The document describes various software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It discusses the waterfall model, iterative model, spiral model, V-model, and big bang model. For each model, it provides an overview of the design, typical application scenarios, and pros and cons. The key stages of the waterfall model are outlined in detail, including planning, requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
Google在2013開始導入Gradle工具作為新的Android build system,Gradle的使用正是實踐DevOps的良好利器,除了方便進行automated building外, Gradle更幫助我們消弭不同開發環境/工具間的差異問題,如同infarsture as code之於web application/service的重要性,build script as code就是幫助Android App快速發佈版本並維持品質穩定的關鍵最後一哩路。
此次主題將探討如何利用gradle進行精實良好的系統開發配置管理,建立一條下達開發者本地端上通產品發佈系統的透明化產品開發流水線。你是否常常一個App剛發佈不久,下一個idea已經生成,舊程式需要繼續維護同時又要添加新功能,你的開發方法是否能讓多方產品流水線順暢運行而且並行不悖?妥善利用Gradle並深入理解Build by convention的內涵是最好的選擇。
Following on from the Open Source Jumpstart in April we are running the first event in a series designed to introduce the most common Open Source tools encountered as a professional developer at work or when contributing to OSS projects. The series will show how the concepts taught at University in computing science and software engineering modules can be applied effectively with Open Source tools and help establish a highly agile approach to the whole software development cycle.
Easy Step-by-Step Guide to Develop REST APIs with Django REST FrameworkInexture Solutions
Thanks to its advantages, many are starting out with the Django framework. But how do you create REST APIs with it? Well, here’s your quick guide with simple steps and examples.
Experienced Software Engineer with a demonstrated history of working in the information technology and services industry. Skilled in PHP, Python, C#, Java and MySQL. Strong engineering professional with a Master’s Degree focused in Computer Science from Ritsumeikan University. Experience with Mobile Application Development With Cordova/Phonegap, Demonstrated experience with developing web applications and web services, Experience with the Software Development Lifecycle, Strong communication skills.
QCon'17 talk: CI/CD at scale - lessons from LinkedIn and MockitoSzczepan Faber
Learn how continuous deployment can improve your organization's productivity. Learn about challenges, differences and similarities of CD at LinkedIn (large scale enterprise) and Mockito (OSS software library with huge user base).
More details: http://bit.do/qcon-cd-abstract
Google slides: http://bit.do/qcon-cd-gslides
Presentation abstract as in QCon session catalog:
LinkedIn and Mockito are two different use cases of implementing continuous delivery at scale. Yet the challenges, benefits and impact on the engineering culture are very similar.
In 2015, LinkedIn’s flagship application adopted a continuous delivery model we called 3x3: deploy to production 3 times a day, with a 3 hour maximum time from commit to production. At LinkedIn scale - hundreds of engineers building products for 500M users - implementing 3x3 was really hard. How did 3x3 change LinkedIn engineering culture and what we have learned on the way?
Mockito is a top 3 Java library with ~2M users. Even with that large user base, since 2014, the Mockito project has taken the surprising approach of publishing a new version of the library from every single pull request. This approach is challenging and innovative in the Java community, and Mockito leverages Shipkit to ship every change to production. Why did the Mockito team adopt continuous delivery in 2014 and what we have learned to date?
Join and learn from Szczepan Faber, the maker of Mockito framework since 2007, and the tech lead of LinkedIn Development Tools since 2015.
Google在2013開始導入Gradle工具作為新的Android build system,Gradle的使用正是實踐DevOps的良好利器,除了方便進行automated building外, Gradle更幫助我們消弭不同開發環境/工具間的差異問題,如同infarsture as code之於web application/service的重要性,build script as code就是幫助Android App快速發佈版本並維持品質穩定的關鍵最後一哩路。
此次主題將探討如何利用gradle進行精實良好的系統開發配置管理,建立一條下達開發者本地端上通產品發佈系統的透明化產品開發流水線。你是否常常一個App剛發佈不久,下一個idea已經生成,舊程式需要繼續維護同時又要添加新功能,你的開發方法是否能讓多方產品流水線順暢運行而且並行不悖?妥善利用Gradle並深入理解Build by convention的內涵是最好的選擇。
Following on from the Open Source Jumpstart in April we are running the first event in a series designed to introduce the most common Open Source tools encountered as a professional developer at work or when contributing to OSS projects. The series will show how the concepts taught at University in computing science and software engineering modules can be applied effectively with Open Source tools and help establish a highly agile approach to the whole software development cycle.
