Nusing Management of CAD Symposia (French) presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Nusing Management of CAD Symposia (English) presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia? (DU-04Ja)
Sinus bradycardia is a condition where the sinus node in the heart beats slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Some common causes of sinus bradycardia include:
Vagal stimulation: This occurs due to an increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate.
Medications: Certain medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin can cause sinus bradycardia.
Hypothyroidism: Inadequate production of thyroid hormones can cause a decrease in metabolic rate and lead to bradycardia.
Increased intracranial pressure: High pressure within the skull due to conditions like head injury, brain tumors or bleeding can affect the autonomic nervous system and cause bradycardia.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Repeated episodes of apnea during sleep can cause bradycardia due to decreased oxygen supply to the body.
Aging: As the body ages, the electrical activity of the heart can slow down, leading to sinus bradycardia.
Other causes of sinus bradycardia include viral infections, genetic disorders, and certain electrolyte imbalances.
2. A 25 years old female presented with palpitation, on examination her pulse was irregularly irregular. How will you assess and investigate her? (DU- 05Ja)
The patient's presentation suggests the possibility of atrial fibrillation, which is a common arrhythmia characterized by an irregularly irregular pulse. The following are the steps that can be taken to assess and investigate the patient:
History taking: Obtain a detailed history of the patient's symptoms, including the onset, duration, and frequency of palpitations, associated symptoms, and any relevant medical history.
Physical examination: Conduct a thorough physical examination, including a cardiovascular examination, to assess the patient's heart sounds, rhythm, and rate. Check for any signs of heart failure or underlying heart disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Perform an ECG to confirm the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and to determine the heart rate and rhythm. An ECG will also help rule out other arrhythmias or underlying heart conditions.
Blood tests: Check the patient's thyroid function, electrolyte levels, and other relevant blood tests to identify any underlying conditions that may be causing the arrhythmia.
Echocardiography: Perform an echocardiogram to assess the structure and function of the heart and to identify any underlying heart disease.
Holter monitor: Use a Holter monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm over a 24-hour period to identify any episodes of atrial fibrillation that may not be captured during a routine ECG.
Other tests: Consider other tests, such as a stress test or electrophysiology study, if necessary, to further evaluate the patient's heart funct
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Nusing Management of CAD Symposia (French) presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Nusing Management of CAD Symposia (English) presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia? (DU-04Ja)
Sinus bradycardia is a condition where the sinus node in the heart beats slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Some common causes of sinus bradycardia include:
Vagal stimulation: This occurs due to an increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate.
Medications: Certain medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin can cause sinus bradycardia.
Hypothyroidism: Inadequate production of thyroid hormones can cause a decrease in metabolic rate and lead to bradycardia.
Increased intracranial pressure: High pressure within the skull due to conditions like head injury, brain tumors or bleeding can affect the autonomic nervous system and cause bradycardia.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Repeated episodes of apnea during sleep can cause bradycardia due to decreased oxygen supply to the body.
Aging: As the body ages, the electrical activity of the heart can slow down, leading to sinus bradycardia.
Other causes of sinus bradycardia include viral infections, genetic disorders, and certain electrolyte imbalances.
2. A 25 years old female presented with palpitation, on examination her pulse was irregularly irregular. How will you assess and investigate her? (DU- 05Ja)
The patient's presentation suggests the possibility of atrial fibrillation, which is a common arrhythmia characterized by an irregularly irregular pulse. The following are the steps that can be taken to assess and investigate the patient:
History taking: Obtain a detailed history of the patient's symptoms, including the onset, duration, and frequency of palpitations, associated symptoms, and any relevant medical history.
Physical examination: Conduct a thorough physical examination, including a cardiovascular examination, to assess the patient's heart sounds, rhythm, and rate. Check for any signs of heart failure or underlying heart disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Perform an ECG to confirm the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and to determine the heart rate and rhythm. An ECG will also help rule out other arrhythmias or underlying heart conditions.
Blood tests: Check the patient's thyroid function, electrolyte levels, and other relevant blood tests to identify any underlying conditions that may be causing the arrhythmia.
Echocardiography: Perform an echocardiogram to assess the structure and function of the heart and to identify any underlying heart disease.
Holter monitor: Use a Holter monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm over a 24-hour period to identify any episodes of atrial fibrillation that may not be captured during a routine ECG.
