This document outlines the course contents of an occupational therapy course for adult neurology. The course covers 1) anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, 2) common neurological diseases and conditions, 3) clinical investigations and imaging related to the nervous system, 4) pharmacological treatments and their effects, 5) standardized assessment tools in neurology, 6) occupational therapy treatment approaches, 7) treatment techniques, 8) use of physical agent modalities, 9) assessment and intervention strategies for various impairments, 10) vocational assessment and return to work, 11) home and workplace modifications, 12) sexual function and intimacy, 13) current evidence in neurology, and 14) patient and caregiver education. Suggested reading materials are also
This document discusses neuroplasticity and its implications for rehabilitation after neurological injury or disorders. It defines neuroplasticity as the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections in response to experiences and environment. The key mechanisms of neuroplasticity occur at the synaptic and structural levels through processes like long-term potentiation and neurogenesis. Leveraging neuroplasticity in rehabilitation involves targeted interventions like task-specific training, sensory stimulation, and cognitive exercises to promote brain reorganization and recovery of functions. A multidisciplinary approach and the individual's active participation are important for success.
The document discusses spasticity, its causes, and various treatment approaches. It defines spasticity as increased muscle tone caused by damage to upper motor neurons. Two treatment approaches are described - the Bobath technique which facilitates normal movement patterns to reduce excessive muscle activity, and the Rood approach which uses sensory stimulation and motor patterns to influence muscle tone. Finally, common inhibition techniques are outlined which apply sensory input to muscles to reduce hyperactivity and promote relaxation.
Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) has shown promising results in stroke rehabilitation, helping individuals regain motor function, balance, and independence in daily activities. Here is an example:
1. A stroke rehabilitation center uses a VR system for upper limb rehabilitation with a headset and motion-tracking controllers.
2. Therapists create customized virtual environments focusing on upper limb movements and tasks like reaching and grasping.
3. The VR system provides real-time feedback and guidance on patients' movements and performance.
4. Therapy progresses in complexity as patients improve, with therapists adjusting difficulty levels. Studies show VRT can significantly improve motor function and coordination after stroke.
Individuals with neurological conditions like stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis are at higher risk of developing sleep disorders due to issues like pain, breathing problems, and effects of medications. Some common sleep disorders in these patients include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness, and restless legs syndrome. Occupational therapists play an important role in managing sleep disorders in neurological patients through assessments, sleep education, cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, environmental modifications, and addressing physical limitations to improve sleep quality and quality of life.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is a therapeutic technique developed in the 1940s-1950s to help patients with neuromuscular conditions. It involves patterns of movement with resistance to improve muscle function and motor control by enhancing proprioceptive feedback. PNF was created by physical therapists Herman Kabat, Margaret Knott, and Dorothy Voss and is based on principles like facilitation, inhibition and motor learning. Common techniques include Contract-Relax and Hold-Relax which stretch and contract muscles. PNF is widely used in rehabilitation to aid recovery from injuries and improve functional abilities.
Sensory re-education is an occupational therapy approach used to improve sensory perception and discrimination in individuals who have experienced sensory impairment due to neurological conditions like stroke or injuries. It involves assessing sensory deficits, setting goals, using sensory stimulation techniques like touch and proprioceptive exercises, gradually progressing exercises, repetition, applying skills to daily activities, and monitoring progress. The goal is to enhance the brain's ability to process sensory information and improve functional performance.
This document discusses key considerations related to enabling sexuality and sexual function for individuals. It covers topics such as sexual function, intimacy, sexual health, education, communication, disability needs, assistive devices, inclusivity, well-being, and safe sex practices. The goal of enabling sexuality is to create a culture of respect and support where individuals can freely express their sexuality without fear of judgment. This involves educating oneself and others about diversity and promoting dialogue to foster inclusion and understanding.
This document outlines the course contents of an occupational therapy course for adult neurology. The course covers 1) anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, 2) common neurological diseases and conditions, 3) clinical investigations and imaging related to the nervous system, 4) pharmacological treatments and their effects, 5) standardized assessment tools in neurology, 6) occupational therapy treatment approaches, 7) treatment techniques, 8) use of physical agent modalities, 9) assessment and intervention strategies for various impairments, 10) vocational assessment and return to work, 11) home and workplace modifications, 12) sexual function and intimacy, 13) current evidence in neurology, and 14) patient and caregiver education. Suggested reading materials are also
This document discusses neuroplasticity and its implications for rehabilitation after neurological injury or disorders. It defines neuroplasticity as the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections in response to experiences and environment. The key mechanisms of neuroplasticity occur at the synaptic and structural levels through processes like long-term potentiation and neurogenesis. Leveraging neuroplasticity in rehabilitation involves targeted interventions like task-specific training, sensory stimulation, and cognitive exercises to promote brain reorganization and recovery of functions. A multidisciplinary approach and the individual's active participation are important for success.