Easy Step-by-Step Guide to Develop REST APIs with Django REST FrameworkInexture Solutions
Thanks to its advantages, many are starting out with the Django framework. But how do you create REST APIs with it? Well, here’s your quick guide with simple steps and examples.
Experienced Software Engineer with a demonstrated history of working in the information technology and services industry. Skilled in PHP, Python, C#, Java and MySQL. Strong engineering professional with a Master’s Degree focused in Computer Science from Ritsumeikan University. Experience with Mobile Application Development With Cordova/Phonegap, Demonstrated experience with developing web applications and web services, Experience with the Software Development Lifecycle, Strong communication skills.
QCon'17 talk: CI/CD at scale - lessons from LinkedIn and MockitoSzczepan Faber
Learn how continuous deployment can improve your organization's productivity. Learn about challenges, differences and similarities of CD at LinkedIn (large scale enterprise) and Mockito (OSS software library with huge user base).
More details: http://bit.do/qcon-cd-abstract
Google slides: http://bit.do/qcon-cd-gslides
Presentation abstract as in QCon session catalog:
LinkedIn and Mockito are two different use cases of implementing continuous delivery at scale. Yet the challenges, benefits and impact on the engineering culture are very similar.
In 2015, LinkedIn’s flagship application adopted a continuous delivery model we called 3x3: deploy to production 3 times a day, with a 3 hour maximum time from commit to production. At LinkedIn scale - hundreds of engineers building products for 500M users - implementing 3x3 was really hard. How did 3x3 change LinkedIn engineering culture and what we have learned on the way?
Mockito is a top 3 Java library with ~2M users. Even with that large user base, since 2014, the Mockito project has taken the surprising approach of publishing a new version of the library from every single pull request. This approach is challenging and innovative in the Java community, and Mockito leverages Shipkit to ship every change to production. Why did the Mockito team adopt continuous delivery in 2014 and what we have learned to date?
Join and learn from Szczepan Faber, the maker of Mockito framework since 2007, and the tech lead of LinkedIn Development Tools since 2015.
Mobile applications development - why should you start learning it right now?Natalija Rodionova
Mobile apps development- why should you start learning it right now?
- 7 reasons why should you start learning how to develop a mobile app?
- How much do mobile apps developers earn?
- 10 main instruments of a mobile app developer
- 5 technologies you should learn to be able to develop mobile
- 7 advices to start learning mobile apps development
- 5 industries which need mobile apps developers
Behavioral driven development with BehatPromet Source
This workshop helps developers to get started with the process of behavior driven development (BDD) in PHP using the Behat toolkit with Drupal specific extensions in order to align technical testing with business expectations when using Drupal as a development platform.
Developers write documentation. Technical authors write manuals. But in a perfect world, your users read software self-help guides. Consumers expect documentation to reflect the sophistication of the software they are using, and will abandon an application if they cannot easily find the answer to their problems. If we really want world domination of free and open source software, we need to have the self-help guides worthy of our code. In "Self Help Guides for World Domination" we'll take a look at the strategies and tools needed for really awesome documentation.
Imagine a world where documentation actually helped you to find an answer, or solved one of your problems. If that sounds like a pipe dream, it's because you've had to struggle with too much crap documentation. Technical writing can be fun and accessible, but more importantly, it can be truly useful. By analysing how people use software, and where they stumble, we can drastically improve the experience our users have with our software documentation. Creating relevant documentation needs a little more than just a scraping of code comments though--and this talk will show you how it should be done.
Open source tools for writing documentation are very sophisticated, but generally our mastery of them quite simply sucks. Whether they are using DocBook, Mallard or DITA, many projects have opted for very powerful markup languages for their documentation, but often use only a fraction of what the tools can do. Other projects have opted to go with Web-based content management systems and have failed to create a cohesive self-help experience for users. You will learn how to effectively use these common tools for creating and maintaining collaborative documentation. Real examples will be pulled from open source projects.
