Linking words are words and phrases that indicate connections between parts of a text and help organize the information for the reader. There are several types of linking words, including words that add information, summarize ideas, and contrast ideas. Some examples of adding words are moreover, furthermore, and in addition to. Summarizing words include in conclusion, to sum up, and all in all. Contrasting words contain although, but, however, and on the contrary.

1. LINKING WORDS

2. LINKING WORDS
• Linking words are words and phrases which indicate a
connection..
• These words work in the way that help the reader
understand how the information in the text is organized.
That´ s why, they are also called text organizers and
discourse makers. Moreover, (and this is one example
of linking word, as you will see) here are a long selection
of words and phrases that set a particular pace in the
sentences.

3. ADDING LINKING WORDS
• This type of linking word introduces more
information which extends the previous
statement. For instance:
Besides, Moreover, Furthermore,
What is more, In addition, In addition to…
Apart from this / that,
For example, For instance,
as well as, also, too, Likewise,

4. ADDING LINKING WORDS
◊ The city is a famous shopping centre. Moreover, it is well-known for its art
galleries and museum. Furthermore, people can enjoy its long beach.
◊ He´s got a wonderful job in the main city. Besides, he has got a good income.
Apart from this, he also has got a company car.
◊ Mark adores spiders. In addition, he wants to buy a snake.
◊ He is an excellent football player as well as an excellent athlete.
◊ He is an excellent football player and an excellent athlete, too.
◊ He is also an excellent football player and athlete.
◊ He is an excellent football player. Likewise, he is an excellent athlete.
◊ In addition to having a three spiders, he also has a snake at home.
◊ He is reading his shopping list. For example, / For instance, he has to buy
potatoes, onions, carrots, pears and tomatoes.

5. SUMMARISING LINKING WORDS
• Summarising comes from summary. For this reason,
(another linking word meaning consequence) these
linking words are used to put an end to a text or to
introduce a conclusion to a text.
To sum up, Summing up, All in all, Overall, In
short, In conclusion,
In brief, In general, In the main,
On the whole, Broadly speaking,
To conclude,

6. SUMMARISING LINKING WORDS
◊ In conclusion, / In short, it is important to spread the
news about the medical discovery.
◊ On the whole, / Broadly speaking, she had a very
happy childhood.
◊ In brief, / In general,/ In the main, we are satisfied with
the work.
◊ To sum up, / Summing up, To conclude, the meal in the
new restaurant was appalling.
◊ All in all, / Overall, the decision was generally
applauded by everyone.

7. CONTRASTING LINKING WORDS
• These linking words sets a surprise contrast with the
previous sentence.
Although, Though, Even though, While
Despite (the fact that) In spite of (the fact that)
But, However, Nevertheless,
On one hand … on the other (hand)
In contrast, In contrast to…
On the contrary,

8. CONTRASTING LINKING WORDS
►Although and though have the same meaning. In informal speech
though is more common. They introduce an idea A with which the main
clause or sentence B is in contrast.
►When we say “Although / Though (sentence B), (sentence A)” here is
something unexpected or suprising about sentence B.
►Despite and In spite of are used when you are mentioned
circumstances which surprisingly do not avoid something from
happening.
►But / However / Nevertheless are used when you are adding a
comment which contrasts with the previous sentence.
►On one hand … on the other (hand) means “that is true and this is also
true if we look at it from a different viewpoint”.
►On the contrary means “that is not true, the opposite is true”.

9. CONTRASTING LINKING WORDS
◊Although / Though / While the machine is old, it should work for a few more
years.
◊ Despite the fact that / In spite the fact that the machine is old, it should work for
a few more years.
◊ The machine is old. However, / Nevertheless, it should work for a few more
years.
◊ The machine is old, but it should work for a few more years.
◊ On one hand, it is not actually raining now. On the other hand, it may rain later,
so you should take the umbrella.
◊ All in all, / Overall, the decision was generally applauded by everyone.
◊ The machine is old. In contrast, it should work for a few more years.
◊ In contrast to being old, the machine should work for a few more years.
◊ Do you ask me if the film was interesting? On the contrary, it was a complete
waste of time.