
This document provides an overview of targeted therapy approaches for uveal melanoma given by Dr. Marlana Orloff at a patient and caregiver symposium. It defines targeted therapy as drugs that interfere with specific cancer-related molecules and discusses examples of successful targeted therapies in other cancers. For uveal melanoma, the document outlines molecular targets like GNAQ/GNA11 mutations and discusses several targeted drug trials that have shown limited efficacy to date. It also presents emerging areas of interest like compounds targeting the GNAQ/GNA11 mutations directly and epigenetic approaches that could provide indirect targeting of difficult to target genes. In closing, the currently available clinical trials investigating targeted therapies for uveal melanoma are listed
This document summarizes a presentation on uveal melanoma given by Dr. Miguel Materin at a patient symposium. Some key points from the presentation include:
- The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) showed high diagnostic accuracy for medium and large uveal melanoma tumors and found that for medium tumors, brachytherapy was not worse than enucleation. For large tumors, previous radiation before enucleation provided no benefit.
- Cutaneous and uveal melanoma have different risk factors, presentations, and treatments which are outlined in the NCCN guidelines.
- Dr. Materin discussed ongoing collaborative research including the Collaborative O
Richard Carvajal discusses navigating treatment options for uveal melanoma, focusing on immunotherapeutic strategies. He outlines several systemic treatment approaches including genetic, epigenetic, and immunological targeting. Checkpoint blockade with ipilimumab and nivolumab has shown some efficacy in uveal melanoma but responses are lower than in cutaneous melanoma potentially due to lower tumor mutation burden and PD-L1 expression. Adoptive T cell therapy clinical trials have also shown responses. Ipilimumab and nivolumab are being studied in the adjuvant and metastatic settings. Additional immunotherapies including T cell redirecting therapies targeting gp100 are in clinical trials. Combination strategies may be necessary to improve outcomes for
Overview of radiology basics, scan types and pros and cons of each, presented by David J. Eschelman, MD, FSIR, Professor of Radiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Co-Director of Interventional Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital.
1. Activating mutations in the GNAQ or GNA11 genes occur in approximately 90% of uveal melanoma cases and drive tumor proliferation through downstream signaling pathways.
2. The small GTPase ARF6 is activated by oncogenic GNAQ and plays a key role in orchestrating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways in uveal melanoma cells.
3. Inhibiting ARF6, either through genetic silencing or pharmacological inhibition with the specific ARF6 inhibitor NAV-2729, reduces uveal melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor establishment and growth in vivo, suggesting ARF6 may be a promising molecular target for uveal melanoma treatment.
Presentation by David J. Eschelman, MD, FSIR. Presented at the 2018 Eyes on a Cure: Patient & Caregiver Symposium, hosted by the Melanoma Research Foundation's CURE OM initiative.
Presentation by Michael Brennan, MD. Presented at the 2018 Eyes on a Cure: Patient & Caregiver Symposium, hosted by the Melanoma Research Foundation's CURE OM initiative.
Presentation by Chad Kimbler and Carla Tressell. Presented at the 2018 Eyes on a Cure: Patient & Caregiver Symposium, hosted by the Melanoma Research Foundation's CURE OM initiative.
Presentation by Scott Woodman, MD, PhD. Presented at the 2018 Eyes on a Cure: Patient & Caregiver Symposium, hosted by the Melanoma Research Foundation's CURE OM initiative.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. Approximate 5 year survival 70-80%
About 50% of patients will develop metastatic disease
One year survival 13-15%*
Median survival after development of metastatic disease ranges 2-15
months*
Liver most common site of metastases
About 50% of patients with metastatic disease may have liver only disease for
majority of their disease course
UVEAL MELANOMA
* In the literature though not necessarily reflective of more current clinical experience
4. Patients presenting with varied disease presentations
Liver only : small disease burden
Liver only : large disease burden
Liver predominant but extra-hepatic present
Extra-hepatic only
Metastatic disease at time of eye diagnosis
Recurrence during adjuvant treatment
Recurrence >15+ years after eye diagnosis
Treatment naïve
Heavily pre-treated
Some tumors grow very fast
Some tumors grow slower
… And everything in between
PATIENT PRESENTATIONS
8. MERITS OF TRANS-ARTERIAL CATHETER-
DIRECTED TREATMENT OF LIVER TUMORS
Liver tumors obtain the majority of their blood supply from
the hepatic artery.
