Lgbtq (sexual orientation)
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1) There are two main theories on the origins of sexual orientation - essentialist theories which believe it is determined biologically at birth, and developmental/social constructionist theories which believe it develops due to environmental influences over time. 2) Essentialist evidence includes studies finding biological differences in the brains and prenatal hormone exposure between gay and straight individuals. 3) Developmental theories propose that sexual orientation is learned through social and behavioral conditioning from a young age.
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Hormones and Sex
What’s Wrong with
the Mamawawa?
13.1 Neuroendocrine System
13.2 Hormones and Sexual Development of
the Body
13.3 Hormones and Sexual Development of
Brain and Behavior
13.4 Three Cases of Exceptional Human
Sexual Development
13.5 Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults
13.6 Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior
13.7 Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity
13
IS
B
N
0-
55
8-
78
57
1-
9
Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
the fact that this approach to hormones and sex is inconsis-
tent with the evidence, its simplicity, symmetry, and com-
fortable social implications draw us to it. That’s why this
chapter grapples with it throughout. In
so doing, this chapter encourages you
to think about hormones and sex in
new ways that are more consistent with the evidence.
Developmental and Activational Effects
of Sex Hormones
Before we begin discussing hormones and sex, you need to
know that hormones influence sex in two fundamentally
different ways (see Phoenix, 2008): (1) by influencing the
development from conception to sexual maturity of the
anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics
that distinguish one as female or male; and (2) by activat-
ing the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature
adults. Both the developmental (also called organizational)
and activational effects of sex hormones are discussed in
different sections of this chapter. Although the distinction
between the developmental and activational effects of sex
hormones is not always as clear as it was once assumed to
be—for example, because the brain continues to develop
into the late teens, adolescent hormone surges can have
both effects—the distinction is still useful (Cohen-Bendahan,
van de Beek, & Berenbaum, 2005).
13.1
Neuroendocrine System
This section introduces the
general principles of neuroen-
docrine function. It intro-
duces these principles by
focusing on the glands and
hormones that are directly in-
volved in sexual development
and behavior.
The endocrine glands are il-
lustrated in Figure 13.1. By con-
vention, only the organs whose
primary function appears to be
the release of hormones are re-
ferred to as endocrine glands.
However, other organs (e.g., the
This chapter is about hormones and sex, a topic thatsome regard as unfit for conversation but that fasci-nates many others. Perhaps the topic of hormones
and sex is so fascinating because we are intrigued by the
fact that our sex is so greatly influenced by the secretions
of a small pair of glands. Because we each think of our
gender as fundamental and immutable, it is a bit disturb-
ing to think that it could be altered with a few surgical
snips and some hormone injections. And there is some-
thing intriguing about the idea that our sex lives might be
enhanced by the application of a few hormones. For
whatever reason, the topic of hormones and sex is always
a hit with my st.
578
Testosterone plays a key role in human sexual development and behavior. It is responsible for directing male embryonic development and stimulating growth of male genitals. Changes in testosterone levels can influence traits like aggression, mood, and cognitive function. While testosterone levels generally differ between males and females, they also fluctuate within a person based on factors like winning, competition, and age. The hormone's effects are complex and not fully understood, but it clearly impacts both physical and behavioral traits in humans.
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Chapter 2
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Lgbtq (sexual orientation)
- 1. Orientati on Phung Le, Vy Nghiem, and Jenny Ugale Sexual
- 3. Sexual Orientation A person's sexual development happens at the moment they're born, despite many people's belief that sexual development happens during adolescence, and continues to develop through a person's life. Psychologist Erik Erikson called this theory the: Eight Stages of Man. ?
- 4. Erik Erikson's Erikson's theory is that our social and emotional development is based on each stage in life, and whether or not something happens affects how we develop on a psychosocial level.
- 5. So the question is: People either believe sexual orientation is biological or developed throughout time. Are people born Ga y
- 6. Theories Essentialists believe that sexual orientation is based off of physiological influences such as the brain, genetics, and hormones.
- 7. Theories (cont.) The "Gay Brain"
- 8. Theories (cont.) Studies show that gay men have a similar brain structure of a straight women, as lesbians have similar brain structure as straight men.
- 10. Theories (cont.) The fraternal birth order hypothesis suggests that the more older brothers a boy has, the higher chances the youngest is gay. As women have baby boys, their bodies produce antibodies that attack future male fetuses which may affect the brain and cause it to be more female, although biologically male.
- 13. You got
- 14. Developmental Theories Behaviorist theories would suggest that sexual orientation is a learned behavior brought about over time due to the rewarding of some behaviors, and the punishing of others. We can also call it the Constructionist theories. + positive reinforcement + punishment reinforcement
- 15. Freud’s psychoanalytic view Children are born with psychic energy. Innately bisexual result from their experience with their parents. Oedipus complex. Homosexuality is the result of being disturbed by the sight of the opposite-sex genitalia.
- 16. theories Emphasize the idea that sexual orientation is constructed based on society’s expectations.
- 17. Queer theory Suggests that all sexualities are constructs created by certain social forces and institutions, such as science, religion, and politics.
- 18. Conclusion