If you've been wanting to help make the user experience better for your project, this talk is a must-see.
Writing code is fun, but deploying to production is not. Production releases are scary events that last all weekend, and you find yourself worrying about how it will go. Did we miss a configuration file? Is the database schema the same as the one in the test environment? Does the last minute hot fix we just applied break any other features? Did I forget to include an installation instruction for the system administrators?
Continuous Delivery is a collection of principles and practices aimed at addressing the problems teams typically face when releasing changes to production. By applying rigorous automation, testing and configuration management, teams are able to confidently and consistently deploy changes from version control to production without fear.
In this talk, Mike McGarr will provide listeners with an introduction into the world of Continuous Delivery. After an introduction into the concepts and principles of Continuous Delivery, he will discuss many of the techniques for implementing Continuous Delivery and recommend some tools that can be used on your development project.
Ultimate guide on how to hire full stack web developer in 2022Katy Slemon
Complete guide on how to hire full stack web developer in 2022. It includes full stack developer benefits, best full stack combinations, and tech skill set.
Testing cloud and kubernetes applications - ElasTestMicael Gallego
Kubernetes applications are complex distributed systems composed by several microservices. When some end to end test is failing in these kind of applications, root cause is difficult without good observability tools. In this presentation, several tools are presented to make easier root cause analysis of cloud and kubernetes applications. One of the most interesting ones is ElasTest, a platform that integrates several open source tools to provide observability to e2e testing of complex distributed systems.
TFS Extensions: Novas possibilidades para integrar suas iniciativas de DevOps...Igor Rosa Macedo
Adotar uma ferramenta para suportar iniciativas de DevOps nem sempre é uma escolha fácil. Primeiro porque DevOps não é uma metodologia ou processo definido. É apenas uma abordagem para melhorar a maneira como a TI atende ao negócio. Por mais que essa abordagem consista basicamente em colaboração, automação e feedback, cada negócio é um negócio, cada empresa é uma empresa. Dessa maneira, as ferramentas a serem utilizadas precisam ser flexíveis e possibilitarem customizações, integrações e extensões. Nesse sentido o TFS vem evoluindo muito rápido, e seus novos recursos de extensões e o marketplace criam uma nova dimensão, onde todos podem contribuir e compartilhar. Aprenda a construir sua própria extensão.
Organizing Your PHP Projects (2010 ConFoo)Paul Jones
By using a few simple organizational principles, developers can make their project structure predictable, extensible, and modular. These techniques make it easy to de-conflict and share code between multiple projects. They also make it easy to automate project-support tasks such as testing, documentation, and distribution. This talk will discuss these principles, how they can be discovered from researching publicly available PHP projects, and how they are used (or not used) in popular applications and frameworks.
Mobile applications development - why should you start learning it right now?Natalija Rodionova
Mobile apps development- why should you start learning it right now?
- 7 reasons why should you start learning how to develop a mobile app?
- How much do mobile apps developers earn?
- 10 main instruments of a mobile app developer
- 5 technologies you should learn to be able to develop mobile
- 7 advices to start learning mobile apps development
- 5 industries which need mobile apps developers
Behavioral driven development with BehatPromet Source
This workshop helps developers to get started with the process of behavior driven development (BDD) in PHP using the Behat toolkit with Drupal specific extensions in order to align technical testing with business expectations when using Drupal as a development platform.
Developers write documentation. Technical authors write manuals. But in a perfect world, your users read software self-help guides. Consumers expect documentation to reflect the sophistication of the software they are using, and will abandon an application if they cannot easily find the answer to their problems. If we really want world domination of free and open source software, we need to have the self-help guides worthy of our code. In "Self Help Guides for World Domination" we'll take a look at the strategies and tools needed for really awesome documentation.
Imagine a world where documentation actually helped you to find an answer, or solved one of your problems. If that sounds like a pipe dream, it's because you've had to struggle with too much crap documentation. Technical writing can be fun and accessible, but more importantly, it can be truly useful. By analysing how people use software, and where they stumble, we can drastically improve the experience our users have with our software documentation. Creating relevant documentation needs a little more than just a scraping of code comments though--and this talk will show you how it should be done.