The document discusses spasticity, its causes, and various treatment approaches. It defines spasticity as increased muscle tone caused by damage to upper motor neurons. Two treatment approaches are described - the Bobath technique which facilitates normal movement patterns to reduce excessive muscle activity, and the Rood approach which uses sensory stimulation and motor patterns to influence muscle tone. Finally, common inhibition techniques are outlined which apply sensory input to muscles to reduce hyperactivity and promote relaxation.
Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) has shown promising results in stroke rehabilitation, helping individuals regain motor function, balance, and independence in daily activities. Here is an example:
1. A stroke rehabilitation center uses a VR system for upper limb rehabilitation with a headset and motion-tracking controllers.
2. Therapists create customized virtual environments focusing on upper limb movements and tasks like reaching and grasping.
3. The VR system provides real-time feedback and guidance on patients' movements and performance.
4. Therapy progresses in complexity as patients improve, with therapists adjusting difficulty levels. Studies show VRT can significantly improve motor function and coordination after stroke.
Individuals with neurological conditions like stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis are at higher risk of developing sleep disorders due to issues like pain, breathing problems, and effects of medications. Some common sleep disorders in these patients include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness, and restless legs syndrome. Occupational therapists play an important role in managing sleep disorders in neurological patients through assessments, sleep education, cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, environmental modifications, and addressing physical limitations to improve sleep quality and quality of life.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is a therapeutic technique developed in the 1940s-1950s to help patients with neuromuscular conditions. It involves patterns of movement with resistance to improve muscle function and motor control by enhancing proprioceptive feedback. PNF was created by physical therapists Herman Kabat, Margaret Knott, and Dorothy Voss and is based on principles like facilitation, inhibition and motor learning. Common techniques include Contract-Relax and Hold-Relax which stretch and contract muscles. PNF is widely used in rehabilitation to aid recovery from injuries and improve functional abilities.
Sensory re-education is an occupational therapy approach used to improve sensory perception and discrimination in individuals who have experienced sensory impairment due to neurological conditions like stroke or injuries. It involves assessing sensory deficits, setting goals, using sensory stimulation techniques like touch and proprioceptive exercises, gradually progressing exercises, repetition, applying skills to daily activities, and monitoring progress. The goal is to enhance the brain's ability to process sensory information and improve functional performance.
This document discusses key considerations related to enabling sexuality and sexual function for individuals. It covers topics such as sexual function, intimacy, sexual health, education, communication, disability needs, assistive devices, inclusivity, well-being, and safe sex practices. The goal of enabling sexuality is to create a culture of respect and support where individuals can freely express their sexuality without fear of judgment. This involves educating oneself and others about diversity and promoting dialogue to foster inclusion and understanding.
Workplace modifications, also known as workplace accommodations, are adjustments made to the work environment or job tasks to accommodate employees with disabilities or health conditions. These modifications aim to create an inclusive and accessible work environment allowing individuals to perform their job tasks effectively without barriers. Common workplace modifications include physical accessibility modifications, ergonomic furniture and equipment, assistive technology, flexible work arrangements, job task redesign, environmental considerations, training and awareness, and job coaching and support. It is important that workplace modifications are tailored to each employee's specific needs through an interactive process between the employer and employee.
1. Shoulder subluxation refers to the partial dislocation of the shoulder joint connecting the upper arm bone to the shoulder blade.
2. It is a common complication for stroke patients due to muscle weakness from neurological damage.
3. Signs include shoulder pain, instability, limited movement, and weakness. Treatment involves physical and occupational therapy as well as bracing to strengthen muscles and stabilize the joint.
Vocational assessment and return-to-work programs involve evaluating an individual's vocational interests, skills, abilities and developing a structured plan to help them return to work successfully. The process includes vocational assessment, counseling, training, developing a return-to-work plan, job seeking skills training, job placement assistance, implementing accommodations and ongoing support. The goal is to empower individuals with disabilities or health conditions to re-enter the workforce and improve their quality of life.
