The document discusses the adoption process for gay and lesbian couples, noting that it is an arduous process involving home studies, background checks, interviews and costs that can range from $0-$40,000 depending on the type of adoption. It provides an overview of different adoption options, the legal landscape for same-sex adoption by state, and resources available to help offset adoption costs.

1. Starting a Family: The Adoption Process
for Gay and Lesbian Couples
Allyson Lindsey
Capella University
December 3, 2014

2. Are You Ready?
• Adopting a child is an arduous, seemingly never-ending process that at times, will appear
much like a roller coaster – and the seats are filled with your emotions. Remember that each
day starts anew.
• If you are an anxious and worrisome individual, or you find yourself plagued with self-
doubt, be mindful that all adoptive couples are having similar thoughts and feelings, e.g. fear,
self-doubt, anxiety, stress, financial strains, and so on.
• You are not alone. Reach out to your local LGBT community for emotional and mental
support, and financial guidance.

3. Estimated Number of Adopted Children Under Age 18
Living with Lesbian or Gay parents, by State
Very Lt. Gray=250 or less
Lt. Gray=251-500
Med. Gray=501-1000
Dark Gray=1001-5000
Black=5001 or more
White=No data

4. Thoughts to Consider
• While you may have your emotions in check, what about your partner/spouse? How are
they doing? How do they feel about adopting a child? If not married, are you both ready to
parent together…forever? After all, adopting a child is a life-long commitment. When the
going gets tough you cannot ‘get going.’
• Are you both healthy, physically as well as mentally? Have you explored the idea of
counseling? The adoption process can be stressful on couples in many different ways and
the idea of a neutral, open-minded counselor could prove instrumental as you both navigate
through unchartered waters.
• How are your finances? Is everything in order? What about life insurance and medical
coverage? It is important to cover your bases, especially if you expect to become parents in
the near future.

5. Possible Financial Costs
• Public Agency (Foster Care) Adoptions $0 - $2,500
• Licensed Private Agency Adoptions $5,000 - $40,000+
• Independent Adoptions $8,000 - $40,000+
• Facilitated/Unlicensed Adoptions $5,000 - $40,000+
• Intercountry Adoptions $15,000 - $30,000

6. Help Is Available!
• External resources may be available to off-set the cost of adoption. Did you know that there
are grants/loans/tax-credits available?
• Here is a list of organizations that offer help:
• A Child Waits Foundation
• Adoption Friendly Workplace
• Adoption Tax Credit
• Adoption Taxpayer Identification
Number
• Affording Adoption Foundation
• The Cost of Adoption
• Federal Adoption Tax Credit
• Financial Resources
• Gift of Adoption Fund
• God’s Grace Adoption Ministry
• Hebrew Free Loan
• Help Us Adopt
• National Adoption Foundation

7. Fostering Paves the Way
• Before we discuss types of adoption it is important to know your state’s laws regarding gay
and lesbian adoptions. Remember, the more informed you are, the smoother the adoption
process will be. Do your research.
• It is understood that you seek to adopt; however, while you wait (and you will wait), you may
also elect to begin the adoption process by becoming a foster parent. This may help you
prepare yourselves emotionally, mentally, physically and financially. This could also pave the
way for a smoother adoption process as you will have ‘experience’ at raising a child.
States that allow gay and lesbian fostering: All states, with the exception of Nebraska and
Utah. Nebraska has a law that forbids “gay people from fostering” and Utah does not allow
unmarried couples to foster (Utah has a ban on same-sex marriage).

8. Estimated Number of Children in the Foster Care System,
in the United States
Nearly 500,000 children are waiting in the foster care system.
The average wait time for a child to be adopted out of the
foster care system is 3 years.