Open source tools for writing documentation are very sophisticated, but generally our mastery of them quite simply sucks. Whether they are using DocBook, Mallard or DITA, many projects have opted for very powerful markup languages for their documentation, but often use only a fraction of what the tools can do. Other projects have opted to go with Web-based content management systems and have failed to create a cohesive self-help experience for users. You will learn how to effectively use these common tools for creating and maintaining collaborative documentation. Real examples will be pulled from open source projects.
If you've been wanting to help make the user experience better for your project, this talk is a must-see.
Writing code is fun, but deploying to production is not. Production releases are scary events that last all weekend, and you find yourself worrying about how it will go. Did we miss a configuration file? Is the database schema the same as the one in the test environment? Does the last minute hot fix we just applied break any other features? Did I forget to include an installation instruction for the system administrators?
Continuous Delivery is a collection of principles and practices aimed at addressing the problems teams typically face when releasing changes to production. By applying rigorous automation, testing and configuration management, teams are able to confidently and consistently deploy changes from version control to production without fear.
In this talk, Mike McGarr will provide listeners with an introduction into the world of Continuous Delivery. After an introduction into the concepts and principles of Continuous Delivery, he will discuss many of the techniques for implementing Continuous Delivery and recommend some tools that can be used on your development project.
Ultimate guide on how to hire full stack web developer in 2022Katy Slemon
Complete guide on how to hire full stack web developer in 2022. It includes full stack developer benefits, best full stack combinations, and tech skill set.
Testing cloud and kubernetes applications - ElasTestMicael Gallego
Kubernetes applications are complex distributed systems composed by several microservices. When some end to end test is failing in these kind of applications, root cause is difficult without good observability tools. In this presentation, several tools are presented to make easier root cause analysis of cloud and kubernetes applications. One of the most interesting ones is ElasTest, a platform that integrates several open source tools to provide observability to e2e testing of complex distributed systems.
TFS Extensions: Novas possibilidades para integrar suas iniciativas de DevOps...Igor Rosa Macedo
Adotar uma ferramenta para suportar iniciativas de DevOps nem sempre é uma escolha fácil. Primeiro porque DevOps não é uma metodologia ou processo definido. É apenas uma abordagem para melhorar a maneira como a TI atende ao negócio. Por mais que essa abordagem consista basicamente em colaboração, automação e feedback, cada negócio é um negócio, cada empresa é uma empresa. Dessa maneira, as ferramentas a serem utilizadas precisam ser flexíveis e possibilitarem customizações, integrações e extensões. Nesse sentido o TFS vem evoluindo muito rápido, e seus novos recursos de extensões e o marketplace criam uma nova dimensão, onde todos podem contribuir e compartilhar. Aprenda a construir sua própria extensão.
Organizing Your PHP Projects (2010 ConFoo)Paul Jones
By using a few simple organizational principles, developers can make their project structure predictable, extensible, and modular. These techniques make it easy to de-conflict and share code between multiple projects. They also make it easy to automate project-support tasks such as testing, documentation, and distribution. This talk will discuss these principles, how they can be discovered from researching publicly available PHP projects, and how they are used (or not used) in popular applications and frameworks.
REPORT IN SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ARCHITECTURE.pptxESAChannel
The term "Software Development Life Cycle" (SDLC) refers to a methodology for producing high-quality software that includes well-defined processes. The phases of software development that the SDLC approach focuses on in depth are as follows:
SDLC - Software Development Life Cycle
and Waterfall Model :
The SDLC aims to produce a high quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates.
SDLC-Software Development Life Cycle fundamentals /basics
The Presentation provides fundamentals of SDLC . The intent is to provide the high level overview to the readers .Details on teh SDLC process , Frameworks are provided.
Feedback for improving the contents are always welcome !
SDLC Models and their implementations. Almong with the flow of each model. The PPT contains implementations of each model for various software development phases
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process. SDLC is a structure followed by a development team within the software organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain and replace specific software.
Software development life cycle (sdlc) phases.pdfPrayas Gokhale
Software development life cycle (SDLC) is the life cycle of the software product. It comprises of certain defined phases that are interlinked. The requirements are translated into design, the design is used to write the codes. The code is tested and verified before delivering it to customers.