The document discusses unilateral neglect, a neurological condition where individuals fail to acknowledge one side of their body or surrounding space. It is most commonly caused by right hemisphere brain damage from strokes or injuries. Occupational therapists play an important role in managing unilateral neglect through strategies like environmental modifications, compensatory techniques, perceptual training, mirror therapy, and engaging clients in meaningful activities to improve attention and use of the neglected side. The overall goal is to help individuals regain functional independence through a collaborative, client-centered rehabilitation approach.
The Rood Approach is a therapeutic technique developed by Margaret Rood that uses sensory stimulation to improve motor control and learning for those with neurological or developmental conditions. It relies on applying stimuli like touch and pressure to influence muscle tone and movement. Therapists use developmental motor patterns as the basis to guide rehabilitation through facilitating desired responses and inhibiting unwanted ones. Rood's seminal 1954 work established the approach, which has since been refined and applied to conditions like cerebral palsy and stroke. Her contributions to understanding sensory-motor integration and neurodevelopmental treatment remain influential in occupational and physical therapy.
Home modifications are crucial for stroke survivors to support their recovery and ability to perform daily activities independently. Common modifications include removing tripping hazards, adding ramps and grab bars, modifying bathrooms with accessible showers and toilets, and adjusting features in the kitchen and bedroom. It is essential to consult an occupational therapist to conduct an assessment and provide personalized recommendations tailored to the individual's unique needs. Financial assistance may also be available to support necessary home modifications.
The document discusses psychosocial impairment and its management. Psychosocial impairment refers to limitations in social and psychological functioning that can result from mental health conditions, emotional challenges, social isolation, and adverse life events. Common psychosocial impairments include depression, anxiety, social isolation, substance abuse, grief, low self-esteem, and relationship or parenting challenges. Management often involves psychotherapy, medication, social support services, social skills training, stress reduction, rehabilitation, and lifestyle changes. The overall goal is to address underlying factors and enhance coping abilities through a multidimensional approach tailored to individual needs.
Home modifications are essential for individuals with spinal cord injuries to improve accessibility, safety, and independence. Common modifications include ensuring accessible entrances, bathroom modifications like grab bars, bedroom accessibility, and kitchen adaptations like lowered countertops. Other modifications are smooth flooring, handrails, lever-style handles, smart home technology, lift systems, home automation, widened hallways, and accessible outdoor areas. It is important to consult an occupational therapist or specialist to conduct an assessment and provide personalized recommendations for creating an accessible living environment.
Patient and carer education is critical for empowering individuals to take an active role in their health. It allows for informed decision making, improved adherence to treatment plans, enhanced coping skills, and shared decision making between patients and their healthcare providers. Effective education should be tailored to the individual's needs and preferences, using various materials and clear language to communicate information while allowing opportunities for questions.
This document provides a comprehensive list of conditions that can affect the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). It lists 50 conditions that impact the CNS, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's to infections, tumors, and traumatic injuries. Another list outlines 42 peripheral nerve conditions, including diabetic neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, muscular dystrophies, and injuries to specific nerves. The document serves as a reference for the variety of adult neurological conditions occupational therapists may encounter in clinical practice.
This document discusses factors affecting balance, outcome measures for assessing balance, management of impaired balance through physical and occupational therapy, vestibular rehabilitation, trunk rehabilitation, and fall prevention strategies. It describes various mechanisms that can disrupt balance like vestibular system dysfunction and proprioceptive impairment. Common balance assessments like the Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go test are outlined. Therapeutic approaches to improve balance include exercise programs, vestibular rehabilitation, trunk stability training, and modifying home environments.
This document discusses behavioral and emotional impairments that can arise from various neurological conditions. It provides examples such as emotional lability, depression, anxiety, aggression, apathy, disinhibition, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, psychosis, and impulse control disorders. The management of these impairments often involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Occupational therapists play an important role by focusing on improving functional abilities, independence, and quality of life through techniques like sensory integration, activity analysis, behavioral interventions, emotional regulation strategies, social skills training, and environmental modifications. The goal is to enhance engagement in meaningful activities and address challenges from a holistic perspective.