9. Adoption
• There are numerous rules and policies with regard to same-sex adoptions; thus the need for an
excellent lawyer, preferably one who specializes in gay and lesbian adoptions. To reiterate, it
would be a good idea to reach out to your local LGBT community as they will likely have several
attorneys on file who can assist you in the adoption process.
• Many states, to include those that allow same-sex marriages/adoptions, have unclear guidelines
(often considered ‘booby traps’) that frequently trip couples looking to adopt within their state.
• Know the law, do your research, and with the help of the LGBT community, find an adoption
attorney and an agency who specialize in gay and lesbian adoption. The American Academy of
Adoption Attorneys provides a list of qualified LGBT lawyers:
http://www.adoptionattorneys.org/aaaa/adopting-parents/lgbt-adoption

10. Regarding Adoption
• Some terms to know:
• Joint same-sex adoption is when two committed partners (or spouses) petition to adopt a
child together.
• Second parent adoption is when an individual adopts the child of their partner or spouse.
This is similar to step-parent adoptions; the step-parent often adopts the spouse’s child.
• According to lifelongadoptions.com a judge often determines the legality of same-sex
couple adoptions, even if “gay adoption” is legal in that particular state.
• Both Mississippi and Utah have a ban against same-sex couple adoptions. Utah prohibits all
unmarried couple adoptions; however, both states may allow individual gay and lesbian
adoptions to take place – if the presiding judge allows it.

11. Adoptions by State
• States that allow gay and lesbian couples to jointly adopt: Arkansas, California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington; the District of Columbia also allows
joint adoption (Gates et al., 2014).
• States that allow second parent adoption: Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut,
Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont; the District of
Columbia also allows second parent adoption (Gates et al., 2014).
• “Still, people have successfully done second parent adoptions in the following 16 states as
well: Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada,
New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas, and
Washington” (Gates et al., 2014). Keep the faith – it can happen for you too!

12. Open vs. Closed
• Open adoptions occur when the adoptive families stay in contact with the birth parent through
visits, letters, phone calls, etc. The birth parent is typically a part of the child’s life.
• In closed adoptions there is no contact between the birth parent and the adoptive families.
• Semi-open adoptions are becoming more popular. These types of adoptions allow contact like
that of open adoptions, except that the contact is maintained only through written
correspondence and by exchange of pictures.
• Every relationship and adoption is different. Some couples prefer total involvement with
the birth parent, and some want to start their lives as parents without the weight of a birth
parent, per se.
** Get ready to begin making a birth/adoption plan! **

13. The Dreaded Home Study!
• You have finally reach this pinnacle, and your nerves are likely shot, but stay focused as the wait is
almost over!
• A home study typically takes 3 to 4 months and includes at least one home visit; it will also include the
following:
• Intake form – this helps to determine whether or not you are qualified to adopt according to your
state’s laws
• Background check and financial review
• Interview – each of you will be interviewed separately (this is routine) and the questions you are
asked will get very personal. You may be asked about your childhood, siblings, parents, etc.
Anything and everything is fair game.

14. General Information Included in the Home Study
• Significant people in the lives of the applicants
• Marriage and family relationships
• Motivation to adopt
• Expectations for the child
• Feelings about infertility (if this is an issue)
• Parenting and integration of the child into the
family
• Family environment
• Physical and health history of the applicants
• Education, employment and finances-including
insurance coverage and child care plans if needed
• References and criminal background clearances
• Summary and social worker’s recommendation
• Feelings about infertility (if this is an issue)
• Parenting and integration of the child into the
family

15. More on the Home Study...
Never Let ‘em See You Sweat!
• Some helpful tips:
• Clean the house, but do not go overboard - the interviewer will expect a few dust
bunnies. According to the Child Welfare Information Gateway, one of the main
purposes for a home visit is to “best match your family's strengths to the needs of a
particular child or children.”
• Be yourself. The home study and interview is to allow the interviewer to see you in
your ‘natural habitat’ as an individual and as a couple; this is a part of the adoption
process for all prospective parents

16. References
• All about home studies. (2014). Retrieved on December 6, 2014 from
http://www.lifelongadoptions.com/adoption-process/all-about-home-studies
• Child Welfare Information Gateway (2011, February). Costs of Adopting. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.
• Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2011). Frequently asked questions from lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender (LGBT) prospective foster and adoptive parents. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, Children's Bureau.
• Gates, G. J., Badgett, M. V., Macomber, J. E., & Chambers, K. (2007). Adoption and foster
care by gay and lesbian parents in the United States. The Williams Institute.

17. References continued
• Grants/loans/tax credit for adoptions. (2014). Retrieved on December 6, 2014 from
https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/grants_loans.cfm
• Types of adoption. (2014). Retrieved on December 6, 2014 from
http://www.lifelongadoptions.com/typesofadoptions