1. This will help to understand the different types of SDLC models in Software Testing.
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of SDLC models.
3. Why these many models developed and what was the benefit over the existing ones?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. What is SDLC?
SDLC is a process followed for a software project, within A software
organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop,
maintain, replace and alter or Enhance Specific software. The life cycle defines
a methodology for improving the quality of software and the overall
development process.
4. Stage 1
:Planning and RequirementAnalysis
Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC.Itis
performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the customer,
sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This
information is then used to plan the basic project approach and to conduct
product feasibility study in the economical, operational, and technicalareas.
5. Stage 2:DefiningRequirements
Once the requirement analysis is done the next step is to clearly define and
document the product requirements and get them approved from thecustomer
or the market analysts. This is done through ‘SRS’– Software Requirement
Specification document which consists of all the product requirements to be
designed and developed during the project lifecycle.
6. Stage 3:Designing the product architecture
SRSis the reference for product architects to come out with the best architecture
for the product to be developed. Based on the requirements specified in SRS,
usually more than one design approach for the product architecture is proposed
and documented in a DDS - Design Document Specification. This DDSis
by all the important stakeholders and based on various parameters asrisk
assessment, product robustness, design modularity ,budget and time
the best design approach is selected for the product.
7. Stage 4:Building or Developing the Product
Inthis stage of SDLC the actual development starts and the product is built. The
programming code is generated as per DDS during this stage. Ifthe design is
performed in a detailed and organized manner
, code generation can be
accomplished without much hassle.
Developers have to follow the coding guidelines defined by their organization
and programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers etc are used to
generate the code. Different high level programming languages such as C, C++,
Pascal, Java,and PHP are used for coding. The programming language is
with respect to the type of software being developed.
8. Stage 5:TestingtheProduct
This stage is usually a subset of all the stages as in the modern SDLC models, the
testing activities are mostly involved in all the stages of SDLC.However this stage
refers to the testing only stage of the product where products defects are
reported, tracked, fixed and retested, until the product reaches the quality
standards defined in the SRS.
9. Stage 6:Deployment in the Market and Maintenance
Once the product is tested and ready to be deployed it is released formally in
appropriate market. Sometime product deployment happens in stages as per
organizations’ business strategy. The product may first be released in alimited
segment and tested in the real business environment (UAT- User acceptance
testing).
Then based on the feedback, the product may be released as it is or with
suggested enhancements in the targeting market segment. After the product is
released in the market, its maintenance is done for the existing customer base.
11. Waterfall Model
Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for software
development .The waterfall Model illustrates the software development processin
linear sequential flow; hence it is also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle
model. This means that any phase in the development process begins only if the
previous phase is complete. Inwaterfall model phases do not overlap.
13. Requirement Gathering and analysis:All possible requirements of the system to be developed are
captured in this phase and documented in a requirement specification doc.
System Design: The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system
design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also
helps in defining overall system architecture.
Implementation: With inputs from system design, the system is first developed in small programs
called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its
functionality which is referred to as Unit Testing.
Integration and T
esting: All the units developed in the implementation phase are integrated into a
system after testing of each unit. Post integration the entire system is tested for any faults and
Deployment of system: Once the functional and non functional testing is done, the product is
deployed in the customer environment or released into the market.
Maintenance: There are some issues which come up in the client environment. T
ofix those issues
patches are released. Also to enhance the product some better versions are released. Maintenance
done to deliver these changes in the customer environment.
14. Waterfall Model Application
Requirements are very well documented, clear and fixed.
Product definition is stable.
Technology is understood and is not dynamic.
There are no ambiguous requirements .
Ample resources with required expertise are available to support the product.
The project is short.
15. Waterfall Model Pros & Cons
pros
Simple and easy to understand and
use.
Easy to manage due to the rigidity of
the model – each phase has specific
deliverables and a review process.
Works well for smaller projects where
requirements are very well
understood.
Clearly defined stages.
Easy to arrange tasks.
Process and results are well
documented.
cons
No working software isproduced
until late during the life cycle.
High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
Not a good model for complexand
object-oriented projects.