The Brunnstrom Approach was developed by Swedish physical therapist Signe Brunnstrom in the mid-20th century based on her observations of patients recovering from neurological conditions like stroke. She observed that patients progressed through six stages of recovery, starting with no movement and gaining more voluntary control. Brunnstrom's approach uses synergistic movement patterns and categorizes stages of recovery to help patients regain function. It remains widely used in neurorehabilitation today and helped advance understanding of movement recovery following neurological impairments.
The Affolter approach is an occupational therapy method developed to facilitate sensory-motor and cognitive development in individuals with neurological conditions or developmental challenges. It uses a sensory-enriched environment, self-initiated movements, and specific sensory handling techniques to promote sensory integration. Key assumptions of the Affolter approach include the brain's ability to adapt through neuroplasticity and the importance of a gradual progression of challenges to support sensory processing development.
The Affolter approach is an occupational therapy method that uses a sensory-enriched environment, self-initiated movements, and sensory handling techniques to facilitate sensory integration and development. Key aspects of the approach include creating a stimulating sensory environment, encouraging active exploration and self-initiated movements, using gradual progression of challenges, and engaging clients in meaningful, task-oriented activities tailored to their individual needs.
The document outlines 11 principles of work simplification for occupational therapy:
1. Use symmetrical motions with both hands when possible.
2. Lay out work areas within normal reach and arrange supplies in a semicircle for easy access.
3. Slide heavy objects rather than lifting them, and use wheeled carts between non-contiguous counters.
It provides guidelines for efficient storage, seated work positions, and creating a stress-reducing work environment. The principles aim to minimize effort, movement, and strain during work tasks.
1. Joint protection techniques aim to reduce stress and force on joints to prevent further injury and promote healing. This includes respecting pain limits, maintaining muscle strength and range of motion, using joints in their most stable planes, and proper body mechanics.
2. Specific techniques include alternating positions, avoiding prolonged repetitive motions and fixed positions, using larger muscle groups instead of joints, balancing activity with rest, and being able to stop activities immediately if needed. Forces should also be reduced on joints.
3. The goal is to modify activities, use adaptive equipment, rest during tasks, strengthen muscles around unstable joints, and move joints through their full range of motion while avoiding positions that cause deformity or excessive pressure on joints.
The document provides energy conservation techniques for individuals experiencing fatigue, back pain, aging, or other conditions affecting their energy levels. It discusses pacing oneself, prioritizing tasks, sitting when possible, simplifying tasks, and maintaining good posture. Specific examples are given for grooming, dressing, showering, housework, cooking, grocery shopping, and home safety. The overall goal is to preserve physical function and promote wellness by breaking tasks into smaller, more manageable units and alternating between activity and rest.
Occupational therapists play an important educator role by teaching clients the knowledge and skills needed to enhance well-being. Effective client education requires considering the client's characteristics, organizing information clearly, and using multiple communication strategies. Key strategies for client education include creating a positive environment, limiting objectives, clearly conveying information slowly, using multiple communication methods, and verifying understanding. It is important to consider the client's literacy, language, auditory ability, and other characteristics when providing verbal education.
This document provides techniques and recommendations for dressing and completing activities of daily living for individuals with various physical impairments or limitations. It describes methods for putting on and removing pants and socks while seated for those with poor balance. It also outlines strategies for dressing and hygiene tasks tailored to the needs of people with paraplegia, tetraplegia, limited range of motion, incoordination, and low vision. Adaptive equipment like dressing sticks, reachers, and front-opening garments are emphasized.
Workplace modifications, also known as workplace accommodations, are adjustments made to the work environment or job tasks to accommodate employees with disabilities or health conditions. These modifications aim to create an inclusive and accessible work environment allowing individuals to perform their job tasks effectively without barriers. Common workplace modifications include physical accessibility modifications, ergonomic furniture and equipment, assistive technology, flexible work arrangements, job task redesign, environmental considerations, training and awareness, and job coaching and support. It is important that workplace modifications are tailored to each employee's specific needs through an interactive process between the employer and employee.
1. Shoulder subluxation refers to the partial dislocation of the shoulder joint connecting the upper arm bone to the shoulder blade.
2. It is a common complication for stroke patients due to muscle weakness from neurological damage.
3. Signs include shoulder pain, instability, limited movement, and weakness. Treatment involves physical and occupational therapy as well as bracing to strengthen muscles and stabilize the joint.
