Lesson 11-1© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. . Publishing as .docx

Lesson 1
1-1© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. . Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter 1
1-1©© 20155 Pearson Education, Inc. . Publishing as Prentice
Hall
IT Value is the worth or desirability of a thing.
(Cronk and Fitzgerald, 1999)
IT Value is a subjective assessment.
IT Value is based on how a business chooses
to view it.
IT Value is tied to the business model.
IT Value can be defined by ROI or KPI’s.
Hall
Decisions about IT Value may be made to
optimize value to the firm even if they

cause difficulty for a business unit or
individual.
IT Value needs to be leveraged for the
benefit of the firm.
Hall
IT Value is a
function of people,
process, and
technology.
IT Value is also a
function of
organizational
value.
P
e
o
p
l
e
Process
Technology

IT Value has a temporal dimension.
Initially, companies spend a considerable
amount to deploy new technology with no
benefit.
Some value is then achieved by solving initial
inefficiencies.
As use increases, complexity grows and
costs increase.
Finally, the business is made simpler and
efficiencies are achieved.
Hall
Link IT Value directly to the business
model.
Recognize that value is subjective, and
manage perceptions accordingly.
Aim for a value “Win-Win” across
processes, work units, and individuals.
Seek business commitment to all IT
projects.
Manage value over time.

Hall
IDENTIFICATION
+
CONVERSION
+
REALIZATION
=
IT VALUE
Hall
Joint IT-Business mechanisms
should be established to identify
business and technical
opportunities where IT can add
value.
Establish a formal process for
project prioritization.
Hall
Recognize and evaluate opportunities
through a joint business-IT structure.
Develop a means to compare value across
projects.

Utilize a portfolio approach to project
selection.
Establish a funding mechanism for
infrastructure.
Hall
Conversion is the transformation of ideas
and opportunities into IT value
propositions.
Excellent project management, effective
execution, and reliable IT operations are
critical to IT value creation.
Hall
More projects than resources
Insufficient time to complete all projects
Training limitations
Inadequate technical or business
resources
Implementation of IT may require
significant business process redesign.
Hall

Availability of adequate and qualified IT
and business resources
Training in business goals and processes
Multifunctional change management
Emphasis on higher-level learning and
knowledge management
Hall
IT Value realization is a long-term
process.
To deliver Value – technology must be
used extensively.
Measurement is a key component.
[Does Expected Value = Actual Value?]
Hall
Plan a value-realization phase for all IT
projects.
Measure outcomes against expected results.
Look for and eliminate root causes of
problems.
Assess value realization at all levels in the
organization.

Have provision for acting on new
opportunities to leverage value.
Hall
1. Have a clearly defined portfolio value
management process.
2. Aim for chunks of Value.
3. Adopt a holistic orientation for
technology value.
4. Aim for joint ownership of technology
initiatives.
5. Experiment more often.
Hall
Track projects as they are developed.
Revisit portfolio decisions to determine if
projects should be changed.
Invest in strategic and infrastructure
projects.
Develop an ongoing means to ensure
value is realized.

Hall
Focus on key areas.
Deliver Value through a series of small
focused projects.
Balance short-term and long-term
strategic goals.
Hall
Manage and use people, process, and
technology.
Anticipate the impact of technology.
Incorporate technology changes into
business changes.
Hall
Ensure executive sponsorship for all IT
projects.
Develop a culture of joint responsibility
and mutual trust between IT and the

business.
Hall
Experiment with new technologies on a
small scale to minimize risk.
Experimentation enables technology
investments to be made in smaller
chunks.
Experimentation enables IT Value to be
realized sooner.
Hall
This chapter explored the concepts and
activities involved in developing and
delivering IT value to an organization.
IT value cannot be viewed in isolation.
The entire IT process must be managed
from conception to cash.
1-22
©© 20155 Pearson Education, Inc. . Publishing as Prentice Hall
Citations

Topic
APA 6 (location and old guideline)
APA 7 (location and new guideline)
In-text citation format for three or more authors
Table 6.1: In in-text citations of sources with three to five
authors, list all authors the first time, then use et al. after that;
for sources with six or more authors, use et al. for all citations.
8.17 (Table 8.1): In in-text citations, use et al. for all citations
for sources with three or more authors.
References
Topic
Number of author names listed in a reference
6.27: Provide surnames and initials for up to seven authors in a
reference entry. If there are eight or more authors, use three
spaced ellipsis points after the sixth author, followed by the
final author name (no ampersand).
9.8: Provide surnames and initials for up to 20 authors in a
reference entry. If there are 21 or more authors, use the ellipsis
after the 19th, followed by the final author name (no
ampersand).
Issue numbers for journal articles in references
6.30; see also 7.01: Include issue number when journal is
paginated separately by issue.
9.25: Include issue number for all periodicals that have issue
numbers.
Publisher location
6.30: Provide publisher location (city, state, etc.) before
publisher name.
9.29: Do not include publisher location (city, state, etc.) after
publisher name in a reference.
Reference for online work with no DOI
6.32: If an online work has no DOI, provide the home page URL
of the journal or of the book/report publisher.