Poor model for long and ongoing
projects.
Not suitable for the projects where
requirements are at a moderate to
high risk of changing. So risk and
uncertainty is high with this process
model.
Adjusting scope during the life cycle
can end a project.
16. Iterative Model
An iterative life cycle model does not attempt to start with a full specification of
requirements. Instead, development begins by specifying and implementing just
part of the software, which is then reviewed in order to identify further
requirements. This process is then repeated, producing a new version of the
software at the end of each iteration of the model.
18. Iterative and Incremental development is a combination of both iterative design or
iterative method and incremental build model for development. During software
development, more than one iteration of the software development cycle may be in
progress at the same time and This process may be described as an "evolutionary
acquisition" or "incremental build" approach.
In incremental model the whole requirement is divided into various builds. During
each iteration, the development module goes through the requirements, design,
implementation and testing phases. Each subsequent release of the module adds
function to the previous release. The process continues till the complete system is
ready asper the requirement.
ri
The key to successful use of an iterative software development lifecycle is gorous
validation of requirements, and verification & testing of each version of the
software against those requirements within each cycle of the model. As the software
evolves through successive cycles, tests have to be repeated and extended to verify
each version of the software.
19. Iterative Model Application
Requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood.
Major requirements must be defined; however, some functionalities or requested
enhancements may evolve with time.
There is a time to the market constraint.
A new technology is being used and is being learnt by the development team while
working on the project.
Resources with needed skill set are not available and are planned to be used on
contract basis for specific iterations.
There are some high risk features and goals which may change in the future.
20. Iterative Model Pros and Cons
pos
Some working functionality can be developed quickly
and early in the life cycle.
Results are obtained early and periodically.
Parallel development can be planned.
Progress can be measured.
Lesscostly to change thescope/requirements.
Testing and debugging during smaller iteration iseasy.
Risksare identified and resolved during iteration; and
each iteration is an easily managed milestone.
Easier to manage risk - High risk part is done first.
Risk analysis is better.
It supports changing requirements.
Initial Operating time is less.
Better suited for large and mission-critical projects.
During life cycle software is produced early which
facilitates customer evaluation and feedback.
cons
More resources may be required.
Although cost of change is lesser but it is not
very suitable for changing requirements.
More management attention isrequired.
System architecture or design issues may arise
because not all requirements are gathered in the
beginning of the entire life cycle.
Defining increments may require definition of
the complete system.
Not suitable for smallerprojects.
Management complexity is more.
End of project may not be known which is arisk.
analysis.
Highly skilled resources are required for risk
Project’s progress is highly dependent upon the
risk analysis phase.
21. Spiral Model
Spiral model is a combination of iterative development process model and
sequential linear development model i.e. waterfall model with very high emphasis
on risk analysis. It allows for incremental releases of the product, or incremental
refinement through each iteration around the spiral.
23. Identification
This phase starts with gathering the business requirements in the baseline spiral. In the
subsequent spirals as the product matures, identification of system requirements, subsystem
requirements and unit requirements are all done in this phase.
This also includes understanding the system requirements by continuous communication
between the customer and the system analyst. At the end of the spiral the product is
deployed in the identified market.
Design
Design phase starts with the conceptual design in the baseline spiral and involves
architectural design, logical design of modules, physical product design and final design in
the subsequent spirals.
Construct or Build
Construct phase refers to production of the actual software product at every spiral. In the
baseline spiral when the product is just thought of and the design is being developed a POC
(Proof of Concept) is developed in this phase to get customer feedback.
Then in the subsequent spirals with higher clarity on requirements and design details a
working model of the software called build is produced with a version number. These builds
are sent to customer for feedback.
24. Evaluation and Risk Analysis
RiskAnalysis includes identifying, estimating, and monitoring technical feasibility
and management risks, such asschedule slippage and cost overrun. After testing the
build, at the end of first iteration, the customer evaluates the software and provides
feedback.
Based on the customer evaluation, software development process enters into the
next iteration and subsequently follows the linear approach to implement the
feedback suggested by the customer. The process of iterations along the spiral
continues throughout the life of the software.