Vocational assessment and return-to-work programs involve evaluating an individual's vocational interests, skills, abilities and developing a structured plan to help them return to work successfully. The process includes vocational assessment, counseling, training, developing a return-to-work plan, job seeking skills training, job placement assistance, implementing accommodations and ongoing support. The goal is to empower individuals with disabilities or health conditions to re-enter the workforce and improve their quality of life.
The document discusses unilateral neglect, a neurological condition where individuals fail to acknowledge one side of their body or surrounding space. It is most commonly caused by right hemisphere brain damage from strokes or injuries. Occupational therapists play an important role in managing unilateral neglect through strategies like environmental modifications, compensatory techniques, perceptual training, mirror therapy, and engaging clients in meaningful activities to improve attention and use of the neglected side. The overall goal is to help individuals regain functional independence through a collaborative, client-centered rehabilitation approach.
The Rood Approach is a therapeutic technique developed by Margaret Rood that uses sensory stimulation to improve motor control and learning for those with neurological or developmental conditions. It relies on applying stimuli like touch and pressure to influence muscle tone and movement. Therapists use developmental motor patterns as the basis to guide rehabilitation through facilitating desired responses and inhibiting unwanted ones. Rood's seminal 1954 work established the approach, which has since been refined and applied to conditions like cerebral palsy and stroke. Her contributions to understanding sensory-motor integration and neurodevelopmental treatment remain influential in occupational and physical therapy.
Home modifications are crucial for stroke survivors to support their recovery and ability to perform daily activities independently. Common modifications include removing tripping hazards, adding ramps and grab bars, modifying bathrooms with accessible showers and toilets, and adjusting features in the kitchen and bedroom. It is essential to consult an occupational therapist to conduct an assessment and provide personalized recommendations tailored to the individual's unique needs. Financial assistance may also be available to support necessary home modifications.
The document discusses psychosocial impairment and its management. Psychosocial impairment refers to limitations in social and psychological functioning that can result from mental health conditions, emotional challenges, social isolation, and adverse life events. Common psychosocial impairments include depression, anxiety, social isolation, substance abuse, grief, low self-esteem, and relationship or parenting challenges. Management often involves psychotherapy, medication, social support services, social skills training, stress reduction, rehabilitation, and lifestyle changes. The overall goal is to address underlying factors and enhance coping abilities through a multidimensional approach tailored to individual needs.
Home modifications are essential for individuals with spinal cord injuries to improve accessibility, safety, and independence. Common modifications include ensuring accessible entrances, bathroom modifications like grab bars, bedroom accessibility, and kitchen adaptations like lowered countertops. Other modifications are smooth flooring, handrails, lever-style handles, smart home technology, lift systems, home automation, widened hallways, and accessible outdoor areas. It is important to consult an occupational therapist or specialist to conduct an assessment and provide personalized recommendations for creating an accessible living environment.
Patient and carer education is critical for empowering individuals to take an active role in their health. It allows for informed decision making, improved adherence to treatment plans, enhanced coping skills, and shared decision making between patients and their healthcare providers. Effective education should be tailored to the individual's needs and preferences, using various materials and clear language to communicate information while allowing opportunities for questions.
This document provides a comprehensive list of conditions that can affect the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). It lists 50 conditions that impact the CNS, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's to infections, tumors, and traumatic injuries. Another list outlines 42 peripheral nerve conditions, including diabetic neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, muscular dystrophies, and injuries to specific nerves. The document serves as a reference for the variety of adult neurological conditions occupational therapists may encounter in clinical practice.
This document discusses factors affecting balance, outcome measures for assessing balance, management of impaired balance through physical and occupational therapy, vestibular rehabilitation, trunk rehabilitation, and fall prevention strategies. It describes various mechanisms that can disrupt balance like vestibular system dysfunction and proprioceptive impairment. Common balance assessments like the Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go test are outlined. Therapeutic approaches to improve balance include exercise programs, vestibular rehabilitation, trunk stability training, and modifying home environments.
This document discusses behavioral and emotional impairments that can arise from various neurological conditions. It provides examples such as emotional lability, depression, anxiety, aggression, apathy, disinhibition, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, psychosis, and impulse control disorders. The management of these impairments often involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Occupational therapists play an important role by focusing on improving functional abilities, independence, and quality of life through techniques like sensory integration, activity analysis, behavioral interventions, emotional regulation strategies, social skills training, and environmental modifications. The goal is to enhance engagement in meaningful activities and address challenges from a holistic perspective.