9.34: If an online work (e.g., a journal article) has no DOI and
was found through an academic research database, generally, no
URL is needed. The reference will look just like the print
version.
Hyperlinks in DOI and URL formatting
6.32: DOI begins with either "doi:" or with "https://doi.org/" in
references. The recommendation that URLs should be in plain
black text, not underlined, follows examples from APA 6 and
the APA Style Blog.
9.35: Both DOIs and URLs should be presented as hyperlinks
(beginning with "http://" or "https://"). Standardize DOIs as
starting with "https://doi.org/". Blue/underlined is fine for
hyperlinks in references, as is plain black text, not underlined.
URL retrieval information in references
7.01: URLs include a retrieval phrase (e.g., "Retrieved from").
9.35: The words "Retrieved from" or "Accessed from" are no
longer necessary before a URL. The only time the word
"Retrieved" (and not "Retrieved from") is needed is in those
rare cases where a retrieval date is necessary (see p. 290, 9.16).
Avoiding Bias
Topic
Singular usage of "they"
3.12: No mention of singular human pronouns other than
traditional, binary "he" and "she" and their related forms.
4.18: Use singular "they" and related forms (them, their, etc.)
when (a) referring to a person who uses "they" as their preferred
pronoun (b) when gender is unknown or irrelevant.
Disability
3.15: Use person-first language.
5.4: Both person-first and identity-first language "are fine
choices overall" (p. 137). Okay to use either one until you know
group preference.
Gender and noun/pronoun usage

n/a: No guidance.
5.5: Use individuals' preferred names and pronouns even if they
differ from official documents, keeping in mind concerns about
confidentiality.
Race and [email protected]
n/a: No guidance.
5.7: "[email protected]" for Latino and Latina can be used to
avoid "Latino," which is gendered.
Race and ethnicity--Latinx
n/a: No guidance.
5.7: "Latinx" can be used to include all gender identities.
General Formatting/Mechanics
Topic
Italics vs. quotation marks
4.07: Use italics to highlight a letter, word, phrase, or sentence
as a linguistic example (e.g., they clarified the distinction
between farther and further).
6.07: Use quotation marks to refer to a letter, word, phrase, or
sentence as a linguistic example of itself (e.g., they clarified the
difference between "farther" and "further").
Numbers
4.31: Numbers in the abstract of a paper should be expressed as
numerals.
6.32: Use numerals for numbers 10+ for all sections of the
paper including the abstract (numbers in abstracts now follow
general APA number rules).
Spacing after punctuation marks
4.01: Recommendation to space twice after punctuation marks
at the end of sentences to aid readers of draft manuscripts.
6.1: Insert only one space after periods or other punctuation
marks that end a sentence.
Preferred spellings of technology terms
Based on how words were written in 6th edition manual, not

explicit examples of spelling, preferred spellings were as
follows: "e-mail," "Internet," and "web page." 4.12 indicates
spelling should conform to standard American English as
in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.
6.11: Commonly used technology terms are listed and should be
spelled as follows: "email," "internet," and "webpage."
Paper-Specific Formatting
Topic
Paper title length
2.01: Recommended title length is no more than 12 words.
2.4: No prescribed limit for title length (though
recommendation for conciseness).
Title formatting
2.1: Title in regular type (not bold).
2.4: Title in bold type.
There is an institutional variation for titles in doctoral capstone
documents (i.e., dissertations, doctoral studies, or projects): The
title is in plain type. Doctoral capstone students should refer to
the APA 7 template for their program posted on the Doctoral
Capstone Form and Style Programs page after June 1 to see this
Walden institutional variation in place.
Heading levels 3,4, and 5 formatting
3.03: Levels 3, 4, and 5 are all indented and sentence case.
2.27-2.28: Levels 3, 4, and 5 are all title case. Level 3 is now
flush left, while 4 and 5 remain indented.
Tables and Figures
Topic
Tables
5.1 and 5.16: Table number is plain type, table title is title case
and set in italics; see Sample Tables 5.1 to 5.16.