Normal liver parenchyma has a dual blood supply
Portal vein (~75%)
Hepatic artery (~25%)
Trans-arterial catheter-directed therapies allow localized
treatment to liver tumors while sparing normal liver
parenchyma
Delivery of medication to liver tumors at a higher
concentration could be achieved while minimizing systemic
toxicity
12. Destruction of tumor by embolization could control tumor
progression locally and provide tumor antigens to the local
immune system
Concurrent use of GM-CSF and IL-2 induces an inflammatory
response in the tumor and surrounding tissue which may
improve the anti-cancer immune response
Local stimulation of the immune system may result in the
development of a systemic immune response against tumor
cells which may suppress the growth of distant tumors
IMMUNOEMBOLIZATION
RATIONALE
13. Purpose was to investigate feasibility and safety
2000 – 2004, single institution
34 of 39 patients had MUM
<50% tumor involvement, unresectable
Lobar hepatic artery embolization every 4 weeks using escalating dose of
GM-CSF (25-2000 mcg) emulsifiedwith Ethiodol followed by Gelfoam, for
6 treatments
Imaging (CT, MRI) and clinical assessment after every other treatment to
assess response (RECIST)
Primary end-points were dose-limiting toxicity and maximum tolerated
dose
IMMUNOEMBOLIZATION
PHASE 1
JCO 2008 26:5436-5442
17. High dose IE (>1500mcg) vs historic data from Phase II TACE with BCNU
Excluded those with >50% liver involvement
Longer OS (20.4 vs. 9.8 months, median)*
Longer PFS-L (9.3 vs. 6.4 months, median)
Longer PFS-S (12.4 vs. 4.8 months, median)*
Systemic progression was delayed in the high-dose IE group, suggesting
an induction of a systemic immune response against the melanoma cells
IMMUNOEMBOLIZATION
COMPARED TO HISTORIC PHASE II TACE WITH BCNU
* P < 0.5
Radiology 2009; 252:290-298
18. About 10% of patients have an amazing response to immunoembolization
After receiving a few treatments stabilization, sometimes shrinkage, and decreased
viability
Treatment breaks for months to years
Embolic agent transient so repeated procedures possible
EXCEPTIONAL RESPONDERS
10/2010 1/2017
20. Yttrium-90 radioactive beads administered IHA
Multiple series of showing Y90 in MUM patients
11 patients treated across 5 centers between 2005-2007
77% response rate
80% 1 year survival
13 patients 2005-2011 as salvage therapy
Median tumor burden 31%
62% response rate
Median survival 7 months
RADIOEMBOLIZATION
21. Retrospective
71 patients, 82% salvage; 2007 - 2012
Median PFS-L 5.9 months
Median OS after treatment 12.3 months
Median OS following diagnosis of liver mets 23.9 months (range, 6.2 – 69
months)
Current Prospective Trial
Just finished accrual
48 patients – half first line and half post IE
11/2011 - 3/2017
Biomarker correlates and pre-treatment biopsies
Data pending
RADIOEMBOLIZATION
JEFFERSON EXPERIENCE
Am JCO; 2016;39:189-195
28. 10 patients 2007-2008
100-200 mg Irinotecan administered in 2-4 ml of 100-300/300-500
micron DC Beads
All 10 patients had objective response
Single Arm Phase 2 trial
52 patients Jan 2007-Feb 2010
Median treatments per patient 1.6
100mg in 10 patients, remainder 200mg
Tumor reduction by imaging (“necrosis and reduction of contrast
enhancement”):
> 90% (n=17)
80-90% (n=30)
60-80% (n=3)
PFS-L 7.5 months, OS 13.9 months (both median)
CHEMOEMBOLIZATION
WITH DRUG ELUDING BEADS: IRINOTECAN
In Vivo. 2009 Jan0Feb;23(1):131-7
Annals G & H 2012; 3:9-14
29. 19 patients, no prior treatments
July 2011 – January 2013, retrospective review
Poor candidates for other liver-directed therapies
(Tumors > 5 cm, > 50% tumor burden, rapid growth)
< 4 ml 100-300 micron LC Beads/150 mg adriamycin
(14/36 treatments received full dose)
13/19 patients proceeded to BCNU chemoembolization
Based on disparate response, patients divided into “nodular” vs.
“infiltrative” pattern, based on MRI appearance
CHEMOEMBOLIZATION
DEBDOX FOLLOWED BY BCNU
JEFFERSON EXPERIENCE
JVIR 2014; 25: S45
30. CHEMOEMBOLIZATION
DEBDOX FOLLOWED BY BCNU
SURVIVAL BY TUMOR TYPE
Nodular vs Infiltrative Disease
Nodular
Infiltrative
Time (months)
SurvivalProbability(%)
31. Nodular (n=11): 3 PR, 7 SD, 1 PD
Infiltrative (n=8): 1 PR, 3 SD, 4 PD
Survival
Mean
(mos) 95% CI
Median
(mos) 95% CI
Nodular 22.8 15.7 - 29.8 --- ---
Infiltrative 4.7 1.6 - 7.9 2.9 1.8 -7.9
Overall 16.0 11.6 - 20.4 9.1 2.9 -12.8
Chi-square = 8.4
p value = 0.0037
CHEMOEMBOLIZATION
DEBDOX FOLLOWED BY BCNU
JEFFERSON EXPERIENCE
34. AKA PHP: Closed circuit perfusion of high doses of chemotherapy
“Chemosaturation”
Melphalan is drug of choice at 3mg/kg
Whole liver infused at each treatment
Every 6 weeks for up to 6 treatments
DELCATH catheter system
Prior clinical trial followed by expanded access study
PERCUTANEOUS HEPATIC PERFUSION
36. PERCUTANEOUS HEPATIC PERFUSION
"Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion for Unresectable Metastatic
Ocular Melanoma to the Liver: A Multi-Institutional Report of
Outcomes."
