India undertook economic reforms in 1991 to liberalize its economy due to a balance of payments crisis and low foreign exchange reserves. Reforms were carried out across several sectors including financial, trade, fiscal and industrial sectors. Restrictions in these sectors were reduced and markets were opened up to enhance competition, increase investment and spur economic growth. The reforms helped increase India's GDP growth and led to benefits such as more foreign investment, rapid growth across all sectors, and an increase in exports, imports and stock market indices. The objective of liberalization was to make Indian industry and goods more competitive globally through increased trade, investment and technology.

1. Reasons of liberalization
1.Shortage of oil(only for a week)
2. Low foreign exchange reserves.
3. Burden of national debt.
4. Inflation.
5. balance of payments crisis

2. Reforms during taken in 1991
Financial sector
Trade sector
Fiscal sector
Industrial sector

3. Financial sector
• the restrictions of domestic financial markets
and the liberalization of the capital account
• Financial Sector Reforms are:-
Reform in Banking Sector
Reform in Stock Market
Reform in Insurance

4. Trade sector
• Trade policy allowing domestic providers to
compete more freely in world markets and
foreign providers.
• Trade Sector Reform :-
Elimination of Import Licensing
Rationalization of Tariff Structure
Adoption of Flexible Exchange rate

5. Fiscal sector
 India's fiscal sector reforms help to raise the
rate of savings and investment in India. This
further helps to enhance the productivity of
public expenditures
 India has established itself as one of the fastest
growing economies in the world. India is also
advancing towards the economical growth and
improvement in literacy.

6. Industrial sector
Industrial Sector was among the first sectors to be
liberalized in India in a series of measures
Industrial Sector Reforms are:-
Abolition of industrial licensing
Restriction were removed on expansion
Reduction in the reservation of public sector

7. Impact of liberalization
1. Increaseingrowth inGDP
2. MoreFDI andFII
3. RapidGrowth in allsectors
4. Increase in export and import
5. Increase in sensex

8. Objective of liberalization
• To increase international competitiveness of
industrial production, foreign investment and
technology.
• To increase the competitive position of Indian
goods in the international markets.
• To improve financial discipline and facilitate
modernisation.
• To decrease the debt burden of the country