7.2 and 7.24: Table number is bold; table title is title case and
set in italics. See Sample Tables 7.2 to 7.24.
Figures
5.1 and 5.12: Figure number and caption are on same line and
are placed below the figure; see Sample Figures 5.1 to 5.12.
7.2-7.21: Figure number and caption are on separate lines and
are placed above the figure, and the style matches that for
tables: Figure number is bold, figure caption is title case and set
in italics; see Sample Figures 7.2 to 7.21.
Update from April 28, 2020.Basics of Reference List Entries
Reference list entries contain specific publication information,
allowing readers to find the publication. The information is
presented in a standard format, including order of information,
use of italics and parentheses, and other markers to help
distinguish between different parts of the reference entry. APA
style entries follow this basic format:
Author. (Publication date). Title of document. Publishing
information. Electronic retrieval information.
· Only list sources you cite in your text. Do not include sources
you read but did not cite.
· The reference list should come after the text of your paper but
before any tables, figures, or appendices.
· The reference list appears on its own page, with the title
References at the top, centered and in bold type.
· As with the rest of the paper, reference entries should be
double spaced.
· Use one space after the punctuation within each reference
(e.g., after the period that follows the date). See APA 7, Section
16.1.
· All references have a hanging indent, which means the first
line is flush left, and all subsequent lines are indented ½ inch to
the right. Learn how to create a hanging indent under
the "General Document Formatting" section at the Academic
Skills Center.
· References appear in alphabetical order by surname of the

author. If there is more than one source with the same author,
then those references appear in chronological order, earliest
source first.
For specific examples of numerous reference formats with notes
and tips, see the Common Reference List Examples page. For
help on evaluating resources and identifying types of resources,
please visit the library's Evaluating Resources pages.Author
Start with each author's last name, followed by a comma and the
first and middle initials (or just the first initial if that is all that
is provided). Separate each author with a comma, and include
the ampersand (&) before the last name in the list. When
creating a reference for a work with two group authors, use an
ampersand, not a comma to separate them (as you would with
two individual authors).
List authors' names in the order in which they appear on the
publication. The order of names often carries significance, so it
is important not to change the order in your listing. To be listed
as first author for a publication usually means that person is the
lead researcher on the project.
Severino, C., & Knight, M.
Graves, S. J., Anders, K. C., & Balester, V. M.
· For corporate authors—companies, institutions, and other
types of collective authors—simply list the corporate name.
Corporate authors are common in technical reports and other
institutional documents that represent the work of a whole
organization.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Note that when multiple layers of government agencies are
listed as authors in a work, use just the most specific author in
the reference.
Instead of “U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute,” use the most specific author.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Health

and awareness. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-
topics/education-and-awareness
When creating a reference for a work with multiple authors,
provide surnames and initials for up to 20 authors. For sources
with 21 or more authors, use ellipsis points after the name of
the 19th author, followed by the final author's surname and
initials.
Steyer, T., Ortiz, K., Schemmel, L., Armstrong, B., Hicks, L.,
Simac, M., Perez, K., Nyung, J., Schlenz, W., Robins, K.,
O’Neil, O., Muhammad, E., Moore, J. L., Rosinski, P., Peeples,
T., Pigg, S., Rife, M. C., Brunk-Chavez, B.,Tasaka, R.... Curtis,
F.
When providing a reference entry to a whole edited collection,
list the editors at the beginning of the entry and include the
abbreviation Ed. (for one editor) or Eds. (for two or more
editors) in parentheses after the names.
Bodhran, A. T. (Ed.).
Lai, P., & Smith, L. C. (Eds.).Publication Date
For most publications, include just the year in parentheses.
For publications with no publication date noted, use the letters
n.d. within the parentheses to indicate no date. The most
common type of resource with no date is a webpage.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD). https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html
Newspapers and popular magazines are easier to find with the
month or day of publication rather than a volume and issue
number. For periodicals such as a weekly
news magazine like Time or a daily newspaper like The New
York Times, include the month or month and day.
Hubbard, A. (2014, January 8). New York to be 21st state to OK
Medical Marijuana. Los Angeles
Times. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-sh-new-york-
medical-marijuana-graphic-20140108-story.html
For republished texts, use the date from the republished version
you read. At the very end of the reference list entry, include a

note in parentheses with the original publication date.
Piaget, J. (2000). The psychology of the child. Basic
Books.https://archive.org/details/psychologyofchil00piag_0/pag
e/n5 (Original work published 1969)
For in-text citations of these republished texts, include both
dates with a slash separating them, listing the original
publication date first and then the date of the republished
version you read.
(Piaget, 2000/1969).Title of Document
Include the title of the document that you are referencing.
Depending on the type of resource, you may have to include
more than one title (for an article and the journal, for instance).
Do not add quotation marks around titles (unless part of the
original title).
· Article and chapter titles follow sentence-case capitalization
in regular font style.
· Also capitalize the first word in a subtitle following a colon.
· Provide the periodical title exactly as shown on the cited work
(e.g., The New England Journal of Medicine). Abbreviate only
if the official title has an abbreviation (e.g., JAMA Pediatrics).
· Italicize journal titles and use title-case capitalization.
· Italicize book titles and use sentence-case capitalization.
· Italicize webpages and websites and use sentence-case
capitalization.
· For books in multiple editions, include edition information in
parentheses after the book title: (5th ed.).
· For ebooks, the format, platform, or device is not included in
the reference. (Note that this guideline is a change from APA 6,
which recommended including this information in brackets.)
Simpson, A.V., Stewart, C., & Pitsis, T. (2014). Normal
compassion: A framework for compassionate decision
making. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(4), 473–
491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1831-yPublishing
Information
For Articles

For articles, you should generally provide the volume, issue
number (if available), and page numbers for the publishing
information. Italicize the volume number and use an en dash
between the page numbers. For examples and more information,
see the Common Reference List Examples page.
For Books
· In APA 7, you no longer need to include the publisher location
(city and state) as part of a reference.
· Spell and capitalize the publisher name exactly as it appears in
the cited work, except for designations of business structure
(e.g., Inc., Ltd., LLC), which should be omitted. If the publisher
is an imprint or division of a larger publishing company,
provide only the specific imprint/division. If two or more
publishers are listed on the copyright page, include them all,
separated by semicolons.
Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health: Frameworks of
power. Routledge.
· In a situation where the publisher of a book is the same as the
author, omit the publisher from the publishing element.
World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical
classification of diseases and related health problems (11th
ed.). https://icd.who.int/Electronic Retrieval Information
Provide the digital object identifier (DOI) number for articles
and books that have them. For articles and books without DOI
numbers retrieved from common academic research databases,
there is no need to provide any additional electronic retrieval
information (the reference list entry looks like the entry for a
print copy of the source). For articles and books without DOI
number retrieved on the open web, include the URL.
· Standardize DOIs as with "https://doi.org/".
· In almost all cases, the name of the library or institution
should not be in the DOI.
· In APA 7, list hyperlinks for DOIs and URLs in blue and
underlined text (the default formatting in Microsoft Word).
Active hyperlinks are preferred for documents meant for screen

reading. Plain black text for hyperlinks is also acceptable. Be
consistent in formatting DOIs and URLs throughout the
reference list.
Please see the Quick Guide to Electronic Resources for more
guidance on how to format DOI numbers, URLs, and other
electronically accessed information.Methods to the Madness
Video Playlist
Methods to the Madness Video Playlist (8 videos)
Elements of a Reference Entry (video, 1:51)
Publication Information in a Reference Entry (video,
1:13)Transcript
Creating Citations From Reference Entries (video,
1:58)Transcript
Walden University Writing Center 1
APA 6 and 7 Comparison Tables of Changes
These comparison tables offer highlights of some changes
between APA 6 and APA 7. Note that
these are not comprehensive tables of all changes between the
two editions.
Citations
Topic APA 6 (location and old guideline) APA 7 (location and
new guideline)
In-text

citation
format for
three or
more authors
Table 6.1: In in-text citations of
sources with three to five authors,
list all authors the first time, then use
et al. after that; for sources with six
or more authors, use et al. for all
citations.
8.17 (Table 8.1): In in-text citations,
use et al. for all citations for sources
with three or more authors.
References
new guideline)
Number of
author names

listed in a
reference
6.27: Provide surnames and initials
for up to seven authors in a reference
entry. If there are eight or more
authors, use three spaced ellipsis
points after the sixth author,
followed by the final author name
(no ampersand).
9.8: Provide surnames and initials for
up to 20 authors in a reference entry.
If there are 21 or more authors, use
the ellipsis after the 19th, followed
by the final author name (no
ampersand).
Issue numbers
for journal
articles in

references
6.30; see also 7.01: Include issue
number when journal is paginated
separately by issue.
9.25: Include issue number for all
periodicals that have issue numbers.
Publisher
location
6.30: Provide publisher location
(city, state, etc.) before publisher
name.
9.29: Do not include publisher
location (city, state, etc.) after
publisher name in a reference.
Reference for
online work
with no DOI
6.32: If an online work has no DOI,

provide the home page URL of the
9.34: If an online work (e.g., a
journal article) has no DOI and was
found through an academic research
journal or of the book/report
publisher.
database, generally, no URL is
needed. The reference will look just
like the print version.
Hyperlinks in
DOI and URL
formatting
6.32: DOI begins with either "doi:"
or with "https://doi.org/" in
references. The recommendation that
URLs should be in plain black text,