Recent presentation on 49 patients treated between 2008 and 2016 at either
Moffitt Cancer Center or University Hospital Southampton
Total of 115 treatments
Median treatments per patient was 2
Hepatic response on 46 patients
45% CR or PR
37% with SD
Median overall survival predicted to be 657 days in all comers
1,207 days (3.4 years) in responders
Common side effects anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia
Presented at Regional Cancer Therapies 12th
International Symposium February 21, 2017
37. “Hepatic Progression-free and Overall Survival After Regional
Therapy to the Liver for Metastatic Melanoma”
Retrospective review of 30 patients treated with either PHP or other liver
directed treatment
12 patients PHP
6 patients radioembolization
12 patients chemoembolization
Median Hepatic PFS 361 versus 80 versus 54 days
Median OS 608 versus 295 versus 265
PERCUTANEOUS HEPATIC PERFUSION
AM J Clin Onc. 2017 Jan 04
38. FOCUS Phase III trial of PHP versus Best
Alternative Care
1:1 Randomized trial
BAC options include chemoembolization,
ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, or dacarbazine
Many active US sites
Multidisciplinary team required
PERCUTANEOUS HEPATIC
PERFUSION
39. AKA IHP: Surgical procedure resulting in closed circuit to allow perfusion
of high doses of chemotherapy
In a trial of 34 patients
OS with IHP was 24 months
Retrospective 10 year long single center experience in 91 patients from
2003-2012 (UM/CM = 32)
Response rate for melanoma 51.7%
Phase III versus BAC ongoing in Europe
ISOLATED HEPATIC PERFUSION
Ann Surg Onc 2014; 21:466-72
Ann Surg 2014 May;259(5):953-9
41. Reserved for limited clinical situations
Solitary metastases or true oligometastatic disease in patients often >5
years from primary eye diagnosis
Known different tumor velocity the longer one is from their primary eye
diagnosis
In early metastatic situations often see “peppering” at the time of the
initial surgical attempt
Rarely get true negative surgical margin due to micrometastatic disease
Ablation is a less invasive approach to attack on solitary metastases
Radiofrequency
Cryoablation
Other techniques
SURGICAL RESECTION AND ABLATION
42. Multiple liver metastases seen
during attempted resection of
solitary liver lesion
Imaging only noted solitary lesion
SURGICAL RESECTION AND ABLATION
46. National referral center (+ Canada)
3/4 of our patients live outside of PA, NJ, DE
Weekly MUM multidisciplinary conference
Weekly MUM multidisciplinary clinic with two medical oncologist, three
interventional radiologists, radiation oncology, and surgery
> 600 hepatic embolization procedures per year
All discussed treatment options are offered except IHP
Immunoembolization (60%)
Radioactive microspheres (10%)
Chemoembolization, (30%)
Drug-eluting beads
Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion
CURRENT LIVER DIRECTED PROGRAM AT
THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY
47. Uveal Melanoma with
Metastases
Solitary or Oligometastatic disease
greater than 5 (+/-) years after primary
uveal melanoma treatment
Consider Surgery,
RFA, Cryoablation
Liver Only or Liver Dominant
Liver
Directed
Treatment†
Systemic
Therapy
Options
Yes No
Immunoembolization*
Radioembolization*
Chemoembolization*
Drug-Eluting Beads
Percutaneous Hepatic
Perfusion (On Trial)
IHP (referral)
Ipilimumab*
Keytruda*
Opdivo*
VPA*
Other HDACi*
Clinical Trial
IMC-gp100 (HLA A2)
BET Inhibitor
Referral
+/-
*Combination
liver directed
and systemic
when
appropriate
†
Liver directed
options often based
on disease burden
after consideration
for clinical trial
•<50% and limited
extrahepatic
consider IE or RE
•If <50% largest
tumor > 5-6cm and
nodular consider
DEBDOX followed
by BCNU
•If >50% liver
involvement with
liver dominant CE
•Progression after
IE consider RE or
CE
48. Certainly there are patients in whom it does not control hepatic disease
despite best efforts
Occasional anatomy issues exclude patients from certain treatments
Notably Radioembolization and PHP
Extra-hepatic disease is always a concern
Combination systemic and hepatic strategies
Need better tools to predict who more likely to be an “exceptional
responder” and to what upfront therapy
Requires skilled interventional radiologists
LIVER DIRECTED THERAPY
LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS