LETTER WRITING: THE PIONEER & A LONG TRADITION I want to add this short essay as a sort of addendum to my comments on letter writing, my letter writing and the letter writing of pioneers because it provides some historical context particularly for me as a person of Welsh ancestry and it seems particularly relevant to this autobiography. I am indebted in my writing of this short essay which follows to a Bill Jones and his article Writing Back: Welsh Emigrants and their Correspondence in the Nineteenth Century in the North American Journal of Welsh Studies, Vol. 5, No.1, Winter 2005.

1. LETTER WRITING: THE PIONEER & A LONG TRADITION
I want to add this short essay as a sort of addendum to my comments on letter writing,
my letter writing and the letter writing of pioneers because it provides some historical
context particularly for me as a person of Welsh ancestry and it seems particularly
relevant to this autobiography. I am indebted in my writing of this short essay which
follows to a Bill Jones and his article Writing Back: Welsh Emigrants and their
Correspondence in the Nineteenth Century in the North American Journal of Welsh
Studies, Vol. 5, No.1, Winter 2005.
Jones points to a remark made by Eric Richards in relation to British and Irish people
who moved to Australia in the nineteenth century that migrants were “more likely to
reflect on their condition and their lives than those who stayed at home.”1
I’m not sure if
pioneers in the Baha’i community did more reflecting on their condition and lives than
those who stayed at home, but there is no question I did a sizeable amount of reflecting
and I documented a portion of it in my letters and, after about 1995, in my emails. I am
also inclined to think that, as the decades advance and as collections of the letters and
emails of pioneers take form, they will reflect mutatis mutandis Eric Richards’ comment.
As is true of most European peoples whose histories took on an international dimension
as result of nineteenth-century migrations, that emigrant letters became the largest and
arguably the most important source for an insight into the mentalities, activities and
attitudes of ordinary migrants. Commentators have long emphasised the importance of
emigrant letters in illuminating the human and personal aspects of the experience of
migration.2
The comparison and contrast between emigrant letters and those of Baha’i
pioneers is heuristic.
1
Eric Richards, Voices of British and Irish Migrants in Nineteenth-Century Australia, in
Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration, editors: Colin
G. Pooley and Ian D. White, Routledge, London, 1991, p. 20.
2
For important discussions on emigrant letters, their strengths and limitations as a
historical source and the ways scholars have utilized them, see Charlotte Erickson,
Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in
Nineteenth-Century America, University of Miami Press, 1972, pp. 1-31; David
Fitzpatrick, Oceans of Consolation: Personal Accounts of Irish Migration to
Australia; David A. Gerber, Correspondence in Twentieth-Century American
Scholarship,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 16, No. 4, Summer 1997, pp.
3-34; idem, “Ethnic Identification and the Project of Individual Identity: The Life of
Mary Ann Wodrow Archbald,” Immigrants and Minorities, Vol. 17, No. 2, July 1998,
pp. 1-22; and idem, “Epistolary Ethics: Personal Correspondence and the Culture of
Emigration in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 19,
No. 4, Summer 2000, pp. 3-23; Eric Richards, “Annals of the Australian Immigrant,” in
Visible Immigrants. Neglected Sources for the Study of Australian Immigration, ed.
Eric Richards, Richard Reid, and David Fitzpatrick, ANU, Canberra, 1989, pp. 7-22. My
thinking on both 19th
century emigrant letters and my own letters has benefited greatly
from the insights contained in these studies.