Other tests: Consider other tests, such as a stress test or electrophysiology study, if necessary, to further evaluate the patient's heart funct
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Learning Objectives
Research at university
What case studies are and how they are used to understand what
studying is like at university
How to approach a case study
Walkthrough and assessment of a diagnostic case study
Q&A
3. Research at University
Lectures are seen as
an introduction to
content
2-3 hours of
individual study per
hour of lecture time
You will not know
everything from the
start!
Ask questions! Email
tutors/lecturers! Get
involved!
Utilise the
libraries!!!!
4. Cardiovascular
revision
Normal blood pressure level is
<120/80mmHg
What causes this to be outside the
normal range?
Normal resting heart rate range :
60-100bpm
Normal levels of cardiac troponin
in the bloodstream is < 14 ng/L
What causes this to be outside the
normal range?
5. What are case studies and why do we use them?
Used to provide insight into general biomedical
principles
Presentation of a ‘patient’ with symptoms – provokes
research and analysis
Gain valuable problem solving and analytical skills as
well as enhancing your biomedical knowledge
6. How to approach a case study
Collect all information
together and sort into
categories – signs and
symptoms
Signs – recordings
taken such as blood
pressure, heart rate or
temperature
Symptoms – anecdotal
information given by
the patient like pains
or dizziness
Assess the relevance
of these
Whether a symptom is
severe or unusual or if
a sign is significantly
veering from the
normal values
Extra research – you
won’t know every
disease/illness
Crosscheck data from
trusted sources that
are in line with the
data given
Not all information
will be useful! Some
might even distract
from the real diagnosis
8. Case Study 1
Mr. Johnson is A 57-year-old man who has the following symptoms:
Chest pain
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Nausea
Unexplained Weakness
The man declares he is diabetic and a smoker and experienced 3 hours of chronic
chest pain prior to the visit to the hospital.
Doctors run a series of simple, physical tests with the following results:
9. Signs and Symptoms
Heart rate of 100bpm
Blood pressure of 140/90mmHg
Heart Murmur
No Lung irregularities
30ng/L of cardiac troponin T in the bloodstream
Are any of these significant?
12. Diagnosis
Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
(NSTEMI)
Essentially a light form of heart attack
– less severe than other types
Caused by a lack of oxygenation of the
coronary tissue – from clogged arteries
or low haemoglobin production
Still life threatening, but less likely to
cause death than other, more
identifiable heart attacks
13. How could you tell?
High blood pressure
Heart murmur
Cardiac troponin T concentration of 30ng/L heavily indicative of myocardial
infarction (MI)
ST portion of the ECG shown to be more depressed than on a healthy heart
Reported symptoms from the patient are indicative of MI
Look again at your booklets. Did you notice any of
these?
14. Pharmaceutical treatment
Antiplatelet medications (aspirin): inactivate platelets,
leading to less blood clotting
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: targets
angiotensin, interfering with its ability to increase blood
pressure, causing an overall decrease in blood pressure.
Beta-blockers: cause your heart to beat at a slower rate
and with less force.
Nitroglycerin: widens your blood vessels, reducing blood
pressure and improving blood flow and chest pain
Statins: lower the cholesterol level in the blood
15. Lifestyle treatment
and prevention
Maintain a healthy lifestyle,
providing the best chance for
your heart to be healthy
Balanced diet
High amounts of exercise
No smoking
16. Myocardial infarction summary
NSTEMI myocardial infarction is a form of heart attack
Caused by atherosclerotic plaque erosion or rupture which results in vasoconstriction and occlusion
of blood vessels
Lack of blood flow and oxygen to the cardiac myocytes which results in myocardial ischemia
Signs and symptoms include high blood pressure, chest pain, high heart rate, cardiac
murmurs...
Tests will reveal high cardiac troponin T levels in the blood stream
12 lead ECG will reveal an ST wave depression due to the lack of blood flow to a portion of the
heart muscle which causes an imbalance of the electrical activity
Risk factors: overweight/obese, age, type 2 diabetes, smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise
Treatments: Antiplatelet medications (aspirin), Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors, Beta-blockers, Nitroglycerin, Statins.
Lifestyle changes: healthy diet, no smoking, exercise.
17. In Summary
Private study and research at university is very dependent on individual involvement
and extra study.
Case studies are an important tool in furthering diagnostic ability and analytical
thinking.
Not all information is important, a key skill is analysing information and assessing its
importance and relevance.
Enhance problem solving, analytical and communication skills.
18. This is just the beginning!
Big Case Study next session!
Any Questions???