The Brunnstrom Approach was developed by Swedish physical therapist Signe Brunnstrom in the mid-20th century based on her observations of patients recovering from neurological conditions like stroke. She observed that patients progressed through six stages of recovery, starting with no movement and gaining more voluntary control. Brunnstrom's approach uses synergistic movement patterns and categorizes stages of recovery to help patients regain function. It remains widely used in neurorehabilitation today and helped advance understanding of movement recovery following neurological impairments.
The Affolter approach is an occupational therapy method developed to facilitate sensory-motor and cognitive development in individuals with neurological conditions or developmental challenges. It uses a sensory-enriched environment, self-initiated movements, and specific sensory handling techniques to promote sensory integration. Key assumptions of the Affolter approach include the brain's ability to adapt through neuroplasticity and the importance of a gradual progression of challenges to support sensory processing development.
The Affolter approach is an occupational therapy method that uses a sensory-enriched environment, self-initiated movements, and sensory handling techniques to facilitate sensory integration and development. Key aspects of the approach include creating a stimulating sensory environment, encouraging active exploration and self-initiated movements, using gradual progression of challenges, and engaging clients in meaningful, task-oriented activities tailored to their individual needs.
The document outlines 11 principles of work simplification for occupational therapy:
1. Use symmetrical motions with both hands when possible.
2. Lay out work areas within normal reach and arrange supplies in a semicircle for easy access.
3. Slide heavy objects rather than lifting them, and use wheeled carts between non-contiguous counters.
It provides guidelines for efficient storage, seated work positions, and creating a stress-reducing work environment. The principles aim to minimize effort, movement, and strain during work tasks.
1. Joint protection techniques aim to reduce stress and force on joints to prevent further injury and promote healing. This includes respecting pain limits, maintaining muscle strength and range of motion, using joints in their most stable planes, and proper body mechanics.
2. Specific techniques include alternating positions, avoiding prolonged repetitive motions and fixed positions, using larger muscle groups instead of joints, balancing activity with rest, and being able to stop activities immediately if needed. Forces should also be reduced on joints.
3. The goal is to modify activities, use adaptive equipment, rest during tasks, strengthen muscles around unstable joints, and move joints through their full range of motion while avoiding positions that cause deformity or excessive pressure on joints.
The document provides energy conservation techniques for individuals experiencing fatigue, back pain, aging, or other conditions affecting their energy levels. It discusses pacing oneself, prioritizing tasks, sitting when possible, simplifying tasks, and maintaining good posture. Specific examples are given for grooming, dressing, showering, housework, cooking, grocery shopping, and home safety. The overall goal is to preserve physical function and promote wellness by breaking tasks into smaller, more manageable units and alternating between activity and rest.
Occupational therapists play an important educator role by teaching clients the knowledge and skills needed to enhance well-being. Effective client education requires considering the client's characteristics, organizing information clearly, and using multiple communication strategies. Key strategies for client education include creating a positive environment, limiting objectives, clearly conveying information slowly, using multiple communication methods, and verifying understanding. It is important to consider the client's literacy, language, auditory ability, and other characteristics when providing verbal education.
This document provides techniques and recommendations for dressing and completing activities of daily living for individuals with various physical impairments or limitations. It describes methods for putting on and removing pants and socks while seated for those with poor balance. It also outlines strategies for dressing and hygiene tasks tailored to the needs of people with paraplegia, tetraplegia, limited range of motion, incoordination, and low vision. Adaptive equipment like dressing sticks, reachers, and front-opening garments are emphasized.
2. LEISURE
• “Nonobligatory activity that is intrinsically
motivated and engaged in during discretionary
time, that is, time not committed to obligatory
occupations such as work, self-care, or sleep”
(Parham & Fazio, 1997, p.250).
4. Leisure participation
• Planning and participating in appropriate
leisure activities; maintaining a balance of
leisure activities with other occupations; and
obtaining, using, and maintaining equipment
and supplies as appropriate
5. REFERENCE
• Trombly CA 1996, Occupational Therapy for
Physical Dysfunction, 5th ed, Mosby Company,
Philadelphia
• Radomski and Trombly-Latham 2008,
Occupational Therapy for Physical
Dysfunction (6th Ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott,
Williams and Wilkins.
• Radomski and Trombly-Latham 2014,
Occupational Therapy for Physical
Dysfunction (7th Ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott,
Williams and Wilkins.