25. Spiral Model Application
Spiral Model is very widely used in the software industry asit is in synch with the
natural development process of any product i.e. learning with maturity and also
involves minimum risk for the customer aswell asthe development firms. Following
are the typical uses of Spiral model:
When costs there is a budget constraint and risk evaluation is important
For medium to high-risk projects
Long-term project commitment because of potential changes to economic
priorities asthe requirements change with time
Customer is not sure of their requirements which is usually the case
Requirements are complex and need evaluation to get clarity
New product line which should be released in phases to get enough customer
feedback
Significant changes are expected in the product during the development cycle.
26. Spiral Model Pros and Cons
pros
Changing requirements can be
accommodated.
Allows for extensive use of prototypes
Requirements can be captured more
accurately.
Users see the system early.
Development can be divided into smaller
parts and more risky parts can be
developed earlier which helps better risk
management.
Process is complex
cons
Management is more complex.
End of project may not be known early.
Not suitable for small or low riskprojects
and could be expensive for small projects.
Spiral may go indefinitely.
Large number of intermediate stages
requires excessive documentation.
27. V –Model
The V- model is SDLCmodel where execution of processes happens in a sequential
manner in V-shape. Itis also known asVerification and Validation model.
V -Model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on association of a
testing phase for each corresponding development stage. This means that for
single phase in the development cycle there is a directly associated testing phase.
This is a highly disciplined model and next phase starts only after completion of the
previous phase.
29. Following are the Verification phases in V-Model:
BusinessRequirement Analysis :
This is the first phase in the development cycle where the product requirements are understood from the customer
perspective. This phase involves detailed communication with the customer to understand his expectations and exact
requirement. This is a very important activity and need to be managed well, asmost of the customers are not sure about
what exactly they need. The acceptance test design planning is done at this stage asbusiness requirements can be used
asan input for acceptance testing.
System Design:
Once you have the clear and detailed product requirements, it’s time to design the complete system. System design
would comprise of understanding and detailing the complete hardware and communication setup for the productunder
development. System test plan is developed based on the system design. Doing this at an earlier stage leaves more time
for actual test execution later.
Architectural Design:
Architectural specifications are understood and designed in this phase. Usually more than one technical approach is
proposed and based on the technical and financial feasibility the final decision is taken. System design is broken down
further into modules taking up different functionality. This is also referred to asHigh Level Design (HLD).
The data transfer and communication between the internal modules and with the outside world (other systems) is clearly
understood and defined in this stage. With this information, integration tests can be designed and documented during
this stage.
30. Module Design:
In this phase the detailed internal design for all the system modules is specified,
referred to asLow Level Design (LLD).It is important that the design is compatible
with the other modules in the system architecture and the other external systems.
Unit tests are an essential part of any development process and helps eliminate the
maximum faults and errors at a very early stage. Unit tests can be designed at this
stage based on the internal module designs.
Coding Phase
The actual coding of the system modules designed in the design phase is taken up in
the Coding phase. The best suitable programming language is decided based on the
system and architectural requirements. The coding is performed based on the coding
guidelines and standards. The code goes through numerous code reviews and is
optimized for best performance before the final build is checked into the repository.
31. Validation Phases
Following are the Validation phases in V-Model:
Unit Testing
Unit tests designed in the module design phase are executed on the code during this validation
phase. Unit testing is the testing at code level and helps eliminate bugs at an early stage, though all
defects cannot be uncovered by unit testing.
Integration Testing
Integration testing is associated with the architectural design phase. Integration tests are
to test the coexistence and communication of the internal modules within the system.
System Testing
Systemtesting is directly associated with the Systemdesign phase. Systemtests check the entire
system functionality and the communication of the system under development with external
Most of the software and hardware compatibility issues can be uncovered during system test
execution.
Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing is associated with the business requirement analysis phase and involves testing
the product in user environment. Acceptance tests uncover the compatibility issues with the other
systems available in the user environment. Italso discovers the non functional issues such as load
performance defects in the actual user environment.
32. V-Model Application
V- Model application is almost same aswaterfall model, asboth the models are of
sequential type. Requirements have to be very clear before the project starts,
because it is usually expensive to go back and make changes. This model is used in
the medical development field, asit is strictly disciplined domain. Following are the
suitable scenarios to use V-Model:
Requirements are well defined, clearly documented and fixed.