2. Just at the time when the collections of Welsh migrant letters were first being published
in the 1960s, my first letters as a Baha’i pioneer in Canada--a pioneer with a Welsh
ancestry--were being written and collected. A continuity of little to no significnace to the
outside world or even within the Baha’i community at the time was taking place, a
continuity that began in Wales in the 19th
century. Perhaps, in the long run it would be a
continuity with some significance. Time would tell. Alan Conway’s collection, published
in 1961, The Welsh in America: Letters from the Immigrants appeared just as my
own collection was taking in its first letter.3
By the time H. S. Chapman’s article4
about
letters from Welsh migrants “From Llanfair to Fairhaven,” in Transactions of the
Anglesey Antiquarian Society and Field Club and Letters from America: Captain
David Evans of Talsarnau, my own collection of letters were beginning to assume a
substantial body of material for future archivists and historians, writers and analysts. I
belonged to a religion within which the letter had assumed more than an insignificant
proportion and those mysterious dispensations of Providence would determine whether
my letters and those of other international pioneers would take on any significance. As a
non-betting man, I was inclined to the view that one day they would.
This brief analysis can not do justice to the many dimensions that collections of letters
from Baha’i international pioneers embrace, although I hope what I write here contributes
in a small way by conveying something of the diversity and complexity of the subject. I
am only discussing somewhat impressionistically a few of the functions of the letters of
pioneers and the relationships between them and certain aspects of the process of
pioneering. I also want to discuss certain features of the letters as texts, examine some of
their contexts and subtexts, and try to explain some of the complex ways in which this
correspondence came into existence. My remarks here are limited, though, for this is a
short essay and deals with its subject in a general and personal way making no attempt to
be comprehensive, well-researched or extensively analysed. I seek to shed light on some
of the experiential aspects of emigrant letter writing over two centuries and pioneer
letter/email writing and receiving in the period: 1971-2021, the period in which I was
myself an international pioneer.
A collection of letters like my own are so unlike any of the nineteenth century collections
from European or United Kingdom migrants to the colonies, the new world, any world
outside of the Eurocentric world migrants had been born in. Their letters, their history,
production and reception, intersected with, contributed to and were shaped by key
contemporaneous developments in that part of the nineteenth century in which their
letters were written. These included the conspicuous increase in literacy, the emergence
of mass print culture and formal state-based education, the expansion of the postal service
and of reading and letter-writing in general, the social and cultural practices of the time
together with the growth of instructional literature devoted to a range of cultural and
3
Alan Conway, editor, The Welsh in America: Letters from the Immigrants,
University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1961.
4
H. S. Chapman, “From Llanfair to Fairhaven,” in Transactions of the Anglesey
Antiquarian Society and Field Club, pp. 147-57, 1986 and Letters from America:
Captain David Evans of Talsarnau, 1817-1895(Aled Eames, Lewis Lloyd, and Bryn
Parry, editors), Gwynedd Archives Service, Caernarfon, 1995

3. educational pursuits. In the case of my letters, only a few were written back to my
country of origin and the few that were were not written essentially to explain to anyone
or convince anyone of the value of this new country as a pioneer destination for them.
My letters, for the most part, were produced and intersected with developments in my
country of destination. The affects of the spread of media technology: TV, coloured TV,
DVDs, video and by the 21st
century large-screen plasma TVs, the computer; social and
political developments locally, nationally and internationally; the decline of letter writing
and the increase in the use of the email; the expansion of the Baha’i community from,
say, 200 thousand in 1953 to, say, 800 thousand in 1971 and to nearly six million in
2003, indeed, the list of influences is and has been endless. This brief statement can not
do the subject justice. I leave that to future writers and students of the subject of letter
writing and pioneering in the Baha’i community.
In the case of my letters, only a few were written back to my country of origin and the
few that were were not written essentially to explain to anyone or convince anyone of the
value of this new country as a pioneer destination for them. My letters, for the most part,
were produced and intersected with developments in my country of destination. The
affects of the spread of media technology: TV, coloured TV, DVDs, video and by the 21st
century large-screen plasma TVs, the computer; social and political developments
locally, nationally and internationally; the decline of letter writing and the increase in the
use of the email; the expansion of the Baha’i community from, say, 200 thousand in 1953
to, say, 800 thousand in 1971 and to nearly six million in 2003, indeed, the list of
influences is and has been endless. This brief statement can not do the subject justice. I
leave that to future writers and students of the subject of letter writing and pioneering in
the Baha’i community.
Numerous scholars have emphasised that the writing and receiving of letters had a high
priority for those emigrants who engaged in correspondence over 100 years ago. Without
denying the importance of emigrant letters in any way, however, we should be careful not
to exaggerate and over-romanticise their significance to all emigrants and to the
emigration process in general. This is equally true of the letters and the emails of pioneers
in the last half of the first century of our Formative Age: 1971-2021. Undoubtedly they
have immense importance as the main, if not the only, practical method of keeping in
touch with relatives, friends and neighbours back in the Old Country or country of origin.
Yet letters and emails also had certain limitations that undermined their effectiveness in
these regards. Not every emigrant or pioneer wrote letters and emails. The pleasure taken
in the act of writing was not universal. In the 19th
century not everyone could write; in the
last half of the 20th
century virtually everyone could write, at least in the western world,
but new influences kept many from writing more than the perfunctory communication.
Some emigrants in the 19th
and pioneers in the 20th wrote only very occasionally and the
number who wrote regularly in both centuries was perhaps smaller still. The email
certainly resulted in an explosion in the sheer quantity of written communication from
pioneers and among the general population and I am confident that this sheer quantity
would one day be reflected in the letters and emails of pioneers. Further, the importance
attached to the act of writing to people on either side of the Atlantic and/or the Pacific