not underlined, follows examples
from APA 6 and the APA Style
Blog.
9.35: Both DOIs and URLs should be
presented as hyperlinks (beginning
with "http://" or "https://").
Standardize DOIs as starting with
"https://doi.org/". Blue/underlined is
fine for hyperlinks in references, as is
plain black text, not underlined.
URL retrieval
information in
references
7.01: URLs include a retrieval phrase
(e.g., "Retrieved from").
9.35: The words "Retrieved from" or
"Accessed from" are no longer
necessary before a URL. The only

time the word "Retrieved" (and not
"Retrieved from") is needed is in
those rare cases where a retrieval
date is necessary (see p. 290, 9.16).
Avoiding Bias
new guideline)
Singular
usage of
"they"
3.12: No mention of singular human
pronouns other than traditional,
binary "he" and "she" and their
related forms.
4.18: Use singular "they" and related
forms (them, their, etc.) when (a)
referring to a person who uses "they"
as their preferred pronoun (b) when

gender is unknown or irrelevant.
Disability 3.15: Use person-first language. 5.4: Both person-
first and identity-
first language "are fine choices
overall" (p. 137). Okay to use either
one until you know group preference.
Gender and
noun/pronoun
usage
n/a: No guidance. 5.5: Use individuals' preferred names
and pronouns even if they differ from
official documents, keeping in mind
concerns about confidentiality.
Race and
ethnicity--
[email protected]

n/a: No guidance. 5.7: "[email protected]" for Latino and Latina
can be used to avoid "Latino," which
is gendered.
Race and
ethnicity--
Latinx
n/a: No guidance. 5.7: "Latinx" can be used to include
all gender identities.
General Formatting/Mechanics
new guideline)
Italics vs.
quotation
marks
4.07: Use italics to highlight a letter,
word, phrase, or sentence as a
linguistic example (e.g., they
clarified the distinction between

farther and further).
6.07: Use quotation marks to refer to a
letter, word, phrase, or sentence as a
linguistic example of itself (e.g., they
clarified the difference between
"farther" and "further").
Numbers 4.31: Numbers in the abstract of a
paper should be expressed as
numerals.
6.32: Use numerals for numbers 10+
for all sections of the paper including
the abstract (numbers in abstracts now
follow general APA number rules).
Spacing after
punctuation
marks
4.01: Recommendation to space
twice after punctuation marks at the

end of sentences to aid readers of
draft manuscripts.
6.1: Insert only one space after
periods or other punctuation marks
that end a sentence.
Preferred
spellings of
technology
terms
Based on how words were written in
6th edition manual, not explicit
examples of spelling, preferred
spellings were as follows: "e-mail,"
"Internet," and "web page." 4.12
indicates spelling should conform to
standard American English as in
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary.

6.11: Commonly used technology
terms are listed and should be spelled
as follows: "email," "internet," and
"webpage."
Paper-Specific Formatting
new guideline)
Paper title
length
2.01: Recommended title length is no
more than 12 words.
2.4: No prescribed limit for title
length (though recommendation for
conciseness).
Title

formatting
2.1: Title in regular type (not bold). 2.4: Title in bold type.
There is an institutional variation for
titles in doctoral capstone documents
(i.e., dissertations, doctoral studies,
or projects): The title is in plain type.
Doctoral capstone students should
refer to the APA 7 template for their
program posted on the Doctoral
Capstone Form and Style Programs
page after June 1 to see this Walden
institutional variation in place.
Heading
levels 3,4,
and 5
formatting
3.03: Levels 3, 4, and 5 are all
indented and sentence case.

2.27-2.28: Levels 3, 4, and 5 are all
title case. Level 3 is now flush left,
while 4 and 5 remain indented.
Tables and Figures
new guideline)
Tables 5.1 and 5.16: Table number is plain
type, table title is title case and set in
italics; see Sample Tables 5.1 to
5.16.
7.2 and 7.24: Table number is bold; table title
is title case and set in italics. See Sample
Tables 7.2 to 7.24.
Figures 5.1 and 5.12: Figure number and
caption are on same line and are
7.2-7.21: Figure number and caption are on
separate lines and are placed above the figure,
and the style matches that for tables: Figure

https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/formandstyle/programs
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/formandstyle/programs
placed below the figure; see Sample
Figures 5.1 to 5.12.
number is bold, figure caption is title case and
set in italics; see Sample Figures 7.2 to 7.21.
APA 6 and 7 Comparison Tables of Changes

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