Product definition is stable.
Technology is not dynamic and is well understood by the project team.
There are no ambiguous or undefined requirements
The project is short.
33. V-Model Pros andCons
pros
This is a highly disciplined model and
Phases are completed one at a time.
Works well for smaller projects where
requirements are very well understood.
Simple and easy to understand and
use.
Easy to manage due to the
rigidity of the model – each phase has
specific deliverables and a review
process .
cons
High risk and uncertainty.
Not a good model for complex and object-
oriented projects.
Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
Not suitable for the projects where
requirements are at a moderate to high risk
of changing.
Once an application is in the testing stage, it
is difficult to go back and change a
functionality
No working software is produced until late
during the life cycle.
34. Big Bang Model
The Big Bang model is SDLCmodel where there is no specific process followed. The
development just starts with the required money and efforts asthe input, and the
output is the software developed which may or may not be asper customer
requirement.
Big Bang Model is SDLC model where there is no formal development followed and
very little planning is required. Even the customer is not sure about what exactly he
wants and the requirements are implemented on the fly without much analysis.
Usually this model is followed for small projects where the development teams are
very small.
35. Big BangModel designand Application
Big bang model comprises of focusing all the possible resources in software
development and coding, with very little or no planning. The requirements are
understood and implemented as they come. Any changes required may or may
not need to revamp the complete software.
This model is ideal for small projects with one or two developers working
together and is also useful for academic or practice projects. It’s an ideal model
the product where requirements are not well understood and the final release is
not given.
36. Big BangModel Pros and Cons
pros
This is a very simple model
Little or no planning required
Easyto manage
Very few resources required
Gives flexibility to developers
Is a good learning aid for new comers
or students.
cons
projects.
Very High risk and uncertainty.
Not a good model for complexand
object-oriented projects.
Poor model for long and ongoing
Can turn out to be very expensiveif
requirements are misunderstood.
37. Agile Model
Agile SDLC model is a combination of iterative and incremental process models
with focus on process adaptability and customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of
working software product.
Agile Methods break the product into small incremental builds. These builds are
provided in iterations. Each iteration typically lasts from about one to threeweeks.
Every iteration involves cross functional teams working simultaneously on various
areas like planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and
acceptance testing. At the end of the iteration a working product is displayed to
the customer and important stakeholders.
38. What is Agile?
Agile model believes that every project needs to be handled differently and the
existing methods need to be tailored to best suit the project requirements. In agile
the tasks are divided to time boxes (small time frames) to deliver specific features for
a release. Iterative approach is taken and working software build is delivered after
each iteration. Each build is incremental in terms of features; the final build holds all
the features required by the customer.
39. Agile uses adaptive approach where there is no detailed planning and there is
clarity on future tasks only in respect of what features need to be developed.There
is feature driven development and the team adapts to the changing product
requirements dynamically. The product is tested very frequently, through the
release iterations, minimizing the risk of any major failures in future.
Customer interaction is the backbone of Agile methodology, and open
communication with minimum documentation are the typical features of Agile
development environment. The agile teams work in close collaboration with each
other and are most often located in the same geographical location.
40. Agile Model Pros and Cons
pros
Is a very realistic approach to software
development
Promotes teamwork and cross training.
Functionality can be developed rapidly and
demonstrated.
Resource requirements are minimum.
Suitable for fixed or changing requirements
Delivers early partial working solutions.
Good model for environments that change
steadily.
Minimal rules, documentation easilyemployed.
Enables concurrent development and delivery
within an overall planned context.
Little or no planning required
Easyto manage
Gives flexibility to developers
cons
dependencies.
extensibility.
work.
the wrong direction.
generated.
Not suitable for handling complex
More risk of sustainability, maintainability and
An overall plan, an agile leader and agile PM
practice is a must without which it will not
Strict delivery management dictates the
scope, functionality to be delivered, and
adjustments to meet the deadlines.
Depends heavily on customer interaction, so
if customer is not clear, team can be driven in
There is very high individual dependency,
since there is minimum documentation
Transfer of technology to new team members
may be quite challenging due to lack of
documentation