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1. Leptospirosis
Nursing Presentation Notes

2. Definition
• Acute bacterial zoonotic disease
• Caused by Leptospira interrogans
• Spread from animals to humans via contaminated water/soil

3. Causative Agent
• Leptospira interrogans
• Spiral-shaped, gram-negative, motile bacteria
• Multiple serotypes

4. Mode of Transmission
• Contact with urine of infected animals
• Contaminated water, soil, or food
• Entry through cuts, broken skin
• Mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth)

5. Sources of Infection
• Rodents, dogs, cattle, pigs, horses, goats
• Occupational risk: farmers, sewage workers, veterinarians, fishermen
• Recreational exposure: swimming in contaminated water

6. Incubation Period
• Usually 5–14 days
• Range: 2–30 days

7. Signs & Symptoms
• Sudden fever, chills
• Headache, muscle pain (calves)
• Red eyes (conjunctival suffusion)
• Nausea, vomiting
• Jaundice in severe cases
• Kidney or liver involvement

8. Complications
• Weil’s disease: jaundice, kidney failure, bleeding
• Meningitis
• Respiratory distress
• Death if untreated

9. Diagnosis
• History of exposure + symptoms
• Lab tests: MAT, ELISA (IgM), PCR
• Culture (special media)

10. Treatment
• Antibiotics: Doxycycline, Penicillin, Ceftriaxone
• Supportive therapy: fluids, electrolyte balance
• Dialysis if kidney failure

11. Prevention & Control
• Rodent control
• Protective clothing for high-risk workers
• Avoid swimming in contaminated water
• Safe water supply
• Prophylactic doxycycline
• Public health education