Practical Research 1

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4. Lesson7: Review of
Related Literature
Practical Research 1 (PR1)
DANICA ANN S. MALAPAYA
Subject Teacher

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At the end of the lesson the
students were able to:
Select, cite, and synthesize
properly related literature
Use sources according to ethical
standards.
Present a written review of Related
Literature
01
03
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What is the value of
related literature?
A good research is designed to
build on and use existing knowledge.
Once a research topic is already
determined and well-thought of, the
researcher must look for academic and
research journals, books, and other
similar documents that contain reports
of previous research studies about a
topic related to the present research.

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What is the value of
related literature?
It involves a process of identifying,
locating, organizing, and analyzing
information about a research topic.

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Literature serves the following
functions in the research process:
• It provides information about past research
studies related to the intended
investigation, preventing the duplication of
research undertakings.
• It prevent gaps in the field of the study.
• It affords confidence and authority to the
researchers since reviewing the literature
can provide them all possible constructs and
perspective of the present study.

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Literature serves the following
functions in the research process:
• It gives information about the methods
used in similar studies including the
characteristics of the samples, the sampling
techniques, process of selecting
participants, variables considered, kinds of
data gathered, and analysis and
interpretation of data.
• It enumerates findings from previous
studies that may support those of the
present study.

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Literature serves the following
functions in the research process:
• It provides ideas on how implications may
be drawn out of the analysis and
interpretation.

11. Types of Sources
1. General References
* sources such as research articles,
professional journals, books,
monographs, conference proceedings,
and similar documents.
Ex. Index of Journals in Education
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12. Types of Sources
2. Primary Sources
*are those that provide first-hand
information about expert’s and other
researcher's publication.
Ex. Academic and Research Journals
published by universities and learned
organizations.
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13. Types of Sources
3. Secondary Sources
*are those written by authors that
describe another researcher’s works.
*contains only summaries or
interpretations of the research reports
Ex. Meta-analysis, textbooks, single
authored books, books edited by
different authors.
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14. Types of Sources
4. Tertiary Sources
*are books and articles based on
secondary sources. It synthesize and
explains the work of others.
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15. Theory
- is defined as a statement that makes a
claim about a certain phenomenon.
-can range from complex, well-
researched claims to formal guesses
about specific situations.
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Related Literature

16. Concept
- Is a particular phenomenon that can
be both abstract and concrete.
Everyone in a society shares many
concepts, though one may present
different interpretations of people with
distinctive culture and language.
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Related Literature

