13. Moral or humanistic
approach
the nature of man is
essential to literature. The
reader presents man as
essentially rational with
intellect and freewill.
14. Historical approach
it sees literature as both
a reflection and a
product of the times
and circumstances in
which it was written.
15. Sociological Approach
an extension of the
historical approach. it
considers literature as
principally the expression
of a man within the given
social situation.
17. Psychological approach
considers literature as an
expression of “personality”,
of “inner drives”, of
“neuroses”. It includes the
psychology of the author, of
the characters, and even the
psychology of creation.
18. Impressionistic Approach
it is very personal, very
relative, sometimes very
fruitful, sometimes simply the
lazy man’s way out.
Unconditioned by
explanations and often taking
the impact as a whole.
22. 3. INTELLECTUAL VALUE
-literature stimulates critical
thinking that enriches mental
processes of abstract and
reasoning, making man analyze
the fundamental truths of life
and its nature.
23. 4. SUGGESTIVENESS
-literature unravels and conjures
man’s emotional power to define
symbolisms, nuances, implied
meanings, images and messages,
giving and evoking visions above
and beyond the plane of ordinary
life and experience.
24. 5. SPIRITUAL VALUE
-literature elevates the spirit
and the soul and thus has the
power to motivate and inspire,
drawn from the suggested
morals and lessons of the
different literary genres.
25. 6. PERMANENCE
-literature endures
across the time and draws out
the time factor timeliness
occurring at a particular time,
and timelessness, meaning
invariable throughout the time.
26. 7. STYLE
-literature present peculiar
ways on how man sees life as
experienced by the formation
of his ideas, forms, structures,
and expressions which are
marked by their memorable
substance.
28. 1. setting- refers to the
locale and period in
which a story occurs. A
story must take place
in space and time.
29. Refers to any make-believe persons
we encounter in fiction. Characters
are classified as HERO or
protagonist and VILLAIN or
antagonist. As regards to
characterization, they may be flat
or static, round or developing
2. character
30. Ways of revealing literary characters
1. Actions of the characters
2. Thoughts of the characters
3. Descriptions of the
characters
4. Descriptions of the other
characters
5. Descriptions of the author
33. Minor character--0ften provides
support and illuminates the
protagonist.
Static character--A character
who remains the same.
Dynamic character--A character
who changes in some important
way.
34. Characterization--The means
by which writers reveal
character.
Explicit Judgment--Narrator
gives facts and interpretive
comment.
Implied Judgment--Narrator
gives description; reader
make the judgment
36. •Causality--One event
occurs because of another
event.
•Foreshadowing--A
suggestion of what is going
to happen.
•Suspense--A sense of worry
established by the author.
38. •Complication or Rising Action-
-Intensification of conflict.
•Crisis--Turning point; moment
of great tension that fixes the
action.
•Resolution/Denouement--The
way the story turns out.
39. Devices used in the plot:
A. Chronological sequence
B. Flashback
C. Foreshadowing
D. Suspense
E. Deus ex machina
40. 4. conflict
Refers to the opposing
forces among the
characters with the
events and the situations
in the piece presented.
41. a. Man versus man
This is the type of conflict
where one character in the
story has a problem with one
or more of the other
characters.
42. b. Man versus society
The type of conflict where a
character has a conflict or
problem with the element of
society- the school, the law,
the accepted way of doing
things, and so on.
43. c. Man versus self
The type of conflict
where a character has
trouble deciding what
to do in a particular
situation.
44. d. Man versus nature
The type of conflict where a
character has a problem with
some natural happening, a
storm, an avalanche, the bitter
cold, natural disasters like
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tsunami, and so on.
45. e. Man versus fate
The character has to battle what
seems to be an uncontrollable
problem. Whenever the
problem seems to be strange or
unbelievable coincidence, fate
can be considered the cause
and effect.
46. 5. mood
This is the feeling or atmosphere
that a writer creates for a reader.
Connotative words, sensory
images and figurative language
contribute to the mood of a
selection.
47. 6. theme
General or the central truth
or idea embedded in the
literary piece. The writer’s
perception about life or
human character that a story
implicitly or explicitly
embodies.
48. 7. tone
The attitude a writer takes
toward his/her subject. All the
elements in a work of
literature creates its tone,
which migh be humurous,
serious, angry, bitter or
detached.
49. 8. symbol
It is the image of
one thing but
presents another
thing.
50. 9. imagery
These are the words and
phrases that create vivid
sensory experiences for
the reader, these may be
similar to figures of
speech.