4. varied from family to family and changed over time. For so many families, one of the
most intense consequences of emigration was disintegration or, perhaps the word
ephemeralization, is better. The situation was often created in which connections with
family and friends were broken or they became tenuous at best. There were also other
important elements to the process of maintaining correspondence that could complicate
matters and even restrict the letter’s effectiveness in keeping families together and
keeping friendships alive. If letters were chains that bound distant kith and kin and
connections with Baha’i communities of origin, they were often fragile or poor links for
many a pioneer. Even when the links were strong, the letters and emails were often
thrown away and became of no use to future historians.
Pioneer and migrant correspondence was a multi-faceted, complex and sometimes
ambiguous, even contradictory phenomenon. There is no doubt that the relationship
between the letter writing of some emigrants and some pioneers was characterised more
by apathy, neglect and avoidance than by emotional intensity and deep psychological
need. Some people preferred gardening, watching TV and engaging in any number of a
cornucopia of activities that popular and elite culture had made available in the late
twentieth century. The hobby apparatus of many a leisure time activity became immense
as the 21st
century turned its corner. So many people really did not like to write and when
they did they saw its only significance in personal terms, in terms of their relationship
with the person they were writing to. This was only natural.
Personal preference and circumstances as well as factors far beyond the control of
emigrants/pioneers and their families could limit the effectiveness of the letter/email as a
means of communication. Yet, for other transnational families, the letters received in and
sent from the country of origin were all as precious as life itself. Written correspondence
was the principal means of sustaining that transnationality and a future age would collect
and analyse this sustaining force and this often ephemeral reality.
The practice of writing, receiving and responding to letters in the 19th
century and, say,
until what Baha’is called the ninth stage of history beginning in 1953--to a country of
origin from, say, America, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Patagonia, South Africa and
elsewhere was an essential element in the process of emigration and pioneering and the
lived experience of emigrants/pioneers. It had a centrality that was lost, though, in the
second half of the twentieth century and the second half of the first century of the
Formative Age(1971-2021) as the letter was challenged by mass use of the telephone and,
later, e-mail, and by cheaper and faster overseas travel. I would suggest that because of
their richness as literary artifacts, their symbolic importance and their revelatory power,
the position that the written communications of pioneers beginning in the nineteenth-
century and continuing until, say, 1953, should occupy, is prominent. These letters
should be found, if not the very best place in the house of the Baha’i literary heritage,
then at least a significant one that might draw the visitor’s eye as the threshold is crossed.
Further, like families and friends in nineteenth-century, we need to bring emigrant and
pioneer letters out to study them more often, to pass them around and scrutinise and
discuss their contents. My view is that it will be some time before this kind of
scrutinizing takes place. In a very real sense those large and laden letters that take wing

5. across the oceans, still await — and deserve — our responses—perhaps our children’s
children!

6. across the oceans, still await — and deserve — our responses—perhaps our children’s
children!