17. Writing a Review of Related
Literature
1. Introduction
- discuss briefly the research
problem and the significance of the
study. It may also present the
organization of the discussion of the
claims and arguments of the experts and
researchers aligned with the topic of
interest.
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18. Writing a Review of Related
Literature
2. Body
-contains a narrative of relevant
ideas and findings found in the reports
of other researchers that support the
present research problem.
-Organized in a form of story that
will help the conduct of the research and
the analysis and the interpretation of
data gathered in the research process.
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19. Writing a Review of Related
Literature
3. Synthesis
-presents an overall picture of what
is established up to the present and how
the review can support the development
and conduct of the research.
-It explains why the review is
relevant and helpful to the present
research.
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20. Writing a Review of Related
Literature
4. Bibliography
-this part contains the full
bibliographic information of all the
sources mentioned in the review.
-the information list is needed in
building the references section of the
research report.
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21. Organization of Information from
Related Literature
In ordering the topics, three major approaches
are considered:
1. Chronological- topics are arranged for a
usual timeline of development.
2. Conceptual- organization of the review is by
claims and arguments forming a small body
of knowledge that supports the present
research
3. Stated Hypothesis- topics are listed based on
each hypothesis made in the research and
the discussion is done through topic listing.
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22. Guidelines in Citing Author(s) of
the Related Literature
1. By author or writer
-the respective authors or writers are then cited
in the footnote.
Example:
Burns et.al (2008) expounded that learning
styles are the preferred habitual patterns of
mental functioning.
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23. Guidelines in Citing Author(s) of
the Related Literature
2. By Topic
-if many authors have the same opinion or idea
about the same topic, discussion and citation of
the topic is under the names of the authors or
writers.
Example:
The use of animated movies, computer
animation, and simple drawings are constructive
for stimulating and maintaining learner’s
attention (Williamson & Abraham, 1995; Ames,
1995; Barak 2006)
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24. Guidelines in Citing Author(s) of
the Related Literature
3. Chronological
-related materials or references may be cited in
chronological manner that is according to the
year they were written or published.
Example:
Adri (2004) described the relationship
between the student’s learning styles and their
academic performance.
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25. Ways of Citing
1. APA Format
• American Psychological Association or APA Style
• The most common way to cite sources in field
of social sciences.
• The author-date method of in-text citation is
followed, in which the author’s surname and
the year of publication for the source should
appear in the text. e.g (Cahan, 2000)
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26. Ways of Citing
2. MLA Format
• Modern Language Association or MLA style
• Most commonly used to write papers and cite
sources within the liberal arts and humanities.
• The works of others in the text cited by using
what is known as parenthetical citation.
• Involves placing relevant source if information
in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
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27. Ways of Citing
3. Chicago Manual Style
• Presents two basic documentation systems:
a) Notes and bibliography
b) Author-date
• Each documentation system is favored by
different groups of scholars depending on the
subject matter and the nature of sources cited.
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28. Citing in APA Style
1. A work by two authors
• Name both authors in the parentheses
whenever their work is cited.
• Used the word “and” between the author’s
names within the text and uses ampersand (&)
in the parentheses
Research is… (Robinson & Levin 1997)
Robinson and Levin (1997) discussed…
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29. Citing in APA Style
2. A work by three or five authors
• Include the entire author’s surname in
parentheses the first time source is cited.
• Use the word “and” between the author’s
name within the text and use the ampersand in
the parentheses.
Kim, Song, Chang, Kang and Park (2013) posited..
Learning is.. (Kim, Song, Chang, Kang and Park
2013)
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30. Citing in APA Style
In subsequent citations, only use the first
author’s surname followed by the words “et.al.”
which means “and others” in parentheses.
Kim et.al. (2013) stated….
In et al, et should not be followed by a period.
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31. Citing in APA Style
2. Six or more authors.
• Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in
parentheses.
Choi et al. (2013) reported…
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32. Citing in APA Style
3. Six or more authors.
• However, if two sources have six or more
authors but with some identical surnames cite
the first author followed by many names to
distinguish one source from the others.
Orleans, Nueva Espana, Palomar, Camacho,
Avila, Sotto et al. (2014) suggested…
Orleans, Nueva Espana, Palomar, Camacho
et al. (2014)
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33. Citing in APA Style
4. Associatioms, corporations, government
agencies, etc. as an author.
• Accordimg to the Department of Education
(2013)
• Commisssion on Higher Education [CHED]
(2012)
• CHED (2012)
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34. Citing in APA Style
5. Citing indirect sources.
• If a source was mentioned in another source,
the citation is as follows:
Smith argued that… (as cited in Johnson,
2005, p. 92)
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35. Citing in APA Style
6. Electronic sources.
• Electronic documents are cited the same way as
any other document by using the aujtor-date
style.
Briones (2009) explained…
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36. Citing in APA Style
7. Citing websites
• Are cited the same way as any other source,
using the author date style if known. If there is
no author, the title and the date are cited as the
in-text citation (for long titles, the first few
words are cited) For sources with no date,
“n.d.” (for no date) in place of the year is used.
Andrews, n.d.
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37. Citing in APA Style
7. Citing websites
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38. Ethical Standards in Writing
Related Literature
1. Plagiarism- is an act of claiming another’s
work or copying a portion of someone else’s
writing.
2. Self-Plagiarism- is defined when the
researchers reuse their own work or data in a
“new” written product without letting the
readers know the manuscript already
appeared in another literature.
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39. Ethical Standards in Writing
Related Literature
3. Copyright
-for researchers who want their papers to be
published in conventional journals, the usual
agreement is for copyright of the researcher’s
work to be transferred to the publisher of that
journal.
-In this case, the publisher of the journal can
reproduce and distribute the